The content of this diploma thesis is to explore the possibility of utilization of wastes generated in the production of cement-bonded particleboards in terms of their application as secondary raw materials back into the production. At first an attention was focused on a fine-grained waste containing wood particles with cement matrix produced during the final adjustment of boards. Further, fly ash generated from the combustion of wood chips in the biomass boiler is assessed. In the theoretical part the different types of waste generated in the production of cement-bonded particleboards are characterized, including their methods of creation, production, use or disposal of the current and other proposals for utilization in the future. The research papers dealing with applications of various wastes in the production of cement composites with organic fibers were also studied. In the experimental part of the thesis the characteristics of each type of waste generated in the production of cement-bonded particleboards are evaluated using laboratory analyses and their pretreatment methods for another use are designed. Subsequently performed the laboratory verification capabilities of secondary raw materials from wastes in cement-bonded particleboards identifying and evaluating basic physico–mechanical characteristics of boards with modified composition.

Fashion and textile upcycling is currently considered a time-consuming and labour- intensive process. Since textile waste materials are not readily available as a secondary raw material, the process of sourcing pre- and post-consumer textile waste usually requires a lot of time and effort, and often results in a high inconsistency in input materials. In consequence, upcycling operations are generally difficult to scale up. In order to address this issue, this research study aims to explore the current sourcing process of secondary raw material as well as the opportunities and challenges this sourcing process implies for a B2B trading platform of secondary raw material. In order to serve the purpose of this research study, semi-structured interviews with experienced professionals from five small and medium-sized fashion and textile upcycling companies have been conducted. The empirical data collected through the semi-structured interviews was analysed using an inductive approach of qualitative content analysis. The overall findings suggest that concerning the sourcing process of post-consumer textiles for upcycling, the identified opportunities for a B2B trading platform outweigh the challenges. However, pre-consumer textile waste is often provided in the form of an already upcycled yarn from fabric or garment suppliers which gives the impression that a B2B trading platform is less relevant in this case. Nevertheless, the empirical results might have been impacted by the small sample size and the strong focus on post-consumer textiles. Therefore, more research is necessary in order to understand how SMEs working with pre-consumer textile waste source their input materials for upcycling and which opportunities and challenges this potentially different process implies for a B2B trading platform of secondary raw material.

The diploma thesis deals with the concept of circular economy (hereinafter CE) and its application in several Czech and one multinational company. On these specific examples of companies, the work shows how circularity is achieved, with all the essentials of this fact, what support for the concept is offered in the Czech Republic and, last but not least, what obstacles and problems the companies face. Along with this practical experience, opinions by theoretical experts who deal with the issue in their profession are further examined. The aim of the work was to map the matter of use of secondary raw materials and other principles of CE in both practical and theoretical spheres of knowledge, and where possible, to compare these two views. Furthermore, the work focuses on the benefits of real use of the principles of CE in the Czech conditions from an environmental point of view. In its theoretical part, it first addresses the issue of waste in general, especially from the perspective of a global problem. It presents the development, current situation and forecast of the size of waste generation, including its impacts. Furthermore, it has introduced the concept of CE, its various concepts and definitions, together with the main principles. Subsequently, it presents the real adoption of the concept by...

In the theoretical part of diploma thesis basic knowledge about glass are given (materials, production process, a brief overview of glass products for construction industry) and statistics of waste production, primarily with an emphasis on various types of waste glasses were also mentioned. The following chapters of the thesis are focused on waste glass processing technologies. Various studies about the application of waste or recycled glass in manufacturing of building materials are summarized. In the practical part of diploma thesis were suggested appropriate secondary raw materials that were used to prepare materials based on thermally modified glass foam. In the practical part of the thesis was carried out a set of experiments and analysis, including evaluation in terms of the proposed alternative fillers and materials made of them.

Des quantités importantes de cendres (4,12 million kg en France en 2008) sont issues de l’incinération des boues de station d’épuration. La valorisation de ces cendres comme matière première secondaire pour l’élaboration de matériau dans le domaine du bâtiment et des travaux publics (BTP) a été étudiée dans cette thèse. La caractérisation physique et chimique des cendres et l’étude de leur réactivité ont révélé un comportement intermédiaire entre le ciment et le sable, proche du comportement de matériaux pouzzolaniques. Les tests de lixiviation réalisés sur les cendres ont montré qu’à l’exception du Se et du Mo, les éléments présents dans les cendres sont solubilisés à des concentrations inférieures aux seuils définis règlementairement pour les déchets inertes ou non-dangereux. Les liens entre la solubilisation des éléments et la minéralogie des matériaux ont été étudiés à travers la modélisation géochimique réalisée sous PhreeqC. L’influence du taux de substitution du ciment par les cendres sur les propriétés mécaniques des matériaux a également été étudiée. L’indice d’activité à 28 jours de la cendre est conforme à la spécification de la norme EN 450-1. La résistance du mortier diminue quand le taux de substitution augmente à cause de la faible teneur en CaO dans les cendres et de l’apport supplémentaire d’eau nécessaire. Pour le béton avec un taux de substitution de 10 %, la résistance est comparable à celle du béton témoin. L’essai de durabilité des matériaux cimentaires incorporant les cendres révèle une forte diminution de résistance mécanique sous l’effet de la sollicitation au gel/dégel. Une évaluation environnementale de ces matériaux a été réalisée par l’essai de lixiviation à l’échelle du laboratoire et à l’échelle pilote. Les quantités relarguées cumulées des éléments polluants et des anions sont inférieures aux seuils sans impact environnemental, acceptables en construction aux Pays-Bas et en France. / High quantity (4.12 million kg in France in 2008) of ashes produces from the incineration of sewage sludge. The reutilization of these ashes as secondary raw materials in the building and public works was studied. A physical, chemical, mineral, and behavioral characterization showed that the sewage sludge ash have an intermediate behavior between the cement and sand, near the pozzolan. Most elements had lower release rates than limited value of inert waste or non-hazardous waste, with the exception of the leachable fraction of Se and Mo. A relationship between solubilization of elements and mineralogy of materials were studied by modeling for phase identification of the ashes. A technique part was studied to evaluate the influence of the residue (sewage sludge ash) on the mechanical properties of materials. The activity index of the ash met the specification of EN450-1 in 28 days. The strength of the mortar decreased when the substitution increased due to the high amount of water added and the low CaO content in the ash. For concrete with a substitution of 10%, the compression strength was comparable to the blank sample, and was satisfactory to the threshold of construction projects. However, the durability test showed a strong decrease of mechanical strength for the concrete containing the ashes after a freeze/thaw. An assessment of environmental impacts associates with the observation of the leaching behavior of these materials. The leaching test at laboratory scale and pilot scale were investigated. The cumulative leaching quantities of each pollutant and anions were below the threshold, without significant environmental impact, acceptable for the construction in Netherlands en in France.

