Body-worn cameras have been construed as a potent solution to negative outcomes that takes place between officers and citizens, and their use has spread across police departments. Yet the impact of body worn cameras is inconsistent. Scholars have suggested that when the awareness of a camera is initiated, the actual effectiveness of body-worn cameras will take place. This thesis examines the association between awareness of body-worn cameras BWC and citizen resistance during police-citizen encounters. Overall, it was found that citizen resistance is more likely when there is officer awareness of body-worn camera. This thesis contributes to the literature of body-worn cameras and attempts to examine the area suggested to be a root cause for the inconsistent effects of body worn cameras during encounters.

In this master thesis I will present my research which explores the subject/object dynamics of selfawareness within relationships. My research question is this: “Do we have the ability to see ourselves as an object, and our partner as a subject?” To answer this question I have used the scientific method Q-methodology. Three couples (six subjects) have sorted 40 statements, according to four different sorting conditions. The sorting conditions were: "My perception of myself"; "My perception of my partner"; "My partner’s perception of them self" and "My partner’s perception of me". The participants sorted the statements by how much they agreed, disagreed or were neutral to the them. By doing this the participants were able to express their subjective experience of the topic, which again formed the basis for analysis and interpretation. The statements were generated based on theories concerning subject/object relation and communication, and adapted to the participant’s communication universe. Through factor analysis of the participants Q-sorts I extracted two distinct factors. The two-factor solution represented all participants and 23 of 24 sorts. The factor interpretation revealed that factor 1 has an evolved self-awareness, and views them self as an object and their partner as a subject. Factor 1 has an experience of mutuality in their relationship, and utilizes both verbal and non-verbal communication to obtain information about their partner. Factor 2 appears to be less self-aware and views them self as a subject and their partner as an object. The latter perceives them self as being part of an independent relationship, and primarily uses interpretation of non-verbal communication to obtain information about their partner. The result of the factor interpretation was debated in light of theory and possible implications of the factor views were discussed. / I denne masteroppgaven presenteres forskningsprosjektet mitt som undersøker selvbevissthetens subjekt/objekt dynamikk innenfor par relasjoner. Problemstillingen i oppgaven er: «Klarer en å se seg selv som objekt, og sin partner som subjekt?» For å svare på problemstillingen har jeg benyttet en Q-metodologisk forskningsmetode, og seks personer (tre par) sorterte 40 utsagn i henhold til fire instruksjonsbetingelser. Instruksjonsbetingelsene var: «Min oppfatning av meg selv»; «Min oppfatning av min partner»; «Min partners oppfatning av seg selv»; og «Min partners oppfatning av meg». Utsagnene ble sortert ut i fra om deltagerne var enige, uenige, eller nøytrale til dem. På denne måten fikk deltagerne uttrykt sin subjektive opplevelse av temaet, noe som dannet grunnlaget for analyse og tolkning. Utsagnene ble utformet med bakgrunn i teorier om subjekt/objekt relasjon og kommunikasjon, og ble tilpasset deltagernes kommunikasjonsunivers. Etter faktoranalyse av deltagernes Q-sorteringer ekstraherte jeg ut to distinkte faktorer. To-faktorløsningen representerte alle deltagerne, og 23 av 24 sorteringer. Faktorfortolkningen viste at faktor 1 har en stor grad av selvbevissthet, og ser på seg selv som objekt og på sin partner som subjekt. En opplever å være i en gjensidig relasjon, og benytter seg av både verbal og nonverbal kommunikasjon for å innhente informasjon om partneren. Faktor 2 er tilsynelatende lite selvbevisst, og ser på seg selv som subjekt og på sin parter som objekt. En opplever å være i en uavhengig relasjon, og benytter hovedsakelig tolkning av nonverbal kommunikasjon for a innhente informasjon om partneren. Resultatet av faktorfortolkningen drøftes opp mot teori, og mulige konsekvenser av faktorsynene diskuteres.

Thesis advisor: Dennis Hale / Thesis advisor: Gerald Easter / Intellectuals' different self-understandings contribute to their development of different views on the people in society. And such different attitudes remarkably affect their ways of engaging their people in the specific cultural contexts. In the process of interactions, people's characters were established in their specific environments. Admittedly, intellectuals acted as intermediary between the core values/beliefs and the people. Fundamentally and ultimately it is our conceptions of God and our thinking of messages from Heaven that determines not only intellectual's self-awareness and their views on the people, but also people's actual self-understanding. I am trying to demonstrate that those lacking of sense of self-understanding were so tough to develop public awareness and take initiatives in civic participation, just like people in traditional Confucian society in ancient China. People of colonial New England were directed to cultivate their personal relationships with God and so also their sense of the self, which is compact with their active civic society. / Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Political Science.

