Hardware updates and feature updates of electronic equipment can take a long time for market implementations. Technology tends to become obsolete by the time the update is launched into the market. In the automotive industry, the service entertainment module (SEM) containing the core logic for Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), and Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) radio tuners lack the facility for software-based updates. One of the major challenges for the infotainment/entertainment modules in the automotive industry is to have a single radio module that can support software updates and multistandard radio technologies from different countries. Software Defined Radios (SDR) can be used to deal with this problem as SDR is a platform to prototype or develop new communication protocols as well as add new features or capabilities to the existing protocols without requiring major capital expenditures. SDR is a cost-effective radio platform because it can update radio equipment on the fly and provide additional functionality without requiring hardware modifications. By means of software instead of hardware updates, development loops could be shortened and manufacturing costs are reduced. In this thesis, a thorough comparison of a hardware-based tuner and a software-based tuner is performed in the presence of AM/FM/DAB modulated signals based on the metrics specified in ETSI EN 303 345-1 including sensitivity, adjacent channel suppression, far-off channel suppression, cross-modulation, third-order intermodulation, etc. After performance evaluation and comparison, it can be proven that the SDR based system can perform as well as the hardware tuner used in the SEM unit. / Hårdvaruuppdateringar och funktionsuppdateringar av elektronisk utrustning kan ta lång tid för marknadsimplementeringar. Teknik tenderar att bli föråldrad när uppdateringen lanseras på marknaden. Inom fordonsindustrin saknar servicunderhållningsmodulen (SEM) som innehåller kärnlogiken för Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM) och Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) radiostemmare möjligheten för programvarubaserade uppdateringar. En av de största utmaningarna för infotainment/ underhållningsmodulerna i bilindustrin är att ha en enda radiomodul som kan stödja programvaruuppdateringar och multistandardradioteknologier från olika länder. Programvarudefinierade radioapparater (SDR) kan användas för att hantera detta problem eftersom SDR är en plattform för att prototypa eller utveckla nya kommunikationsprotokoll samt lägga till nya funktioner eller kapaciteter till de befintliga protokollen utan att kräva stora investeringar. SDR är en kostnadseffektiv radioplattform eftersom den kan uppdatera radioutrustning i farten och ge ytterligare funktionalitet utan att kräva hårdvaruändringar. Med hjälp av mjukvara istället för hårdvaruuppdateringar kan utvecklingsslingor förkortas och tillverkningskostnaderna reduceras. I denna avhandling utförs en grundlig jämförelse av en hårdvarubaserad tuner och en mjukvarubaserad tuner i närvaro av AM / FM / DABmodulerade signaler baserade på mätvärden som specificeras i ETSI EN 303 345-1 inklusive känslighet, intilliggande kanalsuppression, avlägsna kanalundertryckning, tvärmodulering, tredje ordning intermodulering etc. Efter utvärdering och jämförelse av prestanda kan det bevisas att det SDR-baserade systemet kan fungera liksom hårdvarutunern som används i SEM-enheten.

When producing high strength special steels strict requirements are in place to assure the quality of the final product, both in terms of harmful elements and  the  content  of  non-metallic  inclusions  (NMI).  Achieving  cleanliness  is a  gradual  process  where all  the  steps  of  the  production  process  are  inter- connected, meaning that it is crucial to know the influence of each step in order to assure the contents of the final product.  The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the presence of non-metallic inclusions in wear plate steel, produced through two different process routes, one with an added round of Ca treatment and vacuum treatment. The  investigations  were  performed  using  electrolytic  extraction  of  in- clusions  followed  by  analysis  with  a  scanning  electron  microscope  (SEM). Backscattered electrons (BSE) were used for imaging and morphology anal- ysis and composition analysis was performed using energy dispersive spec- troscopy (EDS). Four different types of inclusions were found in the samples, whereof only one type is present in liquid steel.  It was found that the ini- tial Ca treatment stabilised the composition for the vacuum treated samples, while the sizes of the inclusions found in these samples were scattered.  