This paper discusses the design and implementation of a high performance, custom control solution for series elastic actuators (SEA) in a parallel or serial configuration. In many modern robotics applications, controlling actuator output force accurately and with high bandwidth is extremely important. The series elastic actuator has become popular in applications which require precise force control, however currently not many commercial options exist. Commonly, these actuators are custom designed and use electric motors, however most off-the-shelf electric motor drives are not designed for this specific application. In this paper, the hardware and software architecture of a control device designed specifically for force controlled series elastic actuators is described, along with test results on a novel SEA design. / Master of Science

The motor control of anthropomorphic robotic systems is a challenging computational task mainly because of the high levels of redundancies such systems exhibit. Optimality principles provide a general strategy to resolve such redundancies in a task driven fashion. In particular closed loop optimisation, i.e., optimal feedback control (OFC), has served as a successful motor control model as it unifies important concepts such as costs, noise, sensory feedback and internal models into a coherent mathematical framework. Realising OFC on realistic anthropomorphic systems however is non-trivial: Firstly, such systems have typically large dimensionality and nonlinear dynamics, in which case the optimisation problem becomes computationally intractable. Approximative methods, like the iterative linear quadratic gaussian (ILQG), have been proposed to avoid this, however the transfer of solutions from idealised simulations to real hardware systems has proved to be challenging. Secondly, OFC relies on an accurate description of the system dynamics, which for many realistic control systems may be unknown, difficult to estimate, or subject to frequent systematic changes. Thirdly, many (especially biologically inspired) systems suffer from significant state or control dependent sources of noise, which are difficult to model in a generally valid fashion. This thesis addresses these issues with the aim to realise efficient OFC for anthropomorphic manipulators. First we investigate the implementation of OFC laws on anthropomorphic hardware. Using ILQG we optimally control a high-dimensional anthropomorphic manipulator without having to specify an explicit inverse kinematics, inverse dynamics or feedback control law. We achieve this by introducing a novel cost function that accounts for the physical constraints of the robot and a dynamics formulation that resolves discontinuities in the dynamics. The experimental hardware results reveal the benefits of OFC over traditional (open loop) optimal controllers in terms of energy efficiency and compliance, properties that are crucial for the control of modern anthropomorphic manipulators. We then propose a new framework of OFC with learned dynamics (OFC-LD) that, unlike classic approaches, does not rely on analytic dynamics functions but rather updates the internal dynamics model continuously from sensorimotor plant feedback. We demonstrate how this approach can compensate for unknown dynamics and for complex dynamic perturbations in an online fashion. A specific advantage of a learned dynamics model is that it contains the stochastic information (i.e., noise) from the plant data, which corresponds to the uncertainty in the system. Consequently one can exploit this information within OFC-LD in order to produce control laws that minimise the uncertainty in the system. In the domain of antagonistically actuated systems this approach leads to improved motor performance, which is achieved by co-contracting antagonistic actuators in order to reduce the negative effects of the noise. Most importantly the shape and source of the noise is unknown a priory and is solely learned from plant data. The model is successfully tested on an antagonistic series elastic actuator (SEA) that we have built for this purpose. The proposed OFC-LD model is not only applicable to robotic systems but also proves to be very useful in the modelling of biological motor control phenomena and we show how our model can be used to predict a wide range of human impedance control patterns during both, stationary and adaptation tasks.