Thesis advisor: Usha Tummala-Narra / Immigrants in the United States experience a unique array of mental health stressors related to their experiences of migration and acculturation. For immigrants who are also persons of color, additional obstacles and stressors may compound their experiences. Previous research indicates that while psychologists who work with this population may endorse multicultural competence, they may not actually carry out culturally sensitive practices. Additionally, much of the present literature on therapy with minority clients focuses on aspirational goals. However, analyses of the ways in which these tenets are applied to clinical work are few and far between. What are the barriers to implementing these practices? What resources support clinicians who are working with diverse immigrant populations? The present qualitative study focused on the experience of clinicians who work with minority immigrant clients. Thirteen White psychologists responded to open-ended questions regarding their clinical experience with this population. Interview questions explored positive and negative clinical experiences, issues of power, and the ways in which the therapeutic relationship impacted clinicians' views of themselves. Results of the study indicate that internal and external systemic factors influenced clinicians' expectations for therapy as well as the manner in which they approached problematic relational outcomes. Analyses further highlighted the role of power and systemic influences on the therapeutic relationship. Participating psychologists painted a clear picture of the importance of collaborative, empathic relationships, which further highlights the consequences of neglecting to address underlying tensions. A clear and consistent theme of deeply personal commitment to their work transcended individual interviews. Implications for researchers, clinicians, and training institutions were addressed. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology.

College serves as a venue for development, where one aim is to produce autonomous students. In this process of developing towards autonomy difficulty and challenges occurs, and thus some students choose to seek counselling. Based on this it has been desirable to gain a deeper understanding of how college students experience this process. Hence, the research question of this thesis is: How do college students who seek counselling experience their development towards autonomy? This thesis is conducted by using Q methodology. 14 college students who have been to counselling participated in this research. Based on the research question the participants sorted 36 statements in accordance with their recognition of themselves in them, from least like me to most like me. The statements were produced with the help of Fisher’s balanced block design. The research design includes theory about self-efficacy, self-awareness in a developmental perspective, and the counselling relation. Based on an analysis of the participants’ Q sorts, a four-factor solution appeared. The factors represent different viewpoints existing among the college students who seek counselling, related to the development towards autonomy. These were further interpreted and given names. Factor 1: Others make me feel strong, but I do not do what is required to succeed. Factor 2: All the expectations make me lack a feeling of control. Factor 3: I take responsibility for personal development, but not necessarily in school. Factor 4: Although I work hard I need others to believe in me. The factors were discussed in relation to theory. What emerged was an understanding that the factors represent different points along the journey towards autonomy. At the same time, all of the students also have a tendency to prevent themselves from full potential of development. An increased self-awareness is believed to be necessary to overcome this, which can be attained with the help of counselling.