The reverse was observed in the reference samples, where compositions were scat- tered but a mode value could be found for inclusion size at around 2.5 µm. Inclusions in the reference samples were found to have an average composi- tion lying outside the desired liquid region, not achieving full modification of harmful inclusions, while only modified inclusions could be found in vacuum treated samples. Additionally, around 70% of the analysed inclusions in the vacuum treated samples could be found in the liquid region. It was also found that the use of an electrolytic extraction method was appropriate for the investigated steel grade, while highlighting the need for some parameter adjustments to be made for future investigations in order to extract a sufficient number of inclusions. / Vid tillverkning av höghållfasta specialstål ställs stränga krav för att säkerställa kvaliteten på slutprodukten, både vad gäller skadliga element och innehållet av  icke-metalliska  inneslutningar  (NMI).  Att  uppnå  renlighet  är  en  gradvis  process  där alla  steg  i  produktionsprocessen  är  sammankopplade,  vilket innebär  att  det  är avgörande  att  känna  till  varje  stegs  inverkan  för  att säkerställa innehållet i slutprodukten.  Syftet med detta examensarbete var att  undersöka  förekomsten  av icke-metalliska  inneslutningar  i  slitplåtsstål, producerade genom två olika processvägar, en med en extra omgång av Ca- behandling och vakuumbehandling. Undersökningarna  utfördes  med  hjälp  av  elektrolytisk  extraktion  av  inneslutningar  följt  av  analys  med  ett  svepelektronmikroskop  (SEM).  Tillbakaspridda  elektroner  (BSE)  användes  för  avbildning  och  morfologianalys och sammansättningsanalys utfördes med användning av energidispergerande spektroskopi (EDS). Fyra olika typer av inneslutningar hittades i proverna, varav  endast  en  typ  förekommer  i  flytande stål.    Det  visade  sig  att  den initiala  Ca-behandlingen  stabiliserade sammansättningen  för  de  vakuumbehandlade proverna, medan storleken på inneslutningarna som hittades i dessa prover var spridda.  Det omvända observerades i referensproverna, där sammansättningarna  var  spridda  men  ett  modvärde  kunde hittas  för  inneslutningsstorleken  på  cirka  2,5  µm. Inneslutningar  i referensproverna visade sig  ha  en  genomsnittlig  sammansättning  som  låg  utanför  den  önskade flytande  regionen,  där  fullständig  modifiering  av  skadliga inneslutningar  inte uppnåtts, medan endast modifierade inneslutningar kunde hittas i vakuumbehandlade prover.  Dessutom kunde cirka 70% av de analyserade inneslutningarna i de vakuumbehandlade proverna hittas i den flytande regionen. Det visade sig också att användningen av en elektrolytisk extraktionsmetod var lämplig för den undersökta stålsorten, samtidigt som behovet av att göra vissa parameterjusteringar inför framtida undersökningar framhölls, för att kunna extrahera en tillräcklig mängd inneslutningar.

Plast påverkar vårt samhälle i stor utsträckning och har hjälpt till att utveckla nya förbättringar och redskap i vår vardag. Trots alla bra egenskaper med plaster har några oönskade effekter kommit till ytan med negativ påverkan på miljön. Detta examensarbete undersökte hur plastmaterial bryts ned av vittring utanför den svenska västkusten. Plastmaterialen undersöktes med hjälp av Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) och Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) för att fastställa om kemisk nedbrytning sker efter 12 månader. Följande frågor stod i fokus: Vilka plaster har brutits ned, och i vilken utsträckning? Hur har plastens egenskaper förändrats? Vilka förutsättningar har de olika plastmaterialen för nedbrytning på stränder, och vilka faktorer påverkar nedbrytningen? Resultatet indikerade att liten eller ingen detekterbar nedbrytning skett på proverna efter 12 månaders vittring genom FTIR analys. Några prover visade dock tecken på förändring i de fysiska egenskaperna vid DSC analys, vilket kan beror på nedbrytning. Trots detta resultat fanns det synliga tecken på fragmentering, fysisk skada från stress och yttre krafter, såsom sand- och vågtumling för EPS (Styrofoam), LD-PE (Candy Paper) och PP (Blårep). Fragmenteringens påverkan på havlsmiljön kunde dock inte bevisas i denna studie eftersom prover på sand eller vatten från området inte genomfördes. Detta gör att endast synliga indikationer på fragmentering var identifierbara, men inte bevisa att det bidragit till makro- eller mikroplaster i närmiljön. Samtliga plastmaterial i studien innehöll någon form av tillsatts så som stabilisatorer. Eftersom endast små variationer förekommer i analysen av plastmateralen kunde det antas att tillsatserna och stabilisatorerna i materialen var effektiva i att hindra polymererna från nedbrytning under 12-månaders vittring. / Plastic has greatly impacted our society today and helped develop new improvements and implements in the daily lives. Despite all the good things, some undesirable impacts have also been discovered, which have been shown to impact the climate negatively. This thesis was to investigte how plastic degrades when weathered outside the  Swedish West Coast. The plastic materials were analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to determine whether degradation had occurred after 12 months. The following questions were at focus: What plastics have been degraded, and if so, which to the greatest extent? How have the properties of the plastic changed? What were theprerequisites for the different plastic materials for degradation on the shoreline, and what factors are affecting the degradation? The results indicated that the samples had little to no detectable degradation regarding the FTIR analysis after 12 