Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-25T14:47:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Davi_Rocha2017.pdf: 3573661 bytes, checksum: 8912d0785316cee5fdd46712b6f23d78 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-25T14:47:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Davi_Rocha2017.pdf: 3573661 bytes, checksum: 8912d0785316cee5fdd46712b6f23d78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-07 / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Estado do Paraná (FA) / Production and use of high quality seeds are important factors for the soybean farming. Therefore the quality control system in the seed industry must be reliable, accurate and fast. Seed technology research has been striving to develop or improve tests to enable seed quality evaluation. Tetrazolium test, besides evaluating the viability and vigor of the seeds, provides information about the potencial causing agents of quality reduction. Even though not using expensive instruments and reagents, the test requires a well-trained seed analyst, and the test’s accuracy depends on their knowledge about the all involved techniques and procedures, including the subjectivity of the observer. Therefore, the objective of the present research was to develop a computational tool that could minimize the implicit subjectivity in the test, contributing to increase information credibility and ensure the accuracy results. This tool allows, by tetrazolium test images, to identify seeds damage, as well as their location and extension, making the interpretation less subjective. From the feature extraction data in digital images of tetrazolium test, supervised classification algorithms were applied to do segmentation in the images, generating a classified image. The proposed system was tested using a selection of samples to training the classifier model and, from this model, the images classification of the tetrazolium test, to extract information about the seeds damage. The system allowed, in addition to an easier way for damages identification in the tetrazolium test images, the extraction of accurate information on displayed damage and achieve the control of the analyzed samples. The classifier performed the assignment of the predetermined categories efficiently for non-present data training set, with 96.6% of correctly classified instances and Kappa index of 0.95%, making the system a supplementary tool in decision making for the tetrazolium test. / A produção e a utilização de sementes de alta qualidade são fatores de importância para o cultivo da soja. Para isso, o sistema de controle de qualidade na indústria de sementes deve ser confiável, preciso e rápido. A pesquisa em tecnologia de sementes tem se esforçado em desenvolver ou aprimorar testes que possibilitem a avaliação da qualidade das sementes. O teste de tetrazólio, além de avaliar a viabilidade e o vigor de sementes, fornece informações sobre possíveis agentes causadores da redução de sua qualidade. Embora não se utilize de instrumentos e reagentes caros, o teste requer um analista de sementes bem treinado, sendo que a precisão do mesmo depende do conhecimento de todas as técnicas e procedimentos envolvidos, devendo-se considerar a subjetividade do observador. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi desenvolver uma ferramenta computacional que minimizasse a subjetividade implícita na realização do teste, contribuindo para gerar maior credibilidade nas informações e garantindo precisão nos resultados. Esta ferramenta permite, a partir de imagens do teste de tetrazólio, realizar a identificação dos danos presentes nas sementes, bem como sua localização e sua extensão nos tecidos, tornando a interpretação menos subjetiva. A partir da extração de dados de características das imagens digitais do teste de tetrazólio, foram aplicados algoritmos de classificação supervisionada para realizar a segmentação destas imagens, produzindo uma imagem classificada. O sistema proposto foi testado utilizando a seleção de amostras para treino do modelo classificador e, a partir deste modelo, a classificação das imagens do teste de tetrazólio, para extração de informações sobre os danos verificados nas sementes. O sistema permitiu, além da identificação dos danos nas imagens do teste de tetrazólio de forma facilitada, a extração de informações mais seguras sobre os danos presentes e realizar o controle das amostras analisadas. O classificador realizou a atribuição das classes predeterminadas de forma eficiente para dados não presentes no conjunto de treinamento, com 96,6% de instâncias classificadas corretamente e Índice Kappa de 0,95%, tornando o sistema uma ferramenta suplementar na tomada de decisão para o teste de tetrazólio.

