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<p>Moisture can significantly affect flexible pavement performance. As such, it is crucial to remove moisture as quickly as possible from the pavements, mainly to avoid allowing moisture into the pavement subgrade. In the 1990s the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) adopted an asphalt pavement drainage system consisting of an open-graded asphalt drainage layer connected to edge drains and collector pipes to remove moisture from the pavement system.</p> <p>Over the intervening two decades, asphalt pavement materials and designs have dramatically changed in Indiana, and the effectiveness of the pavements drainage system may have changed. Additionally, there are challenges involved in producing and placing open-graded asphalt drainage layers. They can potentially increase costs, and they tend to have lower strength than traditional dense-graded asphalt pavement layers. </p> <p>Given the potential difficulties, the overall objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of the INDOT’s current flexible pavement drainage systems given the changes to pavement cross-sections and materials that have occurred since the open-graded drainage layer was adopted. Additionally, the effectiveness of the filter layer and edge drains were examined.</p><p><br>Laboratory experiments were performed to obtain the hydraulic properties of field-produced asphalt mixture specimens meeting INDOT’s current specifications. The results were used in finite element modeling of moisture flow through pavement sections. Modeling was also performed to investigate the rutting performance of the drainage layers under various traffic loads and subgrade moisture conditions in combination with typical Indiana subgrade soils. The modeling results were used to develop a design tool that can assist the pavement designer in more accurately assessing the need for pavement drainage systems in flexible pavements.<br></p>

Modern pig farming production may over burden the environment with organic substances, exposure of bacterial pathogens and introduction of resistance gene. This may be caused by the pig’s droppings, lack of seepage management or accidental spillage of seepage which may impact on the environment and its physicochemical parameters. The objective of this study is to determine and assess the level of bacteriological pollution emanating from the pig farm and their impact on the physicochemical parameters of soil and water as well as to identify the presence of antibiotic resistance gene of these prevailing bacteria. Soil and water samples were collected monthly for a period of six months (March- August 2013). Samples were collected at pig enclosures, soil 20 m and 100 m away from pig enclosures, constructed wetland used for treating pig farm wastewater, soil 20m and 100 m away from constructed wetland. Procedure followed for analysing soil and water samples includes physicochemical analyses, viable cell counts of 10-1 to 10-8 dilutions, identification of bacteria using API 20E test kit, antibiotic susceptibility analyses, and identification of resistance gene using molecular procedures. The media that were used for viable cell counts were, Nutrient agar, MacConkey Agar, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar (XLD agar), and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB). Physicochemical parameters of water showed unacceptable high levels of analysed parameters for BOD (163 mg/L to 3350 mg/L), TDS (0.77 g/L to 6.48 mg/L), COD (210 mg/L to 9400 mg/L), NO3 (55 mg/L to 1680 mg/L), NO2 (37.5 mg/L to 2730 mg/L), and PO43− (50 mg/L to 1427 mg/L) were higher than the maximum permissible limits set by Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). For soil samples TDS (0.01g/L to 0.88 g/L), COD (40 mg/L to 304 mg/L), NO3 (32.5 mg/L to 475 mg/L), and NO2 (7.35 mg/L to 255 mg/L) and PO43- (32.5 mg/L to 475 mg/L ) were observed to be higher than recommended limits set by Federal Ministry for the Environmental (FME). The viable cells in soil samples 30cm depth ranged from 0 cfu/mL to 2.44 x 1010cfu/mL, in soil 5cm depth ranged from 1.00 x 101 cfu/mL to 1.91 x 1010 cfu/mL, and in water samples viable cells ranged from 5.00 x 101 to 5.05 x 109. Pseudomonas luteola (Ps. luteola), Escherichia vulneris (E. vulneris), Salmonella choleraesuis spp arizonae, Escherichia coli 1(E. coli 1), Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas flourescens/putida (Ps. flourescens/putida), Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia ordoriferal, Pasteurella pneumotropica, Ochrobactrum antropi, Proteus vulgaris group, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella spp, Aeromonas Hydrophila/caviae/sobria1, Proteus Mirabillis, Vibrio fluvials, Rahnella