months of weathering. Some of the samples showed a change in the physical properties from the DSC analysis, which could indicate degradation. Despite the result of degradation extent, there were clear signs of fragmentation, physical damage from stress, and external forces, such as rock and wave tumbling for EPS (Styrofoam), LD-PE(Candy Paper) and PP (Blue Rope). Fragmentation was not proven since no soil or water samples were made at the wethering site. This made the fragmentation only a visible parameter based on the samples after weathering, not proving that micro- or macro-plastic has been washed out in the ocean. All of the plastic materials used in the study were produced with some sort of additive, such as stabilisers. Since only small variations were shown in the analysis of the plastic materials, it can be assumed that additives and stabilisers were effective because there was no clear sign of degradation after 12 months of weathering.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2012-04-18T20:57:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_ControleConjuntoAdmissao.pdf: 1216651 bytes, checksum: b0849f6c484739c109310b75fb2b999e (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos(edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2012-04-18T20:59:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_ControleConjuntoAdmissao.pdf: 1216651 bytes, checksum: b0849f6c484739c109310b75fb2b999e (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-04-18T20:59:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_ControleConjuntoAdmissao.pdf: 1216651 bytes, checksum: b0849f6c484739c109310b75fb2b999e (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Gerenciamento de recursos de rádio é um tema importante e desafiador em redes sem fio. Na próxima geração de redes (redes 4G) esse tema é ainda mais desafiador devido à necessidade de gerenciamento de recursos das diversas redes sem fio de forma conjunta. Algoritmos de controle de admissão de chamadas (CAC) é uma alternativa viável e amplamente estudada em redes homogêneas para este fim. Contudo, os algoritmos de CAC propostos para redes homogêneas não são adequados para a próxima geração de redes sem fio por não possuírem uma visão global do sistema. Diante da importância de gerenciamento de recursos de rádio e da escassez de algoritmos de CAC destinados às redes heterogêneas, tem-se este tema como foco primário deste trabalho. Além da confecção de um modelo para controle conjunto de admissão de chamadas através da utilização de processos semi-markovianos de decisão, dada a existência de um conglomerado de tecnologias de acesso sem fio atuando colaborativamente, um estudo é realizado buscando-se avaliar o impacto da proporcionalidade existente entre os tamanhos de áreas de coberturas, no desempenho do sistema. / Radio resource management is an important and challenging issue in wireless networks. In Next Generation Wireless Networks (NGWN) this theme is even more challenging due to the need for management resources of different wireless networks together. Algorithms for Call Admission Control (CAC) are a feasible and widely studied in homogeneous networks for this purpose. However, the CAC algorithms proposed for homogeneous networks are not suitable for NGWN do not have an overview of the system. Given the importance of managing radio resources and the scarcity of CAC algorithms for heterogeneous networks, we have this issue as a primary focus of this work. Besides the construction of a model for joint control of call admission procedures through the use of semi-Markov decision, given the existence of a cluster of wireless access technologies, working collaboratively, seeking a study is conducted to evaluate the impact of proportionality between the sizes of areas of coverage, the system performance.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-01-26T12:52:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_MetricasQoeQos.pdf: 29372809 bytes, checksum: ff5e9fc4e17b5ea7d8b929e0eb044e1e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-01-26T13:07:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_MetricasQoeQos.pdf: 29372809 bytes, checksum: ff5e9fc4e17b5ea7d8b929e0eb044e1e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-26T13:07:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_MetricasQoeQos.pdf: 29372809 bytes, checksum: ff5e9fc4e17b5ea7d8b929e0eb044e1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-30 / A evolução das aplicações em redes sem fio tem crescido nos últimos anos, devido ao aumento do número de usuários de smartphone, tablets e outros. A disponibilidade de serviços exigentes, como a transmissão de vídeo, afeta a Qualidade de Experiência (QoE) e Qualidade de Serviço (QoS) provida aos usuários domésticos e comerciais, isto tem estimulado ao estudo de novas técnicas de gerência de recursos de redes, tendo como objetivo proporcionar serviços com qualidade a um cliente cada vez mais exigente. Essa dissertação apresenta uma metodologia de Inteligência Artificial, utilizando uma Rede Bayesiana, com uma estratégia híbrida de avaliação analisando o comportamento de métricas de QoE e QoS, no projeto de redes locais sem 50. Para isto houve a necessidade da realização de campanhas