FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Neste trabalho, estudamos conceitos de geometria algébrica relacionados a teoria de códigos de Goppa algebricos geometricos (códigos AG). Vimos como o cálculo do semi- grupo de Weierstrass pode ser aplicado na obtencao dos parâmetros de certos cádigos AG. Em particular, calculamos o semigrupo de Weierstrass em dois pontos da curva Xq2r dada pela equacao afim yq + y = xq+1 sobre Fq2r, onde r e um inteiro positivo ímpar e q á uma potencia de um numero primo, e construímos um cádigo AG bipontual sobre Xq2r, cujos parâmetros relativos sao melhores que cádigos AG pontuais comparâveis tambem construídos sobre esta curva. A principal referencia deste trabalho foi [8]. / In this work we study basics concepts of the algebraic geometry related to Algebraic Geometric Goppa codes theory (AG codes). We have seen how the calculation of the Weierstrass semigroup can be applied in obtaining the parameters of certain AG codes. In particular, we calculated the Weierstrass semigroup at two points on the curve Xq2r defined by afim equation yq + y = xq +1 over Fq2r, where r is a positive odd integer and q is a prime power, and construct a two-point AG code over Xq2r whose relative parameters are better than comparable one-point AG code. The main reference of this work was [8]. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

This research investigates existing relationships between the three apparently unrelated subjects: Markov process, Semigroups and Partial difierential equations. Markov processes define semigroups through their transition functions. Conversely particular semigroups determine transition functions and can be regarded as Markov processes. We have exploited these relationships to study some Markov chains. The infnitesimal generator of a Feller semigroup on the closure of a bounded domain of Rn; (n ^ 2), is an integro-diferential operator in the interior of the domain and verifes a boundary condition. The existence of a Feller semigroup defined by a diferential operator and a boundary condition is due to the existence of solution of a bounded value problem. From this result other existence suficient conditions on the existence of Feller semigroups have been obtained and we have applied some of them to construct Feller semigroups on the unity disk of R2. / Decision Sciences / M. Sc. (Operations Research)

The thesis consists of two parts, a theoretical part and an applied part, and in addition an Appendix. Except for a very short chapter in the applied part and the appendix we only present previously unknown results leading to a very concise style. In the theoretical part we study rates of decay for vector-valued functions and semigroups of operators depending on a real and positive variable. Under boundedness assumptions on the function/semigroup itself and under analytic extendability assumptions of its Laplace transform/resolvent across the imaginary axis we provide (almost) sharp rates of decay. Our results improve known results in this very active area of research. In the second part of the thesis we apply our results to specific examples (from the field of PDEs): local energy decay for wave equations on exterior domains, energy decay for damped wave equations on bounded domains and decay for a viscoelastic boundary damping model for sound waves. Many more examples can be found in the vast literature.

Orientador: Andréa Cristina Prokopczyk Arita / Resumo: Neste trabalho estudamos algumas propriedades dos operadores quase setoriais e, utilizando a teoria de semigrupos, discutimos a existência de soluções para uma classe de equações diferenciais funcionais neutras abstratas, utilizando teoremas de ponto fixo. / Abstract: In this paper we study some properties of almost sectoral operators and, using semigroup theory, we discuss about the existence of solutions for a class of abstract neutral functional differential equations by means of fixed point theorems. / Mestre

<div>Let A be a d by n integer matrix. Gel'fand et al.\ proved that most A-hypergeometric systems have an interpretation as a Fourier–Laplace transform of a direct image. The set of parameters for which this happens was later identified by Schulze and Walther as the set of not strongly resonant parameters of A. A similar statement relating A-hypergeometric systems to exceptional direct images was proved by Reichelt. In the first part of this thesis, we consider a hybrid approach involving neighborhoods U of the torus of A and consider compositions of direct and exceptional direct images. Our main results characterize for which parameters the associated A-hypergeometric system is the inverse Fourier–Laplace transform of such a "mixed Gauss–Manin system". </div><div><br></div><div>If the semigroup ring of A is normal, we show that every A-hypergeometric system is "mixed Gauss–Manin". </div><div><br></div><div>In the second part of this thesis, we use our notion of mixed Gauss–Manin systems to show that the projection and restriction of a normal A-hypergeometric system to the coordinate subspace corresponding to a face are isomorphic up to cohomological shift; moreover, they are essentially hypergeometric. We also show that, if A is in addition homogeneous, the holonomic dual of an A-hypergeometric system is itself A-hypergeometric. This extends a result of Uli Walther, proving a conjecture of Nobuki Takayama in the normal homogeneous case.</div>

The structural Ramsey theory is a field on the boundary of combinatorics and model theory with deep connections to topological dynamics. Most of the known Ramsey classes in finite binary symmetric relational language can be shown to be Ramsey by utilizing a variant of the shortest path completion (e.g. Sauer's S-metric spaces, Conant's generalised metric spaces, Braunfeld's Λ-ultrametric spaces or Cherlin's metrically homogeneous graphs). In this thesis we explore the limits of the shortest path completion. We offer a unifying framework - semigroup-valued metric spaces - for all the aforementioned Ramsey classes and study their Ramsey expansions and EPPA (the extension property for partial automorphisms). Our results can be seen as evidence for the importance of studying the completion problem for amalgamation classes and have some further applications (such as the stationary independence relation). As a corollary of our general theorems, we reprove results of Hubička and Nešetřil on Sauer's S-metric spaces, results of Hubička, Nešetřil and the author on Conant's generalised metric spaces, Braunfeld's results on Λ-ultrametric spaces and the results of Aranda et al. on Cherlin's primitive 3-constrained metrically homogeneous graphs. We also solve several open problems such as EPPA for Λ-ultrametric...

Cryptography based on semirings can be one of the possible approaches for the post-quantum cryptography in the public-key schemes. In our work, we are interested in only one concrete semiring - tropical algebra. We are examining one concrete scheme for the key-agreement protocol - tropical Stickel's protocol. Although there was introduced an attack on it, we have implemented this attack and more importantly, stated its complexity. Further, we propose other variants of Stickel's protocol and we are investigating their potential for practical usage. During the process, we came across the theory of tropical matrix powers, thus we want to make an overview of it due to the use in cryptography based on matrices over the tropical algebra semiring. 1

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The Maxwell equations of electromagnetism form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, and are of interest to mathematicians, physicists, and engineers alike. The first part of this thesis concerns boundary value problems for the anisotropic Maxwell equations in Lipschitz domains. In this case, the material parameters that arise in the Maxwell system are matrix valued functions. Using methods from functional analysis, global in time solutions to initial boundary value problems with general nonzero boundary data and nonzero current density are obtained, only assuming the material parameters are bounded and measurable. This problem is motivated by an electromagnetic inverse problem, similar to the classical Calder\'on inverse problem in Electrical Impedance Tomography. The second part of this thesis deals with materials having negative refractive index. Materials which possess a negative refractive index were postulated by Veselago in 1968, and since 2001 physicists were able to construct these materials in the laboratory. The research on the behavior of these materials, called metamaterials, has been extremely active in recent years. We study here refraction problems in the setting of Negative Refractive Index Materials (NIMs). In particular, it is shown how to obtain weak solutions (defined similarly to Brenier solutions for the Monge-Amp\`ere equation) to these problems, both in the near and the far field. The far field problem can be treated using Optimal Transport techniques; as such, a fully nonlinear PDE of Monge-Amp\`ere type arises here. / Mathematics