aquatillis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps. aeruginosa), Burkholderia Cepacia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (St. maltophilia), Shwenella putrefaciens, Klebsiela pneumonia, Cedecea davisa, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia plymuthica, Enterobacter sakaziki, Citrobacter braakii, Enterobacter amnigenus 2, Yersinia pestis, Serratia ficaria, Enterobacter gergoriae, Enterobacter amnigenus 1, Serratia marcescens, Raoutella terrigena, Hafnia alvei 1, Providencia rettgeri, and Pantoa were isolated from soil and water samples from the pig farm. Isolates were highly resistant to Penicillin G, Sulphamethaxazole, Vancomycin, Tilmocozin, Oxytetracycline, Spectinomycin, Lincomycin, and Trimethoprim. The most resistance genes detected in most isolates were aa (6’)-le-aph (2”)-la, aph (2”)-lb, aph (3”)-llla, Van A, Van B, Otr A and Otr B. Pig farm seepage is causing bacterial pollution which is impacting negatively on the natural environment in the vicinity of pig farm by introducing bacterial pathogens that have an antibiotic resistance gene and is increasing the physicochemical parameters for soil and water in the natural environment at the pig farm. It is therefore recommended that pig farms should consider the need to implement appropriate regulatory agencies that may include the regular monitoring of the qualities of final effluents from waste water treatment facilities. In addition there is a need to limit soil pollution in order to safe guard the natural environment in the vicinity of pig farm from bacteriological pollution and introduction of antibiotic resistance gene. It is also recommended that more advanced technologies should be introduced that will assist pig farms to manages the seepage properly. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Sciences)

Estudos de acumulações de gás raso e os efeitos destes fenômenos nas ondas sísmicas são objeto de trabalho de diversos pesquisadores em diferentes partes do planeta. As respostas das acumulações de gás nas ondas sísmicas se diferenciam pelas diversas frequências dos equipamentos sísmicos e trazem informações importantes no que concerne à formação e evolução dos ambientes em questão. O Canal da Bertioga se situa no litoral Sul do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, e consiste em um ambiente de características estuarinas que conecta a plataforma continental, em sua desembocadura oceânica, e a Baixada Santista em sua desembocadura continental. Trata-se de um sistema de baixa hidrodinâmica, com profundidades máximas de 18m, e sofre influência de seus afluentes oriundos da serra do mar. Na presente pesquisa, foram utilizadas as fontes Pinger (24 kHz), Chirp (2 - 8 kHz) e Boomer (0,5 - 2 kHz) operando simultaneamente para o levantamento de dados geofísicos e amostragens superficiais com um amostrador de mandíbulas do tipo Van Veen. Foram também obtidos cinco testemunhos sedimentares, dos quais foram obtidos dados de taxa de sedimentação. O levantamento sísmico permitiu a identificação de diversas fácies acústicas de gás nos sedimentos assim como padrões de escape. Em função da identificação dos padrões de ocorrência destas formações de gás se pôde dividir o Canal da Bertioga em três setores: Estreito, Largo do Candinho e Canal Leste. No trecho denominado de Estreito as Coberturas acústicas foram predominantes com pouca variação de cota (± 3 m), os escapes de gás foram menos ocorrentes se comparados às outras áreas e se deu especialmente em forma de Pináculos de Turbidez. No Largo do Candinho predominaram as Sombras Negras e Coberturas Acústicas muito rasas, em torno de 1 a 2 m do substrato, com grande ocorrência de escape de gás do tipo Plumas Acústicas. Por fim, O Canal Leste apresentou as maiores variações nas cotas das Coberturas Acústicas, com ocorrências mais profundas (8 m em média) e escapes de gás em forma de Plumas Intrassedimentares. Foram definidas unidades estratigráficas deposicionais que contribuíram para a proposição de uma compartimentação do canal, em função dos padrões de ocorrência de gás. A fonte boomer permitiu identificar quatro unidades estratigráficas No Canal Leste, duas no Largo do Candinho e apenas uma no Estreito, neste último trecho a penetração do sinal foi especialmente comprometida em função da constante ocorrência das Coberturas Acústicas. Diante destas evidências pôde-se concluir que o Canal da Bertioga evoluiu como dois sistemas distintos, os quais foram separados durante as regressões marinhas e conectados novamente em trato de mar alto. A mudança brusca das cotas de ocorrência das Coberturas Acústicas entre o Canal Leste e o Largo do Candinho, além de evidências de falhamentos neotectônicos do Pleistoceno tardio sugerem que a conexão destes ambientes (Estreito + Largo do Candinho e Canal Leste) pode ter sido abrupta. / Studies of shallow gas