The phenomenon whereby people suffering from an illness or disability seem to be unaware of their symptoms was termed anosognosia, by Joseph Babinksi in 1914 (Langer & Levine, 2014). Originally described as a specific inability to recognise or acknowledge left-sided hemiplegia after lesions to the right hemisphere of the brain, the term now incorporates unawareness of a range of post-stroke impairments, such as hemianopia (Bisiach, Vallar, Perani, Papagno & Berti, 1986), hemianaesthesia (Pia et al., 2014), aphasia (Cocchini, Gregg, Beschin, Dean & Della Sala, 2010) and unilateral neglect (Jehkonen, Ahonen, Dastidar, Laippala & Vilkki, 2000). Anosognosia has also been observed in association with several other disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (Agnew & Morris, 1998) and traumatic brain injury (Prigatano, 2010a). While advances have been made in understanding anosognosia, there are still many contradictory findings in relation to the nature and expression of impaired self-awareness (Prigatano, 2010a), which are partly attributable to diverse methodological approaches. Furthermore, research into anosognosia frequently rests on the assumption that neurologically intact individuals have accurate insight into their own abilities, particularly in regard to motor skill. The experiments reported in this thesis highlight that this may be a false assumption. Through a series of interrelated studies, I demonstrate that the type of questions typically asked of anosognosic patients may be inappropriate to elicit the manifestations of chronic stage unawareness after a stroke, that underestimation may be just as prevalent as overestimation, and that healthy individuals are not always able to monitor whether their executed movements match their intended movements. Moreover, those with poorer motor skills are less able to judge movement successes and failures than their more skilled counterparts, suggesting a mechanism analogous to the anosognosia observed in clinical populations. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the main neuropsychological models that have been proposed to account for anosognosia for hemiplegia (AHP); unawareness in the context of other impairments is discussed in the introductions to individual chapters. Chapter 2 presents some background research investigating stroke clinicians’ knowledge of the lateralization of right hemisphere cognitive symptoms, and their judgements of the impact of selected symptoms on the lives of patients and caregivers. While the clinicians were equally able to identify cognitive symptoms associated with left or right brain damage, they were far more likely to misattribute symptoms to right brain damage, suggesting a lack of confidence in their knowledge of the cognitive functions of the right hemisphere. They also regarded anosognosia as having relatively low impact on the lives of patients and caregivers, in stark contrast with the highly negative impact reported in the literature (Jehkonen, Laihosalo & Kettunen, 2006a). Chapters 3 and 4 present two experimental studies investigating different facets of awareness in two groups of stroke patients. Chapter 3 reports the development and testing of a tool designed to measure chronic unawareness of functional difficulties, the Visual Analogue Test of Anosognosia for impairments in Activities of Daily Living (VATA-ADL), with preliminary data from a group of chronic stroke patients. Approximately one third of the patients exhibited mild or moderate levels of overestimation of their ability to carry out day-to-day activities. This contrasts with previous reports that anosognosia is rare in the chronic stages, a discrepancy that may be explained in part by the inappropriateness of the measures typically used to measure it. Overestimation was observed in both right-brain-damaged and left-brain-damaged patients, and was not associated with higher levels of cognitive impairment. The study reported in Chapter 4 examined whether acute stage stroke patients who under- or overestimated their motor skills, similarly under- or overestimated performance on cognitive tasks in the domains of language, memory and attention and executive function. Contrary to the many dissociations between unawareness of different impairment reported in the neuropsychological literature, this study found that patients classed as overestimators of motor ability were also overly optimistic about their cognitive abilities. Overestimators were more likely to have right hemisphere lesions, higher levels of general cognitive impairments, and specific deficits in attention and executive function. Furthermore, by including patients with a range of functional ability, this study revealed that participants were just as likely to underestimate as overestimate their abilities. This unique finding presents a challenge to anosognosia research, suggesting that there may be factors other than neurological damage that predispose stroke patients to over- or under-estimate their abilities and that a baseline of accurate self-insight among control populations cannot be assumed. Chapter 5 reports three different experiments conducted with younger and older, neurologically healthy adults. Using a target-directed reaching task, these experiments investigated whether the participants’ ability to monitor the success of their movements, on a trial by trial basis, depended upon their motor skill level, and whether participants with lower skill were inclined to overestimate their ability, in line with a famous observation from cognitive psychology that people who perform worst in a given task tend to be unaware of how poorly they are performing (Kruger and Dunning, 1999). Overall, the results demonstrated an association between higher accuracy levels and faster movement times, and better ability to monitor success and failure. To my knowledge, this represents that first evidence of a relationship between motor performance ability and self-monitoring ability in healthy individuals, highlighting that some of the mechanisms underpinning anosognosia may also be evident in neurologically intact populations. However, contrary to the findings from cognitive psychology, poor performance was not associated with a specific bias toward overestimation. A similar relationship between task performance and self-monitoring ability was also observed for a visual memory task. Chapter 6 discusses the implications of the results of the clinical and self-monitoring studies for neuropsychological models of anosognosia, particularly those based on motor planning and control, and considers potential ways forward for research in this field.

Because service failures are inevitable, marketing researchers have devoted considerable attention to the negative consequences of service failure and corresponding service recovery strategies. Previous research has overwhelmingly focused on customers' cognitive, coping, and behavioral reactions to failures. However, more recently, researchers have suggested that emotions may underlie the effects of customers' cognitive responses on their coping and behavioral responses. Despite the increased attention paid to the emotional dimension of customers' responses, the literature has not differentiated between different types of negative emotions. However, the appropriateness of service recovery strategies may rely on differentiating between similarly valenced emotions, because distinct emotions may require different recovery strategies. From a perspective of self-congruence theory, this dissertation contributes to the extant literature by investigating why customers experience distinct negative emotions - basic emotions (e.g., anger) and self-conscious emotions (e.g., shame) - in the context of service failure. Since emotions may influence coping and behavioral responses, distinct sets of coping responses (problem-solving vs. vindictive complaining and support-seeking vs. vindictive negative word of mouth) and behavioral intentions are also explored. Through two experiments, this dissertation provides support for the proposition that different forms of self-congruence evoke different sets of emotional and coping responses. Furthermore, drawing on self-awareness theory, this dissertation provides evidence for the proposition that the mechanisms underlying these observed patterns are distinct. Specifically, when service failures are involved, actual self-congruence and ideal self-congruence differentially trigger public self-awareness and private self-awareness and the different forms of self-awareness mediate the effect of self-congruence on customers' emotions.