de medições, para a geração de uma base de medidas reais, e com o artificio da simulação utilizando uma Radial Base Function (RBF), realizou-se a extensão dos dados, para que tivesse o volume de dados ideal para inserção na Rede Bayesiana. A diversidade do local de medições escolhido, composto de materiais como: tijolo, vidros, madeiras e concreto. Foi necessário realizar previamente um mapeamento de todos os pontos a serem medidos, posicionando propositalmente antes e depois de cada barreira ultrapassada pelo sinal. As Métricas como nível de sinal Receiver Signal Strength Intensity (RSSI), Jitter, atraso fim a fim da rede durante a transmissão do vídeo, PeakSígnal-to-NoíseRatío (PSNR) e Structural Símz'larízj/ (SSIM) foram coletadas durante as medições realizadas. E utilizando a Rede Bayesiana foram feitas inferências para cada métrica e foi possível encontrar resultados satisfatórios para que a solução proposta auxilie o planejamento de redes sem fio em ambientes indoor. Possibilitando demonstrar que até 10 metros de distância do transmissor, o sinal tem sua melhor potência, e a métrica de atraso fim a fim tem mais de 65% de probabilidade de esta na menor faixa de atraso e acompanhando este ótimo desempenho o Jítter tem mais de 65% de probabilidade de esta na menor faixa. E as métricas de QoE, PSRN e SSIM possuem um comportamento similar e tem mais de 80% de probabilidade de obter seu maior valor, e consequentemente o vídeo tem a sua melhor qualidade de recepção. Resultados estes demonstram que não exclui a possibilidade do uso desta proposta em outras situações. / The evolution of applications on wireless networks has grown in recent years, due to the increased number of smartphone users, tablets and others. The availability of demanding services such as video transmission, affects Quality Experience (QoE) and Quality of Service (QoS) provided to domestic users and trade, this had stimulated the study of new resource management techniques networks, aiming to provide quality services to a customer each increasingly demanding. This thesis presents a methodology Intelligence Artificial using a Bayesian network with a hybrid evaluation strategy analyzing the behavior metrics QoE and QoS in the LAN network design wireless. The diversity of the place of Measurements chosen compound materials such as brick, glass, wood and concrete. It was necessary first to map all the points to be measured before and after deliberately placing each barrier outdated the signal. Metrics as level Receiver Signal Strength Intensity signal (RSSI) Jitter, delay end to end network for the video transmission, PeakSignal-to-NoiseRatio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity (SSIM) were collected during the Measurements. And using the Bayesian Network inferences were made for each metric and could not find satisfactory results for the proposed solution assist the wireless network planning in indoor environments. Enabling demonstrate that up to 10 meters away from the transmitter, the signal has its best power, and delay metrics in order to have more than 65% probability that the lower delay range and following this optimum performance the Jitter has more than 65% probability in this lower range. And the QE metrics, PSRN and SSIM have a similar behavior and has more than 80% probability of getting your greater value, and consequently the video has its best reception. These results show that does not preclude the use of this proposal in other situations.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:48:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 74609.pdf.jpg: 17238 bytes, checksum: 68addbf48d55e52433b947f91b614313 (MD5) 74609.pdf: 1885686 bytes, checksum: 512a389e6918bb90e1950fbd19990fd4 (MD5) 74609.pdf.txt: 609224 bytes, checksum: 1f5d4470a7b6e7d3061455b753d02257 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-08T00:00:00Z / This thesis aims at contributing to the understanding of the occurrence of practices associated to intrapreneurship in non-governmental organizations. A preliminary analysis reference system has been designed based on the concepts of intrapreneurship, nongovernmental organizations and institutional theory. This theoretical framework has oriented the realization of an empirical, qualitative research of exploratory nature undertaken through case studies, having as object of study non-governmental organizations. Two case studies were carried out. The first one analyzed a non-governmental organization located in the city of Rio de Janeiro which employs volunteer work in intensive form and that has its main focus of operation on the health field. The second study case concentrated on the analysis of a non-governmental organization situated in the city of São Paulo which concentrates on education and develops its activities using mostly professionals, as opposed to volunteers, and which fits into the category of “Organização da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público (OSCIP)”. Through these case studies it was possible to obtain subsidies to analyze and refine the reference system previously designed. Considerations concerning the adoption of practices associated with intrapreneurship and the entrepreneurial discourse legitimating the