Woody plant encroachment is one of the major problems worldwide because it affects negatively the herbaceous layer, which provide forage for livestock production. However, the role of ruminants particularly browsers in the dispersal of woody plant seeds still remains a concern for farmers interested in grass production. Seedpods of various woody plant species constitute a crucial part of the diet of herbivores during the dry season because of their high nutritional quality compared to herbaceous material. The interaction of associated diet quality, seed characteristics and animal species among other factors play a pivotal part in the success of livestock faecal seeds dispersion. Furthermore, dispersed seeds that successfully grow into mature woody plants become an important source of protein for herbivores. The use of woody plants as a source forage is known to be limited by plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) such as condensed tannins. The objectives of this study were to determine 1) the effects of condensed tannins and crude protein of Vachellia tortilis and Dichrostachys cinerea pods in seed recovery and germination fed to goats, and 2) the effects of diet mixing on the feed intake of plant species by goats. In the first experiment, a total of 12 female indigenous goats and 12 female Pedi sheep were utilised in this study, with the average body weights of 29.50 kg ± 1.60 (S.E) and 28.70 kg ± 1.60, respectively. Twelve goats were grouped into two groups of six goats per group, one group was fed D. cinerea pods and the other group was fed V. tortilis pods. The group of 12 sheep were divided similarly, the one group was fed D. cinerea pods and the other group was fed V. tortilis pods. Each animal was given V. tortilis and D. cinerea pods at 2.50% of their body weight. All animals were allowed to consume D. cinerea or V. tortilis pods within 24 h, after which the remaining pods were collected and weighed. Faecal collection commenced immediately after the 24 h pods feeding and was carried on until no seeds were discovered in faeces. All faeces extracted from sheep and goats were collected daily in the morning from the faecal bags. In the second experiment, a total of 24 indigenous goats with average body weight of 26.6 kg ± 0.51 were utilised. Goats were arbitrarily selected and grouped into four groups of six goats per group (goats were placed individually in 2 m2 pens). Each group was fed one of the following diets: diet one - Searsia lancea, diet two - S. pyroides, diet three - Euclea crispa and diet four - was a combination of the three plant species (Searsia lancea, S. pyroides and Euclea crispa). Searsia lancea, S. pyroides and E. crispa branches were collected every morning prior to feeding, and were weighed before offering the animals. Refusals were gathered and weighed, and intake was calculated as distinction between weight in and refusals. Plant species foliage were analysed for crude protein, condensed tannin, acid detergent lignin, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre. During the first experiment, the cumulative percentage seed recovery of V. tortilis from goats (46.00 % ± 1.90) and sheep (52.00 % ± 2.93) was significantly higher than D. cinerea from goats (13 % ± 1.47) and sheep (24.00 % ± 1.16). Germination percentage of D. cinerea seeds that passed through the gastro-intestinal tract of goats (33.12 % ± 2.94) and sheep (36.00 % ± 2.68) was significantly higher than V. tortilis seeds that passed through the gastro-intestinal tract of goats (28.98 % ± 2.68) and sheep (23.04 % ± 2.81). Average D. cinerea (34.56 % ± 1.99) and V. tortilis (26.02 %± 2.10) seeds that went through the gastro-intestinal of goats and sheep had a significantly higher germination rate than the control (i.e. no passage through the gut; D. cinerea = 2.31 % ± 1.55, V. tortilis = 5.07 % ± 2.68). The high mean cumulative percentage seed recovery of V. tortilis (18.80 %) may be attributed to the relatively higher crude protein than D. cinerea (12.20 %). This may encourage animal seed dispersal and germination of woody plant species with relatively high crude protein content. In the second experiment, Searsia lancea contained 8.50 % CP, 21.46 % acid detergent fibre (ADF), 12.50 % ADL and 39.37 % NDF. Searsia pyroides had 9.03 % CP, 27.07 % ADF, 10.89 % ADL and 40.30 % NDF. Euclea crispa had 6.19 % CP, 26.20 % ADF, 16.63 % ADL and 30.02 % NDF. Mixed diet (combination of the three plant species) had 8.96 % CP, 23.72 % ADF, 11.13 % ADL and 38.28 % NDF. Searsia lancea had 2.70 % of CTs while S. pyroides had 5.20 % CT, E. crispa had 6.44 % CT and mixed diet had 7.20 % CT. The mean dry matter intake varied significantly among dietary groups (P < 0.001). Similarly, goats offered a mixed diet consumed more CTs (P < 0.01) than those offered individual forage species. The high mean cumulative percentage seed recovery of V. tortilis may be attributed to the higher crude protein of V. tortilis (18.80 %) than D. cinerea (12.20 %). Higher passage rate may encourage animal seed dispersal and germination of plant species. The results from experiment two support the postulation that animals foraging in mixed diet systems consume more PSMs and achieve higher dry matter intake than animals confined to monocultures or single species feeding systems. Given that woody plant encroachment is already reducing farm-grazing capacities in African savannas and this problem is predicted to double by 2050, strategies that improve herbivore ability to consume woody plants will increase forage availability and inform bush control programmes and policies. Moreover, the concomitant increase in CTs by goats exposed to diets with diverse species also has positive implications for animal / Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV14MA138.pdf: 1499823 bytes, checksum: 