Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Mendes de Moraes / Banca: Brunno Vinicius Gonçalves Vieira / Banca: Helena de Oliveira Belleza Negro / Banca: Marcio Roberto Pereira / Banca: Francisco Claudio Alves Marques / Resumo: Em razão de poucos estudos sobre o autor Frei António das Chagas, esta pesquisa aborda uma de suas principais obras: as Cartas Espirituais. Chagas, nome religioso de António da Fonseca Soares (1631 a 1682), ao se tornar franciscano em 1662, foi representante vivo da dualidade encontrada no seiscentismo português, uma vez que dividiu sua vida entre o laicismo e a religiosidade. A essência do autor, condizente com o período referido, trata das dualidades corpo e alma, condenação e salvação, vícios mundanos e virtudes divinas, uma vez que parte de sua vida foi voltada aos prazeres e à guerra, depois, tocada pela religião. Nessa fase, o Frei produz, entre outros escritos, cartas com um forte apelo místico de uma autêntica poesia religiosa. As Cartas Espirituais resultam de compilação "post mortem" do autor e são apresentadas em dois volumes, perfazendo o total de 380 cartas, escritas entre 1662 a 1682. A obra reflete o momento de sua maturidade espiritual e procura preparar o espírito de seu leitor para o desengano do mundo e a negação de si. Assim, o Frei Chagas compõe discursos articulados por diversos recursos retóricos, produzindo efeitos e sentidos na intenção de comover e persuadir seus destinatários, aconselhando-os e orientando-os na busca da salvação de suas almas. Frei Chagas não foi só o missionário religioso, mas demonstrou experiência literária, que, por meio de suas cartas, transpõe o tempo. Guiado por seu amor a Deus e consciente de si, o seu discurso efetiva... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Due to few studies about the author Frei António das Chagas, this research addresses one of his main works: the Spiritual Letters. Chagas, religious name of António da Fonseca Soares (1631 to 1682), when becoming a Franciscan in 1662, was a living representative of the duality found in Portuguese seiscentism, since he divided his life between secularism and religiosity. The essence of the author, corresponding to the period referred, deals with the dualities body and soul, condemnation and salvation, worldly vices and divine virtues, since part of his life was turned to pleasures and war, then touched by religion. In this phase, the Friar produces, among other writings, letters with a strong mystical appeal of an authentic religious poetry. The Spiritual Letters result from the author's postmortem compilation and are presented in two volumes, making a total of 380 letters, written between 1662 and 1682. The work reflects the moment of his spiritual maturity and seeks to prepare the spirit of his reader for the disillusionment of the world and the denial of self. Thus, Frei Chagas composes discourses articulated by various rhetorical resources, producing effects and meanings in the intention of moving and persuading its recipients, advising them and guiding them in the search for the salvation of their souls. Frei Chagas was not only the religious missionary, but he demonstrated literary experience, which, through his letters, transposed time. Guided by his love for God and conscious of himself, his effective discourse reiterates and consolidates his "missionary" action, having as main argumentative model of refutation his own worldly experience as poet / military António da Fonseca Soares. In order to analyze these singularities, we resort to the fields of Rhetoric and Poetics... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

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In 2012, the fatal shooting of Trayvon Martin brought national attention to Florida’s Stand Your Ground (SYG) law. As of 2012, more than 20 states have enacted SYG laws. Previous studies suggest that these laws increase homicide, particularly justifiable homicide. However, these studies ignore race and/or gender. This study seeks to fill this gap in the literature by examining the effect of SYG laws on the number of homicide and justifiable homicide victims and offenders of a given race or gender. Using data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Supplementary Homicide Reports between 2000 and 2012, we create a generalized least squares model with random and fixed effects and controls for time-varying state effects and year fixed effects to empirically examine this impact. We find that while SYG laws have no effect on the number of homicide victims or offenders of any race or gender, they significantly increase the number of black and male justifiable homicide victims by 32 percent and 26 percent respectively and the number of white and female justifiable homicide offenders by 34 and 25 percent respectively. These findings suggest that, in terms of justifiable homicide, SYG laws differentially affect racial and gender groups.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Since taking office in 2001, Japanese Prime Minister Koizumi has pressed for greater expansion to the mission of the Japan Self Defense Force (JSDF), first by endorsing deployments in support of counter-terrorism operations in the Indian Ocean, and eventually the domestically unpopular decision to deploy to Iraq. Recently, an update to the 1996 National Defense Program Outline was published that accelerated the shift in the mission of the JSDF away from a pure self-defense force capable of operating with the United States in defense of Japan's sovereignty to that of an internationally recognized force capable of conducting operations in varying environments throughout the globe. Japan's accelerated military involvement in world affairs has provoked concerns among neighbors, whose perceptions are often quite different from those of the United States or Japan. Japan's legacy of militarism has created resistance to change among regional partners. In order for changes to succeed without upsetting the regional balance of power, Japan must improve not only the capability, but also the international trust and standing of the JSDF. This thesis provides information to allow policy makers to better understand the challenges that the Government of Japan faces in response to changes in security strategy. / Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy

55 10 Abstract Controversial Issues of Necessary Defence in Case Law In this thesis I focus on the problematic issues of necessary defence (self- defence) both from the point of view of case law (where available) and law theory (in areas that have yet to be decided by courts). The second chapter describes the position of necessary defence in the systematic of Czech criminal law and defines the legal institute of necessary defence itself. Necessary defence is one of circumstances that exclude criminal liability (excuses and justifications). The substance of necessary defence is the repulsion of an imminent or pending attack on interests protected by the Criminal Code. The attack must be unlawful and harmful to the interests of society. The action of the defender must not be utterly apparently inadequate to the manner of the attack. Also the action of the defender must be intensive enough to otherwise constitute a crime. The third chapter addresses the issues of basic components of necessary defence, that is, the attack and the defensive action. The harmfulness of an attack must be at least discernible. In regards to the unlawfulness of an attack, the criterion is objective unlawfulness, that is, behaviour is unlawful if it unduly threatens interests of others, without taking into consideration of the...

The name Bachelor: Members of the intervention unit of the Czech police and self-defense The objective of work: The aim of this work is to determine the actual state of subsidized hours of self-defense and martial arts at work, find out whether the members themselves consider the number of hours devoted to training and sufficient self-defense as compared with instructors who create clock, determine the number of hours devoted to self-defense and úpolovým members of sports in his spare time and to evaluate the most frequent suggestions to improve the concept of self- defense, both by members and instructors. Evaluate each intervention unit and the final is evaluated as a whole. The results then process and interpret research results. Method: Research of this thesis was carried out with the help of the survey, the research tool is a form of questionnaires. These questionnaires will be part of the thesis. Results: The research of this thesis gave the following results. Members evaluate the time spent in self-defense as an adequate job. Training in self-defense work in emergency units dedicated to two hours per week. In his spare time, he enjoys sports, self-defense and úpolovým 37 members surveyed, a majority of them. The most common consensus among members and instructors in the design to improve the...

1 Abstract THE CONCEPT AND LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE TRANSGRESSION OF THE LIMITS OF SELF-DEFENCE AND NECESSITY As the name suggests, this Master's thesis examines the concept and legal consequences of transgression of the limits of self-defence and necessity. Self-defence and necessity, together with other circumstances excluding illegality, belong to the fundamentals of criminal liability. If all their conditions are fulfilled by some action, which would otherwise give raise to criminal liability, then these legal institutions exclude not only criminal liability, but also illegality of such action (i.e. such action is considered lawful). The purpose of the paper is to provide complex and understandable analysis of these two crucial legal institutions. The analysis is mainly focused on conditions of these legal institutions, which form their limits; determination of conditions which, if not met, constitute the transgression of the limits of self-defence or necessity, and content and cases of fulfilment or failure to fulfil these conditions. (Thus, the cases of the transgression of the limits of self-defence and necessity are examined.) After the analysis of such excesses, the thesis addresses specific issues connected with their legal consequences. The thesis is based on Czech legal regulation, namely the...

The thesis addresses the analysis and comparison of individual elements of defenses under Czech and German criminal legal statutes with respect to the conclusions, which are therefrom drawn in theory and practice. The aim of the thesis was to render overview concerning the distinctions in the defenses, provided that these are based on common reasoning, are generally acknowledged and theoretically elaborated, rather than to present an exhaustive commentary on all legal institutes which exclude illegality and as such come into mind. The fact that the defenses are mutually close in their character and meaning within both legal systems was a major prerequisite for the thesis. The thesis analyses the distinctions with regard to the individual preconditions of separate defenses. These distinctions are not limited only to the extent of the wording of a legal statute, they also greatly manifest in professional literature and case law. Owing to the brief and abstract nature of the respective provisions the courts and theorists developed large quantities of principles and rules which precise and sometimes even amend these provisions. The subject has been processed under consideration of the present-day legal regulation, the topics of origin and development of defenses has intentionally not been discussed....