non-governmental organizations are also brought up. / Essa tese tem como objetivo contribuir para a compreensão da ocorrência de práticas associadas ao intra-empreendedorismo em organizações não-governamentais (ONGs). Elaborou-se um referencial de análise preliminar a partir da revisão bibliográfica sobre os conceitos de intra-empreendedorismo, organizações não-governamentais e teoria institucional. Esse arcabouço teórico orientou a realização de pesquisa empírica, qualitativa e de natureza exploratória, empreendida por meio de estudo de caso, tendo como objeto de estudo organizações não-governamentais. Foram realizados dois estudos de casos. O primeiro analisou uma ONG localizada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, cujo foco principal de atuação é a área da saúde, e que emprega o trabalho voluntário de forma intensiva. O segundo estudo de caso foi voltado à análise de uma ONG localizada na cidade de São Paulo, cujo foco principal de atuação é a educação, que desenvolve suas atividades valendo-se basicamente de trabalho remunerado, e que se enquadra na categoria de Organização da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público - OSCIP. Com os estudos de casos, foi possível obter subsídios para analisar e refinar o referencial previamente elaborado. São levantadas, também, considerações referentes à adoção de práticas associadas ao intra-empreendedorismo e ao discurso empreendedor legitimador das organizações não-governamentais.

Oliveira, Camila Helena Souza. Gerenciamento Autonômico de Energia em Redes de Sensores Sem Fio Através do Escalonamento de Atividade dos Nós. 2011. 103 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Computação, Fortaleza-CE, 2011. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-06-07T17:01:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_chsoliveira.htm: 516 bytes, checksum: 5f53d35c4f0938cf35fd9c5325cc0b3c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-06-07T17:01:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_chsoliveira.htm: 516 bytes, checksum: 5f53d35c4f0938cf35fd9c5325cc0b3c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T17:01:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_chsoliveira.htm: 516 bytes, checksum: 5f53d35c4f0938cf35fd9c5325cc0b3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / he evolution and development of new devices, increasingly cheaper and more efficient, expanded the use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and encouraged the creation of new applications in the contemporary scenery of Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing. However, energy limitation remains a challenge in the field of WSN. This situation is aggravated even more by the infeasibility of energy recharge since, in many cases, WSN are used in inaccessible enviroments. With cheapness devices used in WSN, became easier to employ dense and large-scale networks in environments that will be monitored. The use of dense networks, which have a high degree redundancy of nodes, allows the network remains functional even with the exhaustion of some nodes. In addition to provide fault tolerance, the use of very dense networks offer the opportunity of implementing scheduling mechanisms for redundant nodes, in a way that the network lifetime is even better optimized. Assuming a scenery with very dense networks, this dissertation describes the implementation of an autonomic scheduling mechanism, simple, robust and scalable, in order to further improve the results already presented by BiO4SeL, which is a routing protocol based on Ant Colony and designed to maximize the network lifetime. The results show that the new scheduling scheme effectively improves the WSN lifetime based on BiO4SeL in dense scenarios. / A evolução no desenvolvimento de novos dispositivos, cada vez mais baratos e eficientes, expandiu o uso das Redes Sensores Sem Fio (RSSF) e incentivou a criação de novas aplicações, no cenário contemporâneo da Computação Ubíqua e Pervasiva. No entanto, a limitação de energia continua sendo um desafio na área de RSSF. Essa situação é agravada ainda mais pela a inviabilidade de recarga de energia já que, em muitos casos, as RSSF são utilizadas em ambientes inacessíveis. Com o barateamento dos dispositivos utilizados nas RSSFs, ficou mais fácil empregar redes muito densas e de larga escala nos ambientes a serem monitorados. O emprego de redes densas, que apresentam alto grau de redundância dos nós, permite que a rede continue funcional mesmo com a exaustão de alguns nós. Além de oferecer tolerância a falhas, o uso de redes muito densas oferece a oportunidade da implementação de mecanismos de escalonamento dos nós redundantes, de forma que o tempo de vida da rede seja ainda melhor otimizado. Assumindo um cenário com rede muito densas, este trabalho descreve a implementação de um mecanismo de escalonamento autonômico, simples, robusto e escalável, com o objetivo de melhorar ainda mais os resultados já apresentados pelo BiO4SeL, um protocolo de roteamento baseado em Colônia de Formigas e desenvolvido para maximizar o tempo de vida da rede. Os resultados mostram que o novo esquema de escalonamento efetivamente melhora o tempo de vida de uma RSSF baseada no BiO4SeL em cenários densos.