This study focuses on the design and implementation of a humanoid robot for disaster response. In particular, this thesis investigates the lower body design in detail with the upper body discussed at a higher level. The Tactical Hazardous Operations Robot (THOR) was designed to compete in the DARPA Robotics Challenge where it needs to complete tasks based on first-responder operations. These tasks, ranging from traversing rough terrain through driving a utility vehicle, suggest a versatile platform in a human sized form factor. A physical experiment of the proposed tasks generated a set of joint range of motions (RoM). Desired limb lengths were determined by comparing existing robots, the test subject in the experiment of proposed tasks, and an average human. Simulations using the desired RoM and limb lengths were used to calculate baseline joint torques. Based on the generated design constraints, THOR is a 34 degree of freedom humanoid that stands 1.78 [m] tall and weighs 65 [kg]. The 12 lower body joints are driven by series elastic linear actuators with multiple joints actuated in parallel. The parallel actuation mimics the human body, where multiple muscles pull on the same joint cooperatively. The legs retain high joint torques throughout their large RoM with some joints achieving torques as high as 289 [Nm]. The upper body uses traditional rotary actuators to drive the waist, arms, and head. The proprioceptive sensor selection was influenced by past experience on humanoid platforms, and perception sensors were selected to match the competition. / Master of Science

A novel rotary series elastic actuator (RSEA) with a two-mode, or bimodal, elastic element was designed and tested. This device was developed to eliminate the compromise between human safety and robot performance. Rigid actuators can be dangerous to humans within a robot's workspace due to impacts or pinning scenarios. To increase safety, elastic elements can soften impacts and allow for escape should pinning occur. However, adding elasticity increases the complexity of the system, lowers the bandwidth, and can make control of the actuator more difficult. To get the best of both types of actuators, a bimodal clutch was designed to switch between rigid actuation for performance and elastic actuation for human safety. The actuator consisted of two main parts, a rigid rotary actuator using a harmonic gearhead and a drum brake designed to act as a clutch. The 200 W rotary actuator provides 54.7 Nm of torque with a maximum speed of 41.4 rpm. The measured efficiency was 0.797 due to a timing belt speed reduction that was then speed reduced with a harmonic gearhead. The clutch was a drum brake actuated with a pantograph linkage and ACME lead screw. This configuration produced 11 Nm of holding torque experimentally but was theoretically shown to produce up to 51.4 Nm with larger motors. The elastic element was designed using finite element analysis (FEA) and tested experimentally to find a measured stiffness of 290 Nm/rad. / Master of Science

A novel hip exoskeleton with six degrees of freedom (DoF) was developed, and multiple prototypes of this product were created in this thesis. The device was an upper level of the 12-DoF lower-body exoskeleton project, which was known as the Orthotic Lower-body Locomotion Exoskeleton (OLL-E). The hip exoskeleton had three motions per leg, which were roll, yaw, and pitch. Currently, the sufferers of hemiplegia and paraplegia can be addressed by using a wheelchair or operating an exoskeleton with aids for balancing. The motivation of the exoskeleton project was to allow paraplegic patients to walk without using aids such as a walker or crutches. In mechanical design, the hip exoskeleton was developed to mimic the behavior of a healthy person closely. The hip exoskeleton will be fully powered by a custom linear actuator for each joint. To date, there are no exoskeleton products that are designed to have all of the hip joints powered. Thus, packaging of actuators was also involved in the mechanical design of the hip exoskeleton. As a result, the output torque and speed for the roll joint and yaw joint were calculated. Each hip joint was structurally designed with properly selected bearings, encoder, and hard stops. Their range of motions met desired requirements. In addition, a backpack assembly was designed for mounting the hardware, such as cooling pumps, radiators, and batteries. In the verification part, finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted to show the robustness of the structural design. For fit testing, three wearable prototypes were produced to verify design choices. As a result, the weight of the current hip exoskeleton was measured as 32.1 kg. / Master of Science / Currently, patients who suffer from paraplegia are commonly treated with wheelchairs. However, the drawbacks of using wheelchairs introduced new medical challenges. One of the medical issues is the decrease in bone density. To address these medical problems and increase the quality of life of patients, lower-body exoskeletons are produced to assist with walking. To date, most of the current exoskeleton products require aids for balancing patients’ walking, and they don’t have fully actuated joints at the hip. As for the hip exoskeleton introduced in this thesis, all of the hip joints will be powered. Also, this device was the upper design of the Orthotic Lower-body Locomotion Exoskeleton (OLL-E), which aimed to create a self-balancing exoskeleton with total 12 of lower-body joints powered. The final goal of OLL-E is to assist the patient to walk at normal human speed without using aids. This thesis discusses the process of designing a hip exoskeleton, which starts from requirements development to modeling and prototype tests. The conservative calculations and assumptions made in this paper guided the structural design of the hip exoskeleton. The robustness of the structures was ensured with rigorous finite element analysis. In the end, wearable prototypes were produced to examine the fitting tests. Overall, this design of the hip exoskeleton provided critical references for the future development of the OLL-E.

