Dans le cadre des objectifs définis par la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau, ce travail de thèse porte sur la quantification du transfert de micropolluants organiques à la confluence entre la Fensch et la Moselle. Une nouvelle méthodologie a été développée pour déterminer les niveaux d’anthropisation dans les matrices environnementales. Basée sur la quantification exhaustive des marqueurs moléculaires, cette approche permet de comparer les apports naturels et anthropiques et de différencier les apports anthropiques selon leurs origines (combustion, pétrogénétique, eaux usées). Elle est parfaitement appropriée à l’étude de la matière organique des différentes matrices environnementales fournissant des informations beaucoup plus complètes que le dosage de quelques molécules cibles. Appliquée aux sédiments du système Fensch-Moselle, cette approche a permis d’analyser l’évolution des contributions organiques le long de la Fensch ainsi que leur transfert à la confluence avec la Moselle, tout en déterminant les sources principales de contamination. Ce travail souligne l’importance de l’hydrodynamisme sur la sédimentation et la biodégradation des micropolluants organiques. L’étude de ce système a également été l’occasion de développer deux outils utiles pour répondre à des questionnements environnementaux majeurs. Le premier, basé sur la déconvolution de l’unresolved complex mixture, permet de quantifier la masse de produits pétroliers accumulés dans des sédiments. Le second se base sur l’étude de la répartition des micropolluants organiques en phase aqueuse (dissous, colloïdale, particulaire) lors de la mobilisation de sédiments contaminés, permettant d’évaluer leur biodisponibilité / According to the objectives of the Water Framework Directive, this study deals with the quantification of the transfer of organic micropollutants at the confluence between Fensch and Moselle Rivers. A new methodology has been developed in order to quantify the anthropogenic pressure in environmental matrices. Based on the exhaustive quantification of molecular markers, this approach allows the comparison between natural and anthropogenic inputs and the differentiation between anthropogenic sources (pyrogenic, petrogenic, sewage waters). It is fully appropriate in order to study organic matter in different environmental matrices providing much more information than the quantification of few target compounds. In sediments of the system Fensch-Moselle, this approach has been applied in order to study the evolution of the anthropogenic pressure due to organic micropollutants along the Fensch River, their transfer at the confluence with the Moselle River and the major sources of contamination. This work highlights the relationship between hydrodynamism and settling and biodegradation of organic micropollutants. Together with the mutimolecular approach, two methodologies have been developed in order to answer to major environmental questionings. The first one, based on the deconvolution of unresolved complex mixture, allows quantifying the amount of petroleum by-products stored in sediments. The second one is based on the analysis of organic micropollutants in aqueous phases (dissolved, colloidal, particulate) during mobilization of contaminated sediments, which allows the evaluation of their bioavailability

A ciclagem de matéria orgânica (MO) no ambiente marinho é um processo-chave para o ciclo global de carbono. Os sedimentos costeiros são de suma importância para a ciclagem de carbono pois atuam como receptores de grandes quantidades de MO alóctone (i.e. terrestre) e autóctone (i.e. marinho). A miríade dos componentes orgânicos e suas diferentes características dificultam o entendimento das fontes de MO em ambientes costeiros. Este trabalho visou entender a origem e a composição da MO (através de biomarcadores lipídicos) e a dinâmica da comunidade microbiana (método ATP) em sedimentos superficiais de diferentes ecossistemas marinhos da costa sudeste do Brasil: (i) margem continental de Cabo Frio; (ii) sistema lagunar de Saquarema; (iii) áreas costeiras e a plataforma continental de Ubatuba; (iv) e a plataforma adjacente ao estuário de Santos. Os resultados apontaram uma origem predominantemente autóctone para a MO nestes sistemas, com contribuição terrestre reduzida e limitada à áreas próximas à costa. Processos oceanográficos e forçantes ambientais são cruciais para a composição da MO sedimentar e são discutidas para cada um dos ecossistemas estudados. / The cycling of the organic matter (OM) in the marine environment is a key process in the global carbon cycle. Coastal sediments are important to the global carbon cycle, since they receive large inputs from both marine and terrestrial OM. The myriad of organic compounds and their spectrum of reactivity complicate the understanding of OM sources in coastal environments. In this work, we aimed to access the origin and composition of the OM (through lipid biomarkers) and the microbial dynamics (ATP method) in surface sediments of diverse marine ecosystems from the SE Brazilian coast: (i) the continental margin off Cabo Frio; (ii) the lagoonal system of Saquarema; (iii) coastal and shelf areas from Ubatuba; and (iv) the continental shelf adjacent to Santos estuary. The results showed a dominance of autochthonous OM, with a minor fraction of the OM derived from terrestrial sources and restricted to areas close to the coast. Oceanographic processes and environmental forces are crucial to the composition of sedimentary OM and are discussed for each of those ecosystems.