accumulations and the effects of these components in the seismic waves are studied by several researchers in different parts of the world. The responses of the gas accumulations in the seismic waves are distinguished by different frequencies of seismic equipment and provide important information regarding the formation and evolution of the environments. The Channel of Bertioga is located on the southern coast of São Paulo, Brazil, and it\'s an environment with estuarine characteristics that connects the Sea of Bertioga to its oceanic mouth, and the city of Santos to it\'s continental mouth. This is a low hydrodynamic system with maximum depths of 18m, and is influenced by its tributaries from the Serra do Mar mountains. The present study was conducted with the sources Pinger (24kHz), Chirp (2 - 8 kHz) and Boomer (0.5 - 2 kHz) operating simultaneously for the geophysical survey data, surficial sediment sampling was made with a Van Veen grab. Five cores were also acquired, of which the sedimentation rate was obtained. The seismic survey allowed the identification of several buried gas facies and seepages. Regarding the patterns in the occurrence of gas formations the Bertioga Channel could be split into three sectors: The Narrow Sector, Candinho and Eastern Sector. In the Narrow part, the Acoustic Blankings were predominant with little variation in elevation (± 3 m), seepages occurred less compared to other areas and were mostly consisting of Turbidity Pinnacles. In the Candinho sector, Black Shadows and Acoustic Blankets about 1 to 2m of the substrate prevailed, with high occurrence of seepages in the form of Acoustic Plumes. Finally, the Eastern Sector had the highest changes in the levels of Acoustic Blankets, with the deepest occurrences (8m on average) and seepages in the form of Intrasedimentary Plumes. Some stratigraphic units were defined, which contributed to the previous division by the gas occurrences. The Booomer source allowed the identification of four Stratigraphic Units inthe Eastern Channel, two in the Candinho sector and only one Stratigraphic Unit in the Narrow Sector. In the last sector signal penetration was particularly compromised due to the constant occurrence of Acoustic Blankets. Given this evidence, it was concluded that the Bertioga Channel evolved as two distinct systems, which were separated during the marine regressions and re-connected during marine transgressions. The sudden change in the depths of occurrence in Acoustic Blankets between the Eastern Channel and Candinho, and evidence of neotectonic faulting in the Late Pleistocene suggest that the connection of these environments (Narrow Sector + Candinho and Canal East) may have been abrupt.

Estudos de acumulações de gás raso e os efeitos destes fenômenos nas ondas sísmicas são objeto de trabalho de diversos pesquisadores em diferentes partes do planeta. As respostas das acumulações de gás nas ondas sísmicas se diferenciam pelas diversas frequências dos equipamentos sísmicos e trazem informações importantes no que concerne à formação e evolução dos ambientes em questão. O Canal da Bertioga se situa no litoral Sul do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, e consiste em um ambiente de características estuarinas que conecta a plataforma continental, em sua desembocadura oceânica, e a Baixada Santista em sua desembocadura continental. Trata-se de um sistema de baixa hidrodinâmica, com profundidades máximas de 18m, e sofre influência de seus afluentes oriundos da serra do mar. Na presente pesquisa, foram utilizadas as fontes Pinger (24 kHz), Chirp (2 - 8 kHz) e Boomer (0,5 - 2 kHz) operando simultaneamente para o levantamento de dados geofísicos e amostragens superficiais com um amostrador de mandíbulas do tipo Van Veen. Foram também obtidos cinco testemunhos sedimentares, dos quais foram obtidos dados de taxa de sedimentação. O levantamento sísmico permitiu a identificação de diversas fácies acústicas de gás nos sedimentos assim como padrões de escape. Em função da identificação dos padrões de ocorrência destas formações de gás se pôde dividir o Canal da Bertioga em três setores: Estreito, Largo do Candinho e Canal Leste. No trecho denominado de Estreito as Coberturas acústicas foram predominantes com pouca variação de cota (± 3 m), os escapes de gás foram menos ocorrentes se comparados às outras áreas e se deu especialmente em forma de Pináculos de Turbidez. No Largo do Candinho predominaram as Sombras Negras e Coberturas Acústicas muito rasas, em torno de 1 a 2 m do substrato, com grande ocorrência de escape de gás do tipo Plumas Acústicas. Por fim, O Canal Leste apresentou as maiores variações nas cotas das Coberturas Acústicas, com ocorrências mais profundas (8 m em média) e escapes de gás em forma de Plumas Intrassedimentares. Foram definidas unidades estratigráficas