This thesis deals with scanning electron microscope working at higher pressure in the specimen chamber. The main goal was to study the voltage contrast on the PN junction of the transistor under suitable working conditions for using environmental scanning microscope. The observation of sample was enabled by a scintillation detector designed for observation of high pressure.

Im unter Ruhebedingungen abgeleiteten Elektroenzephalogramm (Ruhe-EEG) können Episoden niedergespannter EEG-Aktivität sowohl mit Schläfrigkeit, als auch mit geistiger Aktivität assoziiert sein. Aus diesem Grunde stellt niedergespannte EEG-Aktivität eine potentielle Fehlerquelle bei der Interpretation des Ruhe-EEGs dar. Wird niedergespannte EEG-Aktivität jedoch von für das Einschlafen charakteristischen, langsamen Augenbewegungen (Slow horizontal eye movements, SEM) begleitet, ist eine Assoziation mit geistiger Aktivität ausgeschlossen. Ziel dieser Dissertation ist die Untersuchung der Frage, ob niedergespannte EEG-Aktivität im Ruhe-EEG, welche von SEM begleitet wird (B1+), sich von solcher ohne begleitende SEM (B1-) hinsichtlich ihrer spektralen und räumlichen Zusammensetzung unterscheidet. Hierzu wurden 35 Ruhe-EEGs gesunder Probanden analysiert, welche jeweils mindestens 10s B1-, B1+ sowie 10s niedergespannter EEG-Aktivität während der Bearbeitung einer Kopfrechenaufgabe (calc) präsentierten. Unter Verwendung der Methode der standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) wurden für calc, B1- und B1+ die kortikalen Stromdichteverteilungen in vier verschiedenen, individuell angepassten Frequenzbändern berechnet. Die statistische Auswertung ergab signifikante Unterschiede zwischen B1- und B1+: Es zeigte bei B1- sowohl im Delta- als auch im Theta-Band eine geringere Aktivität im Bereich des Cingulums sowie benachbarten Teilen der Frontal-, Parietal- und Okzipiallappen. Zusätzlich zeigte sich eine erhöhte Aktivität im Frequenzbereich des Beta-Bandes in den Temporallappen für B1- verglichen mit B1+. Der Vergleich von calc mit B1+ erbrachte ähnliche Resultate. Die Befunde lassen eine Zugehörigkeit von B1- zu einem, verglichen mit B1+ höheren Vigilanzniveau vermuten und liefern Evidenz für die Einteilung niedergespannter Episoden im Ruhe-EEG in solche mit und ohne begleitende SEM.

Neste trabalho estudamos o movimento de cargas espaciais livres em sólidos dielétricos isolantes ou condutores, sub¬metidos à uma d.d.p. conhecida, admitindo uma distribuição qualquer de cargas que toca inicialmente um dos eletródios.Usando o método das características, reduzimos o problema à solução de uma equação diferencial de la. ordem. Como aplicações, resolvemos os casos de uma densidade linear, quadrática e exponencial, em sólidos com condutividade nula sob a condição de curto-circuito. Observamos que as distribuições tendem rapidamente para distribuições uniformes e, em certos casos, pode ocorrer inversão de corrente, dependendo do tipo de distribuição inicial / Free space charge motion is studied in solid dielectrics, insulators or conductors, under a given voltage. We assume an arbitrary charge distribution contact which is initially in contact with one of the electrodes. Using the \"Method of Characteristics\" we can reduce the problem to the resolution of a first order differential equation. Results are applied for linear, quadratic and exponential charge distributions in solids with zero conductivity under short¬circuit conditions. We saw that the charge profiles fall rapidly to uniform distributions and for cases dependent on initial distributions, current inversions are observed