A ciclagem de matéria orgânica (MO) no ambiente marinho é um processo-chave para o ciclo global de carbono. Os sedimentos costeiros são de suma importância para a ciclagem de carbono pois atuam como receptores de grandes quantidades de MO alóctone (i.e. terrestre) e autóctone (i.e. marinho). A miríade dos componentes orgânicos e suas diferentes características dificultam o entendimento das fontes de MO em ambientes costeiros. Este trabalho visou entender a origem e a composição da MO (através de biomarcadores lipídicos) e a dinâmica da comunidade microbiana (método ATP) em sedimentos superficiais de diferentes ecossistemas marinhos da costa sudeste do Brasil: (i) margem continental de Cabo Frio; (ii) sistema lagunar de Saquarema; (iii) áreas costeiras e a plataforma continental de Ubatuba; (iv) e a plataforma adjacente ao estuário de Santos. Os resultados apontaram uma origem predominantemente autóctone para a MO nestes sistemas, com contribuição terrestre reduzida e limitada à áreas próximas à costa. Processos oceanográficos e forçantes ambientais são cruciais para a composição da MO sedimentar e são discutidas para cada um dos ecossistemas estudados. / The cycling of the organic matter (OM) in the marine environment is a key process in the global carbon cycle. Coastal sediments are important to the global carbon cycle, since they receive large inputs from both marine and terrestrial OM. The myriad of organic compounds and their spectrum of reactivity complicate the understanding of OM sources in coastal environments. In this work, we aimed to access the origin and composition of the OM (through lipid biomarkers) and the microbial dynamics (ATP method) in surface sediments of diverse marine ecosystems from the SE Brazilian coast: (i) the continental margin off Cabo Frio; (ii) the lagoonal system of Saquarema; (iii) coastal and shelf areas from Ubatuba; and (iv) the continental shelf adjacent to Santos estuary. The results showed a dominance of autochthonous OM, with a minor fraction of the OM derived from terrestrial sources and restricted to areas close to the coast. Oceanographic processes and environmental forces are crucial to the composition of sedimentary OM and are discussed for each of those ecosystems.

Une mauvaise connaissance des propriétés des sols et de leur fonctionnement peut avoir de nombreuses conséquences néfastes sur le rendement et la qualité des récoltes, sur la dégradation des sols et sur une pollution de l’environnement. En raison de l’importance des pratiques agricoles, notre étude s’est focalisée sur leur impact sur la qualité et la santé des sols. La recherche s’est effectuée de novembre 2003 à octobre 2007 sur des vergers de pommiers implantés sur des collines dans le nord-est de la Slovénie. Deux pratiques agricoles fréquentes dans cette région ont été suivies : (i) une irrigation localisée au goutte à goutte sur des Calcaric Cambisol (CALCOSOL) développés sur marnes, et ses effets sur la stabilité structurale des sols et leur biomasse microbienne à la Station expérimentale de Gačnik et (ii) la combinaison d’un engrais organique (Compo guano) et d’un amendement calcaire dans un verger conduit en agriculture biologique à Pohorski dvor sur un District Cambisol (ALOCRISOL) développé sur schistes. La présence de microbes pathogènes fécaux dans le sol, dus à l’irrigation ou à l’apport d’engrais organiques animaux a aussi été recherchée sur les deux sites. Le régime hydrique du sol a été suivi durant deux étés par des relevés tensiométriques hebdomadaires sur les deux sites. A la station expérimentale de Gačnik, un rang irrigué a été comparé à un rang non irrigué. La teneur en matière organique totale, son fractionnement granulométrique et la signature isotopique des différentes fractions permettant de discuter de leur origine et leur turn over ont été mesurés. La biomasse microbienne et son activité ont été caractérisées au printemps et à l’automne en 2004 et 2005. La stabilité structurale a été mesurée selon la méthode de Bartoli à l’automne 2004 et au printemps 2005. Sur le verger conduit en agriculture biologique à Pohorski dvor seul le pH et les paramètres microbiologiques ont été suivis selon la même périodicité en comparant les différents traitements dans une expérimentation par blocs. Enfin, sur les deux sites, une quantification des champignons, des bactéries (aérobies, anaérobies, coliformes fécaux) et des virus présents dans le sol a été réalisée. Incidence de l’irrigation par goutte à goutte sur la qualité du sol sur le site de Gačnik sur la qualité physique du sol- Les sols de ce verger, argilo-limoneux et carbonatés, varient fortement de l’amont à l’aval de la parcelle située sur une pente de 15%. le sol est peu épais