Public services play an essential role in society, and every citizen uses them. They have traditionally been the principal means of implementing the political will, through policy development and implementation. Yet it is almost a national sport to criticise public servants. Their image is often poor, fed by television programmes such as Yes Minister. Common perceptions include that they have little real merit, do not work hard, are under little pressure to perform, are too powerful, are almost impossible to dismiss, and could benefit from some private sector experience. Such are the consequences of the career service model of employment that public servants enjoy. This thesis considers the much-maligned career service model of public sector employment relations, and asks how important it was, how it evolved, and why. First, it outlines the traditional understanding of public service employment, with its central tenets of merit, tenure, standardised conditions and political neutrality, all administered by an independent central personnel agency, and then explores the adoption, adaptation and reform of that model in three major western democracies - Britain, the United States and Australia. Then, it considers the implementation and evolution of that model in the Queensland public service from 1859 to 2000. The thesis argues that the traditional career service model was necessary to overcome problems of politicisation, corruption, insecurity and inefficiency that arose from the previous patronage model in the early 1800s. The model contained sound principles that were largely consistent with Westminster conventions, and were considered necessary for effective service in a political environment. Poor implementation of the model led to growing dissatisfaction by the late 20th century. However, rather than diagnose the problem as poor implementation and perhaps inadequate political leadership of the service, the career service model itself was found deficient, and was subjected to extensive reform through the weakening of its central tenets. The evolution of the career service demonstrates some circularity, as the problems of politicisation and insecurity that existed prior to the career service model begin to re-emerge.

Abstract To build the clean government has become a new trend of the political reforms all over the world, and an important symbol of high national competitiveness. In order to establish people¡¦s trust to the government and ensure public servants done their duty justice, Act on Recusal of Public Servants Due to Conflicts of Interest (ARPSCI) is enacted to protect the value of democracy and the foundation of ethics and also implement the accountability. With the social changes and the evolution of democracy, ARPSCI has been implemented during the past decade since July 12, 2000, and there are a lot of issues waiting for solutions. This paper studies on ARPSCI by five major principles of administrative law, and collects data from newspapers and literatures. It reveals the policy-making background of ARPSCI through prospects of society, economy, politics, and legislation. Furthermore, the author compares Taiwan¡¦s legislation with the other countries¡¦ conflict of interest systems, and reviews ARPSCI by the three principles of rule by law, the seven principles of due process; identifies the purpose and value of ARPSCI by the viewpoints of the local self-governing and the individual¡¦s participation. As mentioned above, this paper clarifies the orientation and value of ARPSCI; then discusses about the design of administrative organizations, staff, and budget to support ARPSCI. It also researches whether ARPSCI was designed properly for good performance under the review of nine kinds of administrative authority. Moreover, it discusses whether ARPSCI¡¦s remedy procedure is proper, and advice to improve self-control function of the act. In short, after analyzing completely, it finds that ARPSCI has lots of institutional problems in the dimensions of basic principle, administrative organization, restriction of administrative power, administrative remedy, and administrative supervision. Therefore, in order to meet people's expectations and construct a fair conflict of interest system, the author proposes personal suggestions.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A questÃo dos criados de servir acompanhou os debates sobre a libertaÃÃo dos escravos, e se perpetuou no pÃs-AboliÃÃo. Foi central, ainda, para o projeto de modernidade das classes dominantes, no CearÃ, a partir da dÃcada de 1870. Tal tema dizia respeito à reposiÃÃo das hierarquias sociais e era caro tanto a comerciantes de escravos, quanto a abolicionistas. Uns como os outros pretendiam controlar a mÃo de obra de livres e libertos ao longo do processo de modernizaÃÃo, centrado nas famÃlias dominantes. A modernizaÃÃo exigiu a incorporaÃÃo (nÃo sem resistÃncias) de um ethos do trabalho; para tanto, deu-se diverso modo de policiamento dos pobres, que organizavam festas como forma de ocupar espaÃos na cidade, criando territÃrios de resistÃncia, o que se pode ver como expressÃo de sua visÃo de mundo. O riso, nesse sentido, tornava-se expressÃo de um habitus de viver. Por esta via, a resistÃncia se dava de modo velado, no Ãmbito do paternalismo, e aberto, a exemplo de fugas. Os criados fugiam, assim como evadiam-se os escravos desde hà muito no Oitocentos. Controlar os criados era decisivo para a consecuÃÃo da modernidade dos dominantes. Pois se era centrado nas famÃlias, os pobres deveriam ser disciplinados desde ali. Seus modos de ganhar a vida e de vivÃ-la destoavam do que se tinha por civilizado. No entanto, o que despertava receio nos locatÃrios e tutores era a possibilidade de que se tornassem conscientes de sua importÃncia para a ordem familiar dominante. Parando seus serviÃos, esta seria ameaÃada, bem como, a modernidade assimÃtrica que produziu seus pÃrias, as classes perigosas, a âgente Ãnfimaâ. / The domestic servants issue ran parallel to the discussions about the liberation of the slaves and has survived after Brazilian Abolition of slavery. It has also been crucial to the project of modernity of ruling classes, in the State of CearÃ, since the 1870s. Such a subject matter concerned maintaining social hierarchies and was as much significant for slave traders as for abolitionists. Both intended to control free and freed workforce during the modernization process, focused on dominant families. Modernization required the inclusion (not without resistance) of a working ethos. For this purpose, several modes of policing the poor were established. The latter used to organize parties in order to occupy urban spaces, creating resistance enclaves, which can be understood as an expression of their worldview. Therefore, laughter turned to be an expression of a habitus of living. In this way, the resistance used to happen, in a veiled manner, by paternalism, and, in an opened one, by escapes, for instance. Servants used to escape as slaves also used to, since a long time, in seventh century. Consequently, it was determining to control servants as a way of accomplishing this modernity imposed by ruling classes. If poor were family-centered, they must be disciplined since there. Their way of living and livelihood clashed with what it is understood as civilized. However, what was most worrying for their tenants and guardians was the possibility for servants to become aware of their importance for dominant family structure. If they stopped working, this structure would be at risk, as well as the modern asymmetry which produced its outcasts, the dangerous classes, the âgente Ãnfimaâ.