deposicionais que contribuíram para a proposição de uma compartimentação do canal, em função dos padrões de ocorrência de gás. A fonte boomer permitiu identificar quatro unidades estratigráficas No Canal Leste, duas no Largo do Candinho e apenas uma no Estreito, neste último trecho a penetração do sinal foi especialmente comprometida em função da constante ocorrência das Coberturas Acústicas. Diante destas evidências pôde-se concluir que o Canal da Bertioga evoluiu como dois sistemas distintos, os quais foram separados durante as regressões marinhas e conectados novamente em trato de mar alto. A mudança brusca das cotas de ocorrência das Coberturas Acústicas entre o Canal Leste e o Largo do Candinho, além de evidências de falhamentos neotectônicos do Pleistoceno tardio sugerem que a conexão destes ambientes (Estreito + Largo do Candinho e Canal Leste) pode ter sido abrupta. / Studies of shallow gas accumulations and the effects of these components in the seismic waves are studied by several researchers in different parts of the world. The responses of the gas accumulations in the seismic waves are distinguished by different frequencies of seismic equipment and provide important information regarding the formation and evolution of the environments. The Channel of Bertioga is located on the southern coast of São Paulo, Brazil, and it\'s an environment with estuarine characteristics that connects the Sea of Bertioga to its oceanic mouth, and the city of Santos to it\'s continental mouth. This is a low hydrodynamic system with maximum depths of 18m, and is influenced by its tributaries from the Serra do Mar mountains. The present study was conducted with the sources Pinger (24kHz), Chirp (2 - 8 kHz) and Boomer (0.5 - 2 kHz) operating simultaneously for the geophysical survey data, surficial sediment sampling was made with a Van Veen grab. Five cores were also acquired, of which the sedimentation rate was obtained. The seismic survey allowed the identification of several buried gas facies and seepages. Regarding the patterns in the occurrence of gas formations the Bertioga Channel could be split into three sectors: The Narrow Sector, Candinho and Eastern Sector. In the Narrow part, the Acoustic Blankings were predominant with little variation in elevation (± 3 m), seepages occurred less compared to other areas and were mostly consisting of Turbidity Pinnacles. In the Candinho sector, Black Shadows and Acoustic Blankets about 1 to 2m of the substrate prevailed, with high occurrence of seepages in the form of Acoustic Plumes. Finally, the Eastern Sector had the highest changes in the levels of Acoustic Blankets, with the deepest occurrences (8m on average) and seepages in the form of Intrasedimentary Plumes. Some stratigraphic units were defined, which contributed to the previous division by the gas occurrences. The Booomer source allowed the identification of four Stratigraphic Units inthe Eastern Channel, two in the Candinho sector and only one Stratigraphic Unit in the Narrow Sector. In the last sector signal penetration was particularly compromised due to the constant occurrence of Acoustic Blankets. Given this evidence, it was concluded that the Bertioga Channel evolved as two distinct systems, which were separated during the marine regressions and re-connected during marine transgressions. The sudden change in the depths of occurrence in Acoustic Blankets between the Eastern Channel and Candinho, and evidence of neotectonic faulting in the Late Pleistocene suggest that the connection of these environments (Narrow Sector + Candinho and Canal East) may have been abrupt.

From the Proceedings of the 1972 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 5-6, 1972, Prescott, Arizona / The need for increased control of seepage from both natural and artificial small ponds and lakes has become more apparent with the increased frequency of their construction and use on the farm, ranch, and in recreational urban use. Seepage control methods are also becoming more numerous. Unfortunately, comparisons as to effectiveness, longevity and costs are not readily available. This paper investigates some control techniques being used in this region and evaluated them according to the above criteria. Emphasis was on the use of available physiochemical methods other than rubber membranes and concrete liners. Examples of the types of controls in use include plastic, soil compaction aids, hydrophobic chemicals and monovalent cation applications, such as sodium chloride. Some examples of the use of these methods in Arizona are shown and the results of some field comparison tests conducted using 8 x 8 square foot double -ringed infiltrometers presented. Recommendations are made of additional research that should be undertaken to improve the technology of the control of seepage losses.