à l’amont, la marne altérée apparaissant dès 60 cm tandis qu’à mi-pente et à l’aval le sol est épais >1 m et la marne plus fortement altérée. L’observation des profils pédologiques et l’historique de la parcelle montrent que le sol a été fortement remanié sur les 60 premiers centimètres préalablement à la plantation du verger. Le passage d’une plantation en terrasses à une plantation dans le sens de la pente a conduit à l’effacement des terrasses suivi d’un labour profond dont en voit encore la trace à 60 cm de profondeur à l’aval de la parcelle (Fig. 3.3 & Tab. 3.9). Un échantillonnage systématique de la teneur en carbone organique de l’horizon de surface, selon un pas de 6 m, montre un accroissement selon la pente suivant une forme en zig-zag reflétant la trace des anciennes terrasses (Fig. 3.19). Dans les 30 premiers centimètres la teneur en matières organiques, le rapport C/N et la capacité d’échange cationique augmentent de l’amont vers l’aval tandis la teneur en carbonates de calcium décroît (Fig. 3.15). Le pH reste stable entre 8 et 8, 4. A la surface du sol dans les rangs de plantation traités par désherbage chimique, une croûte alguaire se forme sur le côté ombragé du rang... / Underestimation of soil properties and poor understanding of soil conditions can have many negative consequences, which results in quality or quantity of yield, soil degradation or even environmental pollution. According to importance of agricultural practices, our study focused on their impact on soil quality and health. The research took place from November 2003 to October 2007 in apple orchards in north-eastern Slovenia where two frequent agricultural practices were investigated: (i) drip irrigation on Calcaric Cambisol and its effects on structural stability and microbial biomass at Gačnik experimental station and (ii) combination of organic fertiliser (Campo guano) and liming in organic farming to enhance microbial biomass and nitrogen nutrition at Pohorshi dvor on Dystric Cambisol. The presence of faecal pathogens in the soil due to irrigation or organic fertilizer was also investigated. Water potential was measured during two seasons in both locations. Structural stability according Bartoli method, organic mater characteristics (including grain size organic matter fractionation and isotopic signature of organic carbon origin), and microbiological parameters were analysed as potential indicators of soil quality in irrigation practice comparing an irrigated (IR) to a non-irrigated (NIR) row. In organic farming, mainly pH and microbiological parameters were followed according treatments on an experimental blocks comparison. According to hilly terrain and land levelling in Gačnik, we were dealing with two groups of soil differing in thickness, organic matter, and calcium carbonate contents: one at upslope and another at mid and downslope. Considering soil characteristics, slope effect was more expressed than irrigation effect. According to slope, water gravimetric content (W), organic matter (OM), microbial biomass (MB), and respiration (R) increased towards downslope while total carbonates (Ca) and structural stability (SS) decreased. According to irrigation, W, OM, and SS contents decreased, while MB and R increased from NIR to IR rows. No difference was observed for Ca between treatments. According to slope, higher carbonate content was as an important factor for higher structural stability as organic matter pool. According to irrigation, lower W in IRR row could be explained by modification in root distribution due to drip irrigation. Irrigation leads to an increase of soil microbial biomass and its activity (as a short-time effect) and decrease of OM (as a long-term effect); moreover, a decrease of OM originating from the marl bedrock was observed in IRR row and attributed to microbial mineralization. Lower SS of IRR row is related to the OM reduction. Seasonal variations of structural stability show complex trends resulting from the combination of climatic conditions and biological activity. In organic fertilising study, the interaction of Compo guano and lime together was not clear, but in long term this is probably the best solution because it had positive consequences on both soil pH and available nitrogen, while preserving fair levels of MB and labile organic matter (LOM). Irrigation water and Compo guano were considered as eventual sources of faecal coliforms which remains in soils. From our study it was concluded that OM, MB, R and faecal coliforms can be treated as general useful indicators in assessing soil quality. According to agricultural practice, SS should be emphasized as an important quality indicator in irrigation practice and pH in organic farming.