Embedded systems for humanoid robots are required to be reliable, low in cost, scalable and robust. Most of the applications related to humanoid robots require efficient force control of Series Elastic Actuators (SEA). These control loops often introduce precise timing requirements due to the safety critical nature of the underlying hardware. Also the motor controller needs to run fast and interface with several sensors. The commercially available motor controllers generally do not satisfy all the requirements of speed, reliability, ease of use and small size. This work presents a custom motor controller, which can be used for real time force control of SEA on humanoid robots and exoskeletons. Emphasis has been laid on designing a system which is scalable, easy to use and robust. The hardware and software architecture for control has been presented along with the results obtained on a novel Series Elastic Actuator based humanoid robot THOR. / Master of Science / Humanoid robots can be used in several applications such as disaster management, replacing manual work in hazardous environments, helping human beings in navigation and day to day activities, etc. This increase in interests in humanoid robotics and related research in exoskeletons has led to the need of reliable embedded systems which is used to control the machines. These embedded systems are often required to be low in cost, scalable and robust. The specification required from the electronics and the embedded systems vary based on the robot’s capabilities. Also, there is a gap between the requirements of humanoid robots in research and in industrial setting. This work focuses on bridging the gap by proposing a solution which is semi-custom, low in cost, reliable and scalable. The work has been shown to perform as expected on the stat-of-art humanoid robot THOR which was built at Virginia Tech. Using the proposed design technique can not only deliver good performance but can also act as a quick prototyping tool for other robotics projects related to humanoid robotics and exoskeletons.

"This thesis presents an extension of sensitive manipulation which transforms tactile sensors away from end effectors and closer to whole body sensory feedback. Sensitive manipulation is a robotics concept which more closely replicates nature by employing tactile sensing to interact with the world. While traditional robotic arms are specifically designed to avoid contact, biological systems actually embrace and intentionally contact the environment. This arm is inspired by these biological systems and therefore has compliant joints and a tactile shell surrounding the two primary links of the arm. The manipulator has also been designed to be capable of both industrial and humanoid style manipulation. There are an untold number of applications for an arm with increased tactile feedback primarily in dynamic environments such as in industrial, humanoid, and prosthetic applications. The arm developed for this thesis is intended to be a desktop research platform, however, one of the most influential applications for increased tactile feedback is in prosthetics which are operate in ever changing and contact ridden environments while continuously interacting with humans. This thesis details the simulation, design, analysis, and evaluation of a the first four degrees of freedom of a robotic arm with particular attention given to the design of modular series elastic actuators in each joint as well as the incorporation of a shell of tactile sensors. "

No description available.