Large amount of different types of industrial wastes are still not re-use as secondary raw materials in industry. The work deals with finding a new way how to use secondary raw materials, especially the possibilities of using recycled glass from different sources as a fillers in the polymer protective materials development for horizontal structures. The main task of this work is to develop a material with the desired physic - mechanical properties and further verifying the influence of particle shape on their chemical resistance. Result of this work will find advanced protective materials using secondary raw materials as alternatives to be in terms of economic and ecological efficiency replacement for conventional products.

In manufacture of cement-bonded particle boards are in present-days used exclusively wooden particles as filler. This thesis deals with a research of possible substitution of this material, especially of waste emerging by production of CBPB itself. At first is completed a survey of possible substitute fillers and czech and foreign literature, dealing with issues of modification of composition of cement-bonded particle boards. In practical part are tested some treatments of waste and its adding to recipe. Further are analysed the influences of substitution of cement by slag and substitution of wooden particles by recycled fibreglass. By laboratory work with CBPB is monitored the influence of amounts of added wather to fresh mixture and also to properties of finished elements.

Master's thesis consists of two parts, theoretical and practical. In the theoretical section are listed basic information about alternative aggregates used for concrete mixture, like polystyrene, cinder and recycled concrete. Further, the influence of these alternative aggregates, used as secondary raw materials, on the behaviour and properties of fresh respectively hardened concrete. Possibilities of application concrete containing secondary raw materials are mentioned. In the practical part are experimentally verified physical and mechanical properties of concrete containing crushed waste polystyrene beads, furthermore thermal insulation properties and resistance to elevated temperatures is tested. Influence of heating plant cinder powder as active addition to concrete mixture was tested. As a next is prepared concrete with replacement of coarse aggregate by cinder and recycled concrete and tested. The influence of these secondary raw materials on workability, compressive strength, frost resistance and water permeability of concrete is also defined. The last part of research is focused on recycled concrete such as main material used in mixture of aggregates bonded with cement, dispose for base layers in roads. In conclusion are discussed results from experimental research and summary of knowledge’s about using polystyrene, cinder and recycled concrete as aggregates for concrete mixtures.

The work is devoted to new possibilities for the recovery of secondary raw materials and track bed waste with a combination of both suitable and unsuitable soils. The aim of the thesis is to develop a new functional sample suitable for the recovery of a substructure of railways based on secondary raw materials. The theoretical part addresses the issue of the use of soil and secondary raw materials as the base layers of railway structures, and is focused on the possibilities of soil adjustments or enhancement. The practical part is focused on the analysis and selection of potentially suitable raw materials, the design of new raw material mixtures containing concrete recyclables, waste from cleaning the auto mixer and waste from cleaning the rail bed. Further, to modify the mixtures designed with fluid ash from biomass combustion to achieve higher toughness. Then they will be experimentally verified and based on the results the optimal formula for use in the solid of the railway bottom will be determined. Final optimal recipe achieving basic required parameters for use in active zone without the requirement for frost resistance and ecology is composed of 30 % of F4-CS, 4 % of portland cement CEM II-B/LL, 3 % of lime hydrate, 70 % of recycled concrete and 10 % of fluid ash from biomass combustion.

The diploma thesis deals with the development of a new masonry system, for the production of which recycled brick could be used as a secondary raw material. In the field of literary research, the work deals with the methods of construction of vertical structures, the possibilities of lightening concrete, the life cycle of building materials and the use of secondary raw materials in construction. In the practical part, a masonry system was designed based on market research in the field of internal non-load-bearing masonry structures and requirements for these structures. In order to achieve these properties, concrete was chosen as the material for its production, where recycled brick was used as an alternative aggregate. As it is supposed to be a system for precise masonry, the material was compacted by vibrocompression. At the beginning, recipes were designed to verify the basic properties of concrete: density of hardened concrete, compressive strength and tensile bending strength, then other properties such as thermal conductivity and sound absorption coefficient were tested on improved recipes. Lightening and dimensional modules have been modified to achieve optimal properties. This was followed by a proposal for the method of masonry and surface treatment of a wall. Finally, the economic and environmental aspects of the masonry system were evaluated.