O estudo de um testemunho coletado às margens de uma lagoa situada em meio a vegetação de Mata Atlântica no Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira, sul do estado de São Paulo, permitiu a reconstituição da história da vegetação local ao longo dos últimos 2500 anos. Para isso, foram realizadas análises elementares, isotópicas e palinológicas. Também a partir de material retirado deste testemunho procedeu-se a comparação entre dois protocolos de tratamento químico para análises palinológicas do Quaternário. Os protocolos utilizados seguiram as metodologias propostas por Faegri e Iversen, 1989 (Protocolo 2) e por Colinvaux et al., 1999 (Protocolo 1). Foi desenvolvido um método de comparação que envolveu a quantidade de palinomorfos e a quantidade de matéria orgânica amorfa encontrados em 450 pontos escolhidos aleatoriamente em lâminas de ambos os protocolos e também foram levados em consideração o tempo, a praticidade de aplicação em rotina laboratorial, os custos e as quantidades e tipos de resíduos para cada protocolo. Cinco amostras de sedimento foram utilizadas para comparação e o Protocolo 1 apresentou em média 10% menos matéria orgânica amorfa e quase três vezes mais palinomorfos que o Protocolo 2. Os resultados das análises isotópicas e da palinologia mostraram que a vegetação da área em estudo teve uma fisionomia florestal pelo menos desde os últimos 2550 anos. Os valores de \'delta\'13C, em torno de - 29%o, indicaram a presença de plantas C3 em todo o período estudado e registraram um enriquecimento isotópico (-24,9%o) entre aproximadamente 1650 e 1480 anos AP. A análise palinológica apontou para a ocorrência de um clima mais frio que o atual entre 2550 anos AP e 2000 anos AP, com aumento na freqüência de Araucaria e diminuição de Arecaceae. Também foi detectada a ocorrência de um período de clima mais quente e mais úmido entre aproximadamente 1000 anos AP e 680 anos AP, com desaparecimento de Araucaria e aumento de Arecaceae, Weinmannia e de pteridófitas. A maior umidade deste período também é apontada pelos valores de C/N que indicam aumento de influência terrestre no sedimento e pelo aumento de Botryococcus. Em todas as camadas foram encontradas partículas carbonizadas, indicando períodos de ocorrência de paleoincêndios e de abertura florestal provavelmente associados à presença humana na região / One sediment core collected at the margins of a lake surrounded by Atlantic rainforest vegetation at Parque Estadual do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), southern São Paulo state (Brazil), was analyzed, in order to reconstruct the history of the local vegetation over the last 2500 years. Elemental (Total Organic Carbon TOC and Total Organic Nitrogen), isotopic (C and N), pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating were integrated on this work. Also was made a comparison of two protocols for Quaternary pollen chemical treatment. The tested protocols were proposed by Faegri and Iversen, 1989 (Protocol 2) and by Colinvaux et al., 1999 (Protocol 1). The comparison methods developed in this study checked the protocols performance on the quantity of palinomorphs and of organic matter found in 450 random areas of microscope slides of each protocol. The time consuming, laboratory routine, costs and residue production by the protocols were considered for comparison. Five samples were used for comparison and the Protocol 1 showed an average of 10% less organic matter and more palinomorphs than Protocol 2. According to the isotopic and pollen results, the study area vegetation maintained as a forest for the last 2500 years BP. \'delta\'13C values of -29%o indicated the presence of C3 plants during all the sediment study and a isotopic enrichment (- 24,9%o) was observed between 1650 and 1480 yrs BP. Pollen analysis suggested the occurrence of colder climatic conditions between 2550 and 2000 yrs BP and a warmer and humid period was suggested between 1000 and 680 yrs BP. Charcoal particles were found since 2550 yrs BP indicating paleofire probably associated to the human activities