Com os avanços significativos no campo da medicina, cada vez mais a tecnologia robótica vem sendo empregada no tratamento de indivíduos que sofreram alguma deficiência física. Esta dissertação apresenta o desenvolvimento de um Atuador Elástico em Série Compacto, aqui denominado AESC, e suas possíveis utilizações no campo da reabilitação robótica. Os controles implementados foram: Controle de Posição, Controle de Força e Controle de Impedância. Atuadores elásticos em série são utilizados, pois tais dispositivos apresentam características ideais para a utilização em equipamentos voltados à reabilitação: impedância controlável possibilidade de impedância baixa), baixo atrito e largura de banda que se aproxima do padrão de movimento humano. Aplicações do AESC para reabilitação de indivíduos que tenham sofrido lesão cerebral ou lesões ortopédicas e traumatológicas são apresentadas. Elas se mostram como um recurso para incrementar a reabilitação relacionada ao ganho de força muscular do tornozelo, bem como aumento da amplitude de movimento. A Plataforma Robótica de Reabilitação de Tornozelo utiliza uma interface baseada em jogos para o auxílio da reabilitação, tornando o processo mais lúdico estimulando a aprendizagem. O Exoesqueleto para Membros Inferiores simula o caminhar humano, auxiliando pessoas que tenham sofrido Acidente Vascular Encefálico. / With significant advances in the medical field, more and more robotic technology has been used to treat individuals who have suffered a physical disability. This dissertation presents the development of a Compact Series Elastic Actuator, named here as AESC, and its possible uses on the field of robotic rehabilitation. The controls types implemented include: Position Control, Force Control and Impedance Control. Series elastic actuators are used because such devices have ideal characteristics for use in equipments for rehabilitation: controllable impedance (possibility of low impedance), low friction and bandwidth that approaches the human movement. Applications of the AESC for rehabilitation of individuals who have suffered brain or orthopedic damages are presented. They appear as a resource to enhance the rehabilitation related to gain in muscle strength of the ankle muscles, as well as to increase the range of motion. The Robotic Platform of Ankle Rehabilitation uses a game-based interface for rehabilitation, to make the rehabilitation process more playful. The Exoskeleton for Lower Limbs simulates human walking, helping people who have suffered stroke.

Com os avanços significativos no campo da medicina, cada vez mais a tecnologia robótica vem sendo empregada no tratamento de indivíduos que sofreram alguma deficiência física. Esta dissertação apresenta o desenvolvimento de um Atuador Elástico em Série Compacto, aqui denominado AESC, e suas possíveis utilizações no campo da reabilitação robótica. Os controles implementados foram: Controle de Posição, Controle de Força e Controle de Impedância. Atuadores elásticos em série são utilizados, pois tais dispositivos apresentam características ideais para a utilização em equipamentos voltados à reabilitação: impedância controlável possibilidade de impedância baixa), baixo atrito e largura de banda que se aproxima do padrão de movimento humano. Aplicações do AESC para reabilitação de indivíduos que tenham sofrido lesão cerebral ou lesões ortopédicas e traumatológicas são apresentadas. Elas se mostram como um recurso para incrementar a reabilitação relacionada ao ganho de força muscular do tornozelo, bem como aumento da amplitude de movimento. A Plataforma Robótica de Reabilitação de Tornozelo utiliza uma interface baseada em jogos para o auxílio da reabilitação, tornando o processo mais lúdico estimulando a aprendizagem. O Exoesqueleto para Membros Inferiores simula o caminhar humano, auxiliando pessoas que tenham sofrido Acidente Vascular Encefálico. / With significant advances in the medical field, more and more robotic technology has been used to treat individuals who have suffered a physical disability. This dissertation presents the development of a Compact Series Elastic Actuator, named here as AESC, and its possible uses on the field of robotic rehabilitation. The controls types implemented include: Position Control, Force Control and Impedance Control. Series elastic actuators are used because such devices have ideal characteristics for use in equipments for rehabilitation: controllable impedance (possibility of low impedance), low friction and bandwidth that approaches the human movement. Applications of the AESC for rehabilitation of individuals who have suffered brain or orthopedic damages are presented. They appear as a resource to enhance the rehabilitation related to gain in muscle strength of the ankle muscles, as well as to increase the range of motion. The Robotic Platform of Ankle Rehabilitation uses a game-based interface for rehabilitation, to make the rehabilitation process more playful. The Exoskeleton for Lower Limbs simulates human walking, helping people who have suffered stroke.