From the Proceedings of the 1978 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 14-15, 1978, Flagstaff, Arizona / Pond seepage losses are a particularly serious problem in the semiarid southwest where runoff-carried calcium normally causes well-dispersed clay particles to aggregate and increase the porosity of stock pond sediments. Reported are the results of laboratory and field tests carried out by the USDA Water Conservation Laboratory in Phoenix, Arizona to determine the success of sodium carbonate (soda ash) as a soil sealant and to establish criteria for its use. Following tests two leaky ponds on Walnut Gulch, Arizona were treated with soda ash broadcast over the dry pond surfaces to the spillway elevation at a rate of 3365 Kg/ha and mixed with the pond sediment to a depth of 10 cm with a disc. Seepage losses were compared following the summer rainy season, and generally represent 20 day periods in September or October when the summer monsoon rains have ended. The late season seepage loss for the after treatment period each year from 1968 through 1974 was reduced about 50% and the treatment on one pond seems to have lasted much longer than anticipated, thus increasing the value of the treatment. A pretreatment laboratory seepage test is suggested to better determine the likelihood of treatment success.

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[pt] Uma das atividades relacionadas à recuperação de barragens envolve o alteamento de barragens existentes, normalmente com o objetivo de aumentar a capacidade de armazenamento dos reservatórios, melhorar o fator de segurança dos taludes ou a proteção da estrutura contra possíveis cheias. O alteamento pode estar previsto no projeto original da barragem, mas na maioria dos casos trata-se de um novo estudo, com a barragem em operação, devendo-se verificar as novas condições de fluxo, efeitos na estabilidade de taludes e na resposta da barragem a carregamentos estáticos e sísmicos, estes principalmente em regiões de alta sismicidade, como no sul do Peru, onde se enontram a barragem de terra de Viña Blanca, aqui considerada. Nesta dissertação o método dos elementos finitos e o método de equilíbrio limite, isolada ou conjuntamente, são empregados para análise estática e dinâmica destas barragens de terra considerando diversas opções de alteamento, como a construção de muros parapeito, muros de gabião, solo compactado, solo reforçado com geotêxteis e solo reforçado com revestimento de concreto. De estudos de perigo sísmico efetuados no local das barragens, selecionou-se o valor de aceleração horizontal máximo para ser utilizado nos registros de aceleração ocorridos nos terremotos de Lima (1974) e de Moquegua (2001). As análises numéricas efetuadas mostram que as opções de alteamento consideradas não alteram significativamente as condições de segurança das barragens existentes, tanto do ponto de vista hidráulico como da estabilidade de taludes e resposta dinâmica durante a incidência de terremotos. / [en] One of the activities related to dam constructions involves the raising of the existent structure, normally done with the objective of increasing the water storage capacity of the reservoirs, improving the safety factor of the embankment slopes or to ensure a better protection against possible water flooding. The raising of an earth dam can be predicted in the original dam plan, but in mostly situations consists of a new design, with the dam fully operational, where the effects of a new dam height and reservoir level should be assessed with respect to flow conditions, stability of the embankment soil slopes and the response of the revised structure under static and seismic loads, mainly in highly seismic regions, as in the South of Peru where the earth dam of Viña Blanca, herein studied, was constructed. In this dissertation, the finite element method and the limit equilibrium method were used for the static and dynamic analyses of these earth dams, in their original geometry as well after dam raising with reinforced soil, compacted soil and concrete or gabion structures, among other options. From studies of seismic risk analyses carried out at the dam sites, the value of maximum horizontal acceleration equal to 0.4g was chosen to be used as the peak acceleration in the Lima (1974) and Moquegua (2001) acceleration time histories. The numerical results indicate that all dam raising options investigated in this work do not affect the safety conditions of the dams significantly, either under the point of view of the hydraulic behavior as well as soil slope stabilities or the dynamic response of the earth dams to seismic loads.