O estudo de um testemunho coletado às margens de uma lagoa situada em meio a vegetação de Mata Atlântica no Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira, sul do estado de São Paulo, permitiu a reconstituição da história da vegetação local ao longo dos últimos 2500 anos. Para isso, foram realizadas análises elementares, isotópicas e palinológicas. Também a partir de material retirado deste testemunho procedeu-se a comparação entre dois protocolos de tratamento químico para análises palinológicas do Quaternário. Os protocolos utilizados seguiram as metodologias propostas por Faegri e Iversen, 1989 (Protocolo 2) e por Colinvaux et al., 1999 (Protocolo 1). Foi desenvolvido um método de comparação que envolveu a quantidade de palinomorfos e a quantidade de matéria orgânica amorfa encontrados em 450 pontos escolhidos aleatoriamente em lâminas de ambos os protocolos e também foram levados em consideração o tempo, a praticidade de aplicação em rotina laboratorial, os custos e as quantidades e tipos de resíduos para cada protocolo. Cinco amostras de sedimento foram utilizadas para comparação e o Protocolo 1 apresentou em média 10% menos matéria orgânica amorfa e quase três vezes mais palinomorfos que o Protocolo 2. Os resultados das análises isotópicas e da palinologia mostraram que a vegetação da área em estudo teve uma fisionomia florestal pelo menos desde os últimos 2550 anos. Os valores de \'delta\'13C, em torno de - 29%o, indicaram a presença de plantas C3 em todo o período estudado e registraram um enriquecimento isotópico (-24,9%o) entre aproximadamente 1650 e 1480 anos AP. A análise palinológica apontou para a ocorrência de um clima mais frio que o atual entre 2550 anos AP e 2000 anos AP, com aumento na freqüência de Araucaria e diminuição de Arecaceae. Também foi detectada a ocorrência de um período de clima mais quente e mais úmido entre aproximadamente 1000 anos AP e 680 anos AP, com desaparecimento de Araucaria e aumento de Arecaceae, Weinmannia e de pteridófitas. A maior umidade deste período também é apontada pelos valores de C/N que indicam aumento de influência terrestre no sedimento e pelo aumento de Botryococcus. Em todas as camadas foram encontradas partículas carbonizadas, indicando períodos de ocorrência de paleoincêndios e de abertura florestal provavelmente associados à presença humana na região / One sediment core collected at the margins of a lake surrounded by Atlantic rainforest vegetation at Parque Estadual do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), southern São Paulo state (Brazil), was analyzed, in order to reconstruct the history of the local vegetation over the last 2500 years. Elemental (Total Organic Carbon TOC and Total Organic Nitrogen), isotopic (C and N), pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating were integrated on this work. Also was made a comparison of two protocols for Quaternary pollen chemical treatment. The tested protocols were proposed by Faegri and Iversen, 1989 (Protocol 2) and by Colinvaux et al., 1999 (Protocol 1). The comparison methods developed in this study checked the protocols performance on the quantity of palinomorphs and of organic matter found in 450 random areas of microscope slides of each protocol. The time consuming, laboratory routine, costs and residue production by the protocols were considered for comparison. Five samples were used for comparison and the Protocol 1 showed an average of 10% less organic matter and more palinomorphs than Protocol 2. According to the isotopic and pollen results, the study area vegetation maintained as a forest for the last 2500 years BP. \'delta\'13C values of -29%o indicated the presence of C3 plants during all the sediment study and a isotopic enrichment (- 24,9%o) was observed between 1650 and 1480 yrs BP. Pollen analysis suggested the occurrence of colder climatic conditions between 2550 and 2000 yrs BP and a warmer and humid period was suggested between 1000 and 680 yrs BP. Charcoal particles were found since 2550 yrs BP indicating paleofire probably associated to the human activities