This essay examines how the organization and size of the mansion household changed atGarpenberg’s mansion between 1800-1899, in the terms of servants, their occupation and wherefrom they were recruited. This has been done by using catechetical lengths as the primary source.By looking at which types of servants that worked within the mansion, and how the structurechanged, this study tries to answer how the organization and size of the mansion household changedduring the 19th century. This survey has shown that the total amount of servants at Garpenberg’smansion increased during the time period, but the mansion household itself remained relativelyconstant throughout the century. In addition, more servants began to form their own households andwere partly no longer dependent of the gentry that owned the mansion.

Politicization has an ambivalent reputation among public administration scholars. While considered an effective instrument to safeguard political control over ministerial bureaucracy, partisanship of senior civil servants is likewise associated with patronage and deemed detrimental to professionalism and meritocracy. To scrutinize this contradiction, the article examines how a party¿political background of senior civil servants influences their decision-making behavior. Two theoretically derived conceptions of loyalty are put therefore to the test: responsiveness and responsibility. Effects are captured by using vignette technique in 40 in-depth interviews with former senior civil servants from ministerial departments at federal and state level in Germany. The results are surprising insofar as they reveal that politicized senior civil servants neither act more responsive nor less responsible than their non-politicized peers. These findings challenge common assumptions and call for a more refined analysis of the conditions under which politicization leads to negative effects.