43bb00530c794a8a0bd7e5e0266cd64d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / The sustainability of agricultural systems has been a collective effort of farmers, technical assistants and researchers, where the maintenance of agrobiodiversity is essential for food production in a sustainable manner. Knowledge of the potential characteristics of seeds landraces on condition of organic and conventional crops can assist in recovery, by farmers, the habit of conserving seeds and increase the use of these genetic resources by farmers, also increasing the possibility of management and conservation agrobiodiversity. The objective of this study was to characterize the physiological quality (viability and vigor), health quality (incidence of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) and storability (tolerance to deterioration) of seeds of bean genotypes grown in two agricultural crops under organic and conventional cultivation, in order to obtain information on the genetic response of each cultivar to different production systems and the potential of each genotype as attributes of physiological and sanitary quality of seeds. The seeds were grown in field crops in 2011/2012 and 2012/2013, in Campos Novos / SC. Twenty-six genotypes (Table 1) were used, originating from the collection of Active Bank of bean germplasm (BAF) of Agroveterinárias Sciences Center of the State University of Santa Catarina - CAV / UDESC. The analyzes were performed on Seeds Analysis Laboratory (LAS), the CAV / UDESC, soon after harvest and after storage of seeds in the laboratory, between the months of March to October, with temperature and relative humidity of the ambient air. Was held germination tests, emergency field, electrical conductivity, accelerated aging, cold, measuring the lengths of seedlings and sanity. The genetic diversity found in the results and ranking the sum of posts Mulamba and Mock associated with the grouping method of Scott-Knott, allowed categorizing genotypes for physiological quality and storability of seeds. The landraces BAF 75, 55, 81, 84, 60, 13, 36, 42 and the commercial cultivars BAF 110 and 121 were identified with high potential physiological quality in seeds produced, and indicated for seed production both in conditions organic and conventional farming. The landraces BAF 84, 81, 75, 55, 36 and 42 were identified with high physiological potential of seed storage in the conditions of temperature and humidity uncontrolled, being able to maintain the viability and vigor of seeds for a period of eight months after harvesting, what allows the use of seed for the next crop. The landraces BAF 42 and 75 presented high seed quality in both agricultural system in the two years of cultivation, maintained after storage and with a low infection of C. lindemuthianum / A sustentabilidade dos sistemas agrícolas tem sido um esforço coletivo de agricultores, assistentes técnicos e pesquisadores, onde a manutenção da agrobiodiversidade é indispensável para a produção de alimentos de forma sustentável. O conhecimento das características potenciais das sementes dos genótipos crioulos sob condição de cultivo orgânico e convencional pode auxiliar na retomada, por parte dos agricultores, do hábito de conservação de suas sementes e potencializar o uso destes recursos genéticos pelo agricultor, ampliando também a possibilidade de manejo e a conservação da agrobiodiversidade. O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar a qualidade fisiológica (viabilidade e o vigor), qualidade sanitária (incidência de Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) e o potencial de armazenamento (tolerância a deterioração) das sementes de genótipos crioulos e comerciais de feijão produzidas em duas safras agrícolas sob cultivo orgânico e convencional, com o intuito de obter informações sobre a resposta genética de cada cultivar aos diferentes sistemas de produção e as potencialidades de cada genótipo quanto aos atributos de qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes. As sementes foram produzidas em campo, nas safras 2011/2012 e 2012/2013, em Campos Novos/SC. Foram utilizados vinte e seis genótipos de feijão (Tabela 1), com origem da coleção do Banco Ativo de germoplasma de feijão (BAF) do Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina CAV/UDESC. As análises das sementes foram realizadas no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes (LAS), do CAV/UDESC, logo após a colheita e após o armazenamento das sementes no laboratório, entre os meses de março a outubro, com temperatura e umidade relativa do ar ambiente. Realizou-se os testes de germinação, emergência a campo, condutividade elétrica, envelhecimento acelerado, frio, medição dos comprimentos de plântulas e sanidade. A diversidade genética encontrada nos resultados e a classificação na soma de postos de Mulamba e Mock associada ao método de agrupamento de Scott-Knott, permitiu categorizar os genótipos quanto à qualidade fisiológicas e o potencial de armazenamento das sementes. As cultivares crioulas BAF 75, 55, 81, 84, 60, 13, 36, 42 e as cultivares comerciais BAF 110 e 121 foram identificadas com alto potencial de qualidade fisiológica nas sementes produzidas, e indicadas para a produção de sementes, tanto nas condições de cultivo orgânico como convencional. As cultivares crioulas BAF 84, 81, 75, 55, 36 e 42 foram identificadas com alto potencial fisiológico de armazenamento das sementes nas condições de temperatura e umidade ambiente, sendo capazes de manter a viabilidade e o vigor das sementes por um período de oito meses após a colheita, o que permite o uso das semente para a safra seguinte. As cultivares crioulas BAF 42 e 75 apresentaram alta qualidade das sementes produzidas em ambos os sistema agrícolas nos dois anos de cultivo, mantida após o armazenamento e com baixa infecção de C. lindemuthianum