Esta tese envolve duas áreas de conhecimento, nomeadamente a de modelagem de dados para Sistemas de Gerecnciamento de Bases de Dados, e a de desenvolvimento de Máquinas de Bases de Dados. Devido a isso, esta tese apresenta-se também dividida em duas partes. Na primeira parte analisam-se os modelos já existentes e a partir das deficiências que apresentam para aplicações como Base de Dados para Engenharia, define-se o Modelo de Representação de Objetos. Na segunda parte são analisados arquiteturas de Máquinas de Base de Dados existentes e faz-se a proposta de uma nova arquitetura dedicada, para suportar uma implementação capaz de aproveitar o paralelismo que o modelo apresentado permite. Nas duas partes faz-se um levantamento de trabalhos relevantes que existem nas respectivas áreas, e mostra-se como as soluções apresentadas satisfazem as necessidades inerentes de cada parte / This work deals with two research areas: the data modeling for Database Management Systems; and the development of Database Machines. This work is divided in two parts. The first one analyzes already existent data models, and based on the characteristics required from engineering database applications, the Object Representation Model is defined. The second part analyzes existing database machines architectures and proposes a new one intended to support the intrinsic parallelism of the algorithms developed to implement the presented data model. A survey of relevant results obtained in both areas is included and a thorough discussion concludes the work

Esta tese envolve duas áreas de conhecimento, nomeadamente a de modelagem de dados para Sistemas de Gerecnciamento de Bases de Dados, e a de desenvolvimento de Máquinas de Bases de Dados. Devido a isso, esta tese apresenta-se também dividida em duas partes. Na primeira parte analisam-se os modelos já existentes e a partir das deficiências que apresentam para aplicações como Base de Dados para Engenharia, define-se o Modelo de Representação de Objetos. Na segunda parte são analisados arquiteturas de Máquinas de Base de Dados existentes e faz-se a proposta de uma nova arquitetura dedicada, para suportar uma implementação capaz de aproveitar o paralelismo que o modelo apresentado permite. Nas duas partes faz-se um levantamento de trabalhos relevantes que existem nas respectivas áreas, e mostra-se como as soluções apresentadas satisfazem as necessidades inerentes de cada parte / This work deals with two research areas: the data modeling for Database Management Systems; and the development of Database Machines. This work is divided in two parts. The first one analyzes already existent data models, and based on the characteristics required from engineering database applications, the Object Representation Model is defined. The second part analyzes existing database machines architectures and proposes a new one intended to support the intrinsic parallelism of the algorithms developed to implement the presented data model. A survey of relevant results obtained in both areas is included and a thorough discussion concludes the work

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Actuellement, des descriptions basées sur de simples schémas XML sont utilisées pour décrire un capteur/actuateur et les données qu’il mesure et fournit. Ces schémas sont généralement formalisés en utilisant le langage SensorML (Sensor Model Language), ne permettant qu’une description hiérarchique basique des attributs des objets sans aucune notion de liens sémantiques, de concepts et de relations entre concepts. Nous pensons au contraire que des descriptions sémantiques des capteurs/actuateurs sont nécessaires au design et à la mise en œuvre de mécanismes efficaces d’inférence, de fusion et de composition de données. Cette ontologie sémantique permettra de masquer l’hétérogénéité des données collectées et facilitera leur fusion et leur composition au sein d’un environnement de gestion de capteur similaire à celui d’une architecture ouverte orientée services. La première partie des travaux de cette thèse porte donc sur la conception et la validation d’une ontologie sémantique légère, extensible et générique de description des données fournies par un capteur/actuateur. Cette description ontologique de données brutes devra être conçue : • d’une manière extensible et légère afin d’être applicable à des équipements embarqués hétérogènes, • comme sous élément d’une ontologie de plus haut niveau (upper level ontology) utilisée pour modéliser les capteurs et actuateurs (en tant qu’équipements et non plus de données fournies), ainsi que les informations mesurées (information veut dire ici donnée de plus haut niveau issue du traitement et de la fusion des données brutes). La seconde partie des travaux de cette thèse portera sur la spécification et la qualification : • d’une architecture générique orientée service (SOA) permettant la découverte et la gestion d’un capteur/actuateur, et des données qu’il fournit (incluant leurs agrégation et fusion en s’appuyant sur les mécanismes de composition de services de l’architecture SOA), à l’identique d’un service composite de plus haut niveau, • d’un mécanisme amélioré de collecte de données à grande échelle, au dessus de cette ontologie descriptive. L’objectif des travaux de la thèse est de fournir des facilitateurs permettant une mise en œuvre de mécanismes efficaces de collecte, de fusion et d’agrégation de données, et par extension de prise de décisions. L’ontologie de haut niveau proposée sera quant à elle pourvue de tous les attributs permettant une représentation, une gestion et une composition des ‘capteurs, actuateurs et objets’ basées sur des architectures orientées services (Service Oriented Architecture ou SOA). Cette ontologie devrait aussi permettre la prise en compte de l’information transporter (sémantique) dans les mécanismes de routage (i.e. routage basé information). Les aspects liés à l’optimisation et à la modélisation constitueront aussi une des composantes fortes de cette thèse. Les problématiques à résoudre pourraient être notamment : • La proposition du langage de description le mieux adapté (compromis entre richesse, complexité et flexibilité), • La définition de la structure optimum de l’architecture de découverte et de gestion d’un capteur/actuateur, • L’identification d’une solution optimum au problème de la collecte à grande échelle des données de capteurs/actuateurs / The constant evolution of technology in terms of inexpensive and embedded wireless interfaces and powerful chipsets has leads to the massive usage and development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This potentially affects all aspects of our lives ranging from home automation (e.g. Smart Buildings), passing through e-Health applications, environmental observations and broadcasting, food sustainability, energy management and Smart Grids, military services to many other applications. WSNs are formed of an increasing number of sensor/actuator/relay/sink devices, generally self-organized in clusters and domain dedicated, that are provided by an increasing number of manufacturers, which leads to interoperability problems (e.g., heterogeneous interfaces and/or grounding, heterogeneous descriptions, profiles, models …). Moreover, these networks are generally implemented as vertical solutions not able to interoperate with each other. The data provided by these WSNs are also very heterogeneous because they are coming from sensing nodes with various abilities (e.g., different sensing ranges, formats, coding schemes …). To tackle this heterogeneity and interoperability problems, these WSNs’ nodes, as well as the data sensed and/or transmitted, need to be consistently and formally represented and managed through suitable abstraction techniques and generic information models. Therefore, an explicit semantic to every terminology should be assigned and an open data model dedicated for WSNs should be introduced. SensorML, proposed by OGC in 2010, has been considered an essential step toward data modeling specification in WSNs. Nevertheless, it is based on XML schema only permitting basic hierarchical description of the data, hence neglecting any semantic representation. Furthermore, most of the researches that have used semantic techniques for developing their data models are only focused on modeling merely sensors and actuators (this is e.g. the case of SSN-XG). Other researches dealt with data provided by WSNs, but without modelling the data type, quality and states (like e.g. OntoSensor). That is why the main aim of this thesis is to specify and formalize an open data model for WSNs in order to mask the aforementioned heterogeneity and interoperability between different systems and applications. This model will also facilitate the data fusion and aggregation through an open management architecture like environment as, for example, a service oriented one. This thesis can thus be split into two main objectives: 1)To formalize a semantic open data model for generically describing a WSN, sensors/actuators and their corresponding data. This model should be light enough to respect the low power and thus low energy limitation of such network, generic for enabling the description of the wide variety of WSNs, and extensible in a way that it can be modified and adapted based on the application. 2)To propose an upper service model and standardized enablers for enhancing sensor/actuator discovery, data fusion, data aggregation and WSN control and management. These service layer enablers will be used for improving the data collection in a large scale network and will facilitate the implementation of more efficient routing protocols, as well as decision making mechanisms in WSNs