No description available.

The thesis describes an investigation of the feasibility of resolving anaphors in natural language texts by means of a "shallow processing" approach which exploits knowledge of syntax, semantics and local focussing as heavily as possible; it does not rely on the presence of large amounts of world or domain knowledge, which are notoriously hard to process accurately. The ideas reported are implemented in a program called SPAR (Shallow Processing Anaphor Resolver), which resolves anaphoric and other linguistic ambiguities in simple English stories and generates sentence-by-sentence paraphrases that show what interpretations have been selected. Input to SPAR takes the form of semantic structures for single sentences constructed by Boguraev's English analyser. These structures are integrated into a network-style text representation as processing proceeds. To achieve anaphor resolution, SPAR combines and develops several existing techniques, most notably Sidner's theory of local focussing and Wilks' "preference semantics" theory of semantics and common sense inference. Consideration of the need to resolve several anaphors in the same sentence results in Sidner's framework being modified and extended to allow focus-based processing to interact more flexibly with processing based on other types of knowledge. Wilks' treatment of common sense inference is extended to incorporate a wider range of types of inference without jeopardizing its uniformity and simplicity. Further, his primitive-based formalism for word sense meanings is developed in the interests of economy, accuracy and ease of use. Although SPAR is geared mainly towards resolving anaphors, the design of the system allows many non-anaphoric (lexical and structural) ambiguities that cannot be resolved during sentence analysis to be resolved as a by-product of anaphor resolution.

Trata-se de pesquisa realizada em processos criminais sentenciados no ano de 2016, nas 21 varas criminais das 14 comarcas de terceira entrância do Estado do Tocantins, visando a investigar se utilizam ou não fundamentos hermenêuticos crítico-criminológicos e humanistas. Nesta dissertação, a pesquisa empírica dividese em duas partes, sendo que, na primeira, o universo amostral é 100% das sentenças (3.163) proferidas no interregno de 2016, nas comarcas selecionadas, para fins de identificação do número total de sentenças criminais e, ainda, do número de sentenças condenatórias (356) e absolutórias (150, entre próprias e impróprias). Assim, na segunda parte específica da análise são estudadas 506 sentenças proferidas nesses processos, com o objetivo de averiguar de que forma o sistema penal (material e processual) está sendo utilizado na prática dos(as) magistrados(as) tocantinenses. O trabalho é realizado a partir do instrumental metodológico oferecido pela técnica de análise do conteúdo, de Laurence Bardin, precedido de representações gráficas dos dados obtidos em sentenças absolutórias e condenatórias. A perspectiva de análise sob enfoque interdisciplinar é assegurada, eis que marca a própria vocação da Criminologia em sua vertente crítica (influenciada fortemente pelos contributos de outras ciências, principalmente da Sociologia, da Psicologia, da Psiquiatria, da Antropologia e da Filosofia). A pesquisa procura pela existência de uma postura puramente dogmática e rasa no ato de julgar, ou pela utilização de conhecimentos críticos, que sejam combativos do senso comum teórico, reprodutor da crença na função ideológica do Direito Penal como instrumento de defesa social e de ressocialização de condenados. A conclusão indica que a abordagem crítica, tão necessária ao julgar com justiça, a partir de embasamentos constitucionais e nas normas internacionais de direitos humanos, não é o padrão utilizado pela magistratura criminal tocantinense. Ao contrário, os resultados das análises revelam um grande percentual de sentenças que ainda utilizam argumentos estritamente legalistas e dogmáticos no trato de um dos mais básicos direitos humanos fundamentais, que é a liberdade das pessoas. / It is a research carried out in criminal cases sentenced in 2016, in the 21 criminal courts of the 14 third-order districts of the State of Tocantins, aiming to investigate whether they use critical-criminological and humanistic hermeneutical foundations. In this dissertation, the empirical research was divided in two parts, in the first, the sample universe is 100% of the verdicts (3.163) was given in the year of 2016, in the regions selected, for the purpose of identifying the total number of criminal sentences and the number of convictions (356) and acquittals (150, between proper and improper). Thus, in the second specific part of the analysis, 506 sentences handed down in these cases are studied, with the objective of ascertaining how the criminal (material and procedural) system is being used in the practice of the Tocantins' magistrates. The work is based on the methodological tools offered by Laurence Bardin's content analysis technique, preceded by graphical representations of the data obtained in acquittals and convictions. The perspective of analysis under an interdisciplinary approach is ensured, as it marks the very vocation of Criminology in its critical aspect (strongly influenced by the contributions of other sciences, especially Sociology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Anthropology and Philosophy). The research seeks the existence of a purely dogmatic and shallow posture in the act of judging, or by the use of critical knowledge that is combative of theoretical common sense, reproducing the belief in the ideological function of Criminal Law as an instrument of social defense and re-socialization of the condemned. The conclusion indicates that the critical approach, so necessary in judging, from constitutional foundations and international human rights norms, is not the standard used by the criminal magistrates of Tocantins. On the contrary, the results of the analyzes reveal a large percentage of sentences that still use strictly legalistic and dogmatic arguments in dealing with one of the most basic fundamental human rights, which is the freedom of the people.

<p>This survey focuses on the omissible constituents of a sentence, which not only relate to the verb but also describe the subject or object. In a sentence analysis, they cannot be determined by the syntactic structure alone, but need an additional semantic approach. These units are commonly used, but so far have been insufficiently described in grammars and research literature, although the understanding of the function of these units is necessary in order to be able to make a complete sentence analysis. Further, there is no consensus regarding terminology and classification. The term depictive secondary predication is commonly used in English, and the terms <i>prädikatives Attribut, freies Prädikativ </i>and <i>Koprädikativ</i> are the most widely used terms in German. In this study, the term <i>freies Prädikativ</i> (FP) is used. The classification of these constituents in the literature varies between FP, adverbials and in some cases attributes.</p><p>Based on the information available in German grammars and mainly German research literature, a model was developed, which makes it possible to distinguish FP from adverbials and attributes. A corpus containing German novels and newspapers was analysed in the light of this model. The controlled sentences of grammar books and research literature almost always use adjectives as examples of FP. This study shows that FP can be found in all types of phrases like adjective phrases, participle constructions, als- phrases and prepositional phrases. In addition, it is shown that FP occur with all types of verbs.</p>

This survey focuses on the omissible constituents of a sentence, which not only relate to the verb but also describe the subject or object. In a sentence analysis, they cannot be determined by the syntactic structure alone, but need an additional semantic approach. These units are commonly used, but so far have been insufficiently described in grammars and research literature, although the understanding of the function of these units is necessary in order to be able to make a complete sentence analysis. Further, there is no consensus regarding terminology and classification. The term depictive secondary predication is commonly used in English, and the terms prädikatives Attribut, freies Prädikativ and Koprädikativ are the most widely used terms in German. In this study, the term freies Prädikativ (FP) is used. The classification of these constituents in the literature varies between FP, adverbials and in some cases attributes. Based on the information available in German grammars and mainly German research literature, a model was developed, which makes it possible to distinguish FP from adverbials and attributes. A corpus containing German novels and newspapers was analysed in the light of this model. The controlled sentences of grammar books and research literature almost always use adjectives as examples of FP. This study shows that FP can be found in all types of phrases like adjective phrases, participle constructions, als- phrases and prepositional phrases. In addition, it is shown that FP occur with all types of verbs.