Today, almost 305,000 U.S. college students are taking advantage of study abroad opportunities throughout the world. While study abroad experiences have has been increasing in number and scope, there continue to be questions about the importance and value of study abroad on the students' growth and development. This study highlights a summer study abroad program at Virginia Tech from 2008 – 2012. Reflection and transformative learning serve as the primary theoretical frameworks for this study. The work of Dewey (1933), Mezirow (1991, 1997), Moon (2004), Whitney and Clayton (2011) and others help to provide additional insight into better understanding reflection and transformative learning. The methodological framework is a qualitative case study focusing on the student participants from summer 2012 and examines the role of reflection in the academic components of the program and whether or not reflection helped to further enhance the influence and impact of the experience on the students. I collected data from photo journals, weekly reflection papers and their final exam paper, all of which comprised the academic requirements for this credit-bearing course. The participants consisted of seven female identified students and four male identified students, representing the following academic disciplines: Human Development, Geography, Political Science, Journalism, Studio Art and International Studies. Through content analysis (Mayan, 2009; Merriam, 1998), I discovered the themes of self-awareness and visibility and presence. These two themes provide a deeper understanding about how the study abroad experience has a distinct influence on the students, as can be evidenced through their academic work. While the two themes help to further reinforce the importance of reflective practice, the study also reveals that reflection can be problematic as well. / Ph. D.

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Interactions between business counterparts have become increasingly free from boundaries, as technological innovation brings the world closer together (Adler, 2002). Locally, the typical South African organisation employs workers from a multitude of cultural backgrounds, at various levels of acculturation. Organisational coaches must be prepared to engage with diverse national and international client populations. Coaching bodies such as the Worldwide Association of Business Coaches (WABC, 2008) and the locally-based Coaches and Mentors of South Africa (COMENSA, 2009; COMENSA, 2010), require coaches to provide culturally responsive services to coachees. If the coach differs culturally from the coachee, he/she may incorrectly use his/her own understanding of what is appropriate for a situation to make sense of the coachee’s behaviour, possibly leading to the misinterpretation of the diverse coachee’s situation. In addition, the coach may also project his/her own cultural bias and stereotypes onto the coachee. This in turn may lead to barriers in communication, and ultimately to the inhibition of efficiency of the coaching process as possible outcomes. Inefficient coaching may not allow for the achievement of the desired results, leading to financial losses for the company. Therefore, it is imperative that the coach is aware of his/her own culturally-laden values, beliefs and expectations which may include biases, prejudices and stereotypes held about the coachee, i.e. his/ her cultural self-awareness. The purpose of the current research study was to explore and describe the experiences and perceptions of South African organisational coaches in terms of cultural self-awareness. Specifically the study investigated how eight South African organisational coaches (N = 8) develop, maintain and promote cultural self-awareness, and what the perceived consequences of such awareness were. The study was conducted within the constructivist research paradigm and utilised a qualitative research approach. The multiple case study research strategy employed in-depth interviews to collect the research data. A grounded theory research methodology was used to analyse and explore the experiences and perceptions of South African organisational coaches in developing and utilising cultural self-awareness. Eight findings were obtained from the interviews, namely: the cultural self-awareness cultivated during coaching developed as part of a general process of cultural self-awareness, which in turn formed part of the participants’ personal development; both intentional strategies and happenstance led to the coaches’ cultural self-awareness; situational and internal factors contributed to changes in their cultural self-awareness; cultural self-awareness is maintained through self-management involving internal and external strategies; future cultural self-awareness is promoted through pursuing experiences that would cause them to question bias; a change in cultural self-awareness held consequences for the personal developmental process as well as for the coachee, and the coaching process; the meaning of cultural self-awareness was explained by using metaphors. The most prominent metaphors the coaches used were ‘sight’, ‘the past’, ‘internal work’, and ‘managing’; additional psychosocial processes that occur during intercultural coaching which can be grouped under macro, meso and micro issues, contextualised the process of cultural self-awareness during intercultural coaching. The findings were interpreted to show that various levels, developmental paths, and applications of cultural self-awareness exist amongst organisational coaches. On the basis of the results obtained from the research study, recommendations were made for future research, coaching education and training programmes, coaching clients, and current or prospective coaches. / Thesis (MA (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013