[pt] Esta dissertação examina as classificações atribuídas ao pronome lhe, com base na gramática de valências. Segundo a tradição gramatical a nomeação do pronome é uma etapa suficiente como proposta de ensino. Neste trabalho, refuta- se esta conduta, à medida que se defende que - com relação à aprendizagem - importa para o aluno compreender, sobretudo, o funcionamento do pronome lhe na estrutura frásica. Do mesmo modo, é necessário depreender que este pronome pode desempenhar funções sintáticas distintas, as quais são justificadas através do comportamento do lhe e não por uma determinação meramente classificatória. O corpus selecionado privilegiou exemplos reunidos em livros didáticos, em gramáticas pedagógicas, no corpus do CETEMPúblico e do CETEMFolhaNILC/São Carlos. O resultado da análise revela que o pronome lhe é um genuíno complemento e que não basta classificar o elemento em questão, mas entender seu papel básico desempenhado em qualquer contexto. / [en] This dissertation examines the classifications which are attributed to the pronoun lhe with the base on the basis Valence Grammar. According to the grammatical tradition the nomination for a pronoun is an adequate step as a teaching proposal However, this dissertation refutes this procedure by defending that, as far as learning concerned, what matters to the student is above all understand the function of the pronoun lhe in the phrase structure. At the same time, it is necessary to consider that this pronoun may have distinct syntactical functions, which are justified by structural collocation and not only by one merely classifying determination. The selected corpus favoured examples from didactic books, Pedagogical grammars, in the corpus of Public CETEM and of NIL/São Carlos. The result of the data analysis reveals that the pronoun lhe is a genuine complement and it is not sufficient to classify the aforementioned particle on debate, but to understand its role in the context it which it occurs.

[pt] Esta dissertação examina com enfoques estruturais e funcionais, com base na gramática de valências, as realizações dos verbos medir, pesar, custar e durar com o objetivo específico de abordar o relacionamento dos elementos frásicos desses verbos. Na concepção tradicional, os verbos aqui estudados são classificados ora como transitivos, ora como intransitivos e os elementos à direita como objeto direto e adjunto adverbial. Esse conceito de transitividade é insuficiente para a análise das realizações desses verbos. A partir das questões levantadas, é feita uma análise sintático-semântica das realizações desses verbos. O resultado da análise revela que rotular os elementos frásicos é restritivo pois não contempla a diversidade de traços semânticos imbricados nessas realizações, o que resulta em uma necessidade de avaliação do paradigma do ensino de análise sintática que vigora, tradicionalmente, em muitas instituições de ensino. / [en] This dissertation examines, within a structural and functional perspective and based on the valency grammar, the linguistic structures of the verbs of measurement (measure, weigh, cost and last) with the specific aim of discussing the grammatical relations of their phrasal elements. From a traditional standpoint, the verbs herein studied are classified either as transitive or as intransitive and the elements to their right denominated direct objects or adverbials. This concept of transitivity, however, is insufficient in analyzing the myriad uses of these verbs. From the issues raised in this paper, a syntactic-semantic analysis is provided. The conclusion illustrates that classifying the clause elements is restrictive since it does not take into account the diversity of semantic features expressed in these clauses, culminating in a need for rethinking the traditional teaching paradigm of syntactic analysis used by many schools.

<p>This survey focuses on the omissible constituents of a sentence, which not only relate to the verb but also describe the subject or object. In a sentence analysis, they cannot be determined by the syntactic structure alone, but need an additional semantic approach. These units are commonly used, but so far have been insufficiently described in grammars and research literature, although the understanding of the function of these units is necessary in order to be able to make a complete sentence analysis. Further, there is no consensus regarding terminology and classification. The term depictive secondary predication is commonly used in English, and the terms <i>prädikatives Attribut, freies Prädikativ </i>and <i>Koprädikativ</i> are the most widely used terms in German. In this study, the term <i>freies Prädikativ</i> (FP) is used. The classification of these constituents in the literature varies between FP, adverbials and in some cases attributes.</p><p>Based on the information available in German grammars and mainly German research literature, a model was developed, which makes it possible to distinguish FP from adverbials and attributes. A corpus containing German novels and newspapers was analysed in the light of this model. The controlled sentences of grammar books and research literature almost always use adjectives as examples of FP. This study shows that FP can be found in all types of phrases like adjective phrases, participle constructions, als- phrases and prepositional phrases. In addition, it is shown that FP occur with all types of verbs.</p>

This survey focuses on the omissible constituents of a sentence, which not only relate to the verb but also describe the subject or object. In a sentence analysis, they cannot be determined by the syntactic structure alone, but need an additional semantic approach. These units are commonly used, but so far have been insufficiently described in grammars and research literature, although the understanding of the function of these units is necessary in order to be able to make a complete sentence analysis. Further, there is no consensus regarding terminology and classification. The term depictive secondary predication is commonly used in English, and the terms prädikatives Attribut, freies Prädikativ and Koprädikativ are the most widely used terms in German. In this study, the term freies Prädikativ (FP) is used. The classification of these constituents in the literature varies between FP, adverbials and in some cases attributes. Based on the information available in German grammars and mainly German research literature, a model was developed, which makes it possible to distinguish FP from adverbials and attributes. A corpus containing German novels and newspapers was analysed in the light of this model. The controlled sentences of grammar books and research literature almost always use adjectives as examples of FP. This study shows that FP can be found in all types of phrases like adjective phrases, participle constructions, als- phrases and prepositional phrases. In addition, it is shown that FP occur with all types of verbs.