The study of Indian indentured servitude in the British Empire has largely been confined to the histories of slavery or free labor. Few scholars have connected indenture to larger processes in the British Empire. This dissertation examines the global nature of Indian indenture to find how trends in colonial power were inflected in the relationship between the state and the indentured worker. This dissertation uses the colonial experience in South Asia as a basis for its global history. It contends that the history of the colonial rule of law in the subcontinent was of deep importance to the mechanisms of indenture. By looking at archival records from the United Kingdom, Trinidad, Fiji, and elsewhere, this dissertation finds that officials in the indenture colonies were attempting to transform indebted Indian peasants into indentured workers. This process was inflected by the experience of colonial rule elsewhere. At first, this meant the implementation of ideas tied to imperial liberalism. Following the challenges to British colonialism in the mid-nineteenth century, the indenture colonies mirrored a wider movement towards conservative governance. The ways in which the colonial state attempted to control and manipulate workers underwent a dramatic shift. In the indenture colony, colonial power exerted both authoritarian and paternalist tendencies. This dissertation uses the governorships of Arthur Hamilton-Gordon in Trinidad and Fiji to explore this shift. This dissertation makes its argument by focusing on the indenture colonies of Trinidad and Fiji. In doing so, it moves beyond the model of studying indenture that has looked at the British Empire as a whole, or otherwise in specific colonies or sub-regions. Using Trinidad and Fiji allows for a deep understanding of continuity and change. For example, Trinidad can be used to examine indenture’s beginnings, as the colony began to import Indian indentured labor in 1842, while Fiji can be used to understand late indenture. Furthermore, colonial officials, ideas of authority, capital, labor, and goods were always circulating throughout this global empire. The study of Trinidad and Fiji allows for a critical understanding of such exchanges and this dissertation uses both to explore bureaucratic offices, law, financial systems, governance, protest, medicine and health, and global agitation in Indian indenture. “The Currents of Restless Toil” is an in-depth study into the nature of colonial governance in the indenture colonies of Trinidad and Fiji. It explores the nuances of colonial power, providing a window into the theory and practice that shaped the restless toil of Indians across the world.

The institution of farm service was mainly a West-European phenomenon. It was linked to the high age at marriage and it was an important system for the distribution of labour in agriculture. In Sweden, the use of farm servants in peasant agriculture intensified in the 18th century and remained important up till the advent of industrialization. The growth of a class of property-less, rural labourers did not undermine the system of farm service, as is sometimes claimed. Patriarchalism was an ideology intimately connected with farm service. During the 18th century, however, patriarchalism was not the common frame of reference among the upper classes when discussing state policy towards serv­ants. Patriarchalism did not become an important ideology until the beginning of the 19th century. It was inspired by the liberal critique of the old, mercantilist attitude towards labour. At the grass-root level, farm servants showed a culturally defined hostility towards wage labour. They tried to exchange wages in money for different kinds of rights and liberties, which might have served the purpose of disguising the employer-employee relationship to the peasant masters. An egalitarian ideology, typical of especially northern Sweden's peasantry, might have strengthened this hostility to being wage earners instead of having independent ways of making a living. / digitalisering@umu

The main purposes of this study are to investigate the environmental literacy of the Kaohsiung City civil servants, their education and training needs, and the correlation between the two. The subjects of this study were civil servants of the Kaohsiung City Government, and data were collected by quantitative research methods. The study was built mainly on the theoretical framework of Hungerford and Volk¡¦s responsible environmental behavior model, and an environmental behavior model consolidated by San-Pui Lam was also consulted, in order to carry out investigation and analysis. Environmental concern was categorized into 5 levels, and general environmental attitude into 4 levels. These two variables were not used to decide the level of environmental literacy. The object of categorization was to provide a reference for environmental education and training. However, having less concern for environmental issues than other issues or placing less emphasis on environmental values than other civil values was considered as an indicator of poor literacy performance. Other variables were categorized into three levels (A, B and C) according to the scores, with A representing the highest level of performance, followed by B representing a medium level of performance, and C representing poor performance. The following conclusions were obtained: 1. In the performance of environmental literacy, more than 75% of the responding Kaohsiung City civil servants had an environmentally friendly attitude, with at least a medium level of environmental knowledge and skills. In the environmental behavior aspect, however, poor performance in behaviors other than ecomanagement was shown. It was evident that the respondents were unable to apply their environmental knowledge, skills and positive attitude, and transform them into active environmental behaviors. 2. With regard to the education and training needs, the study proposed the following benchmarks for strengthening environmental education and training: (1) those who had not achieved the high level in terms of the scores of environmental knowledge, skills and behaviors; (2) those who had less concern for, or placed less emphasis on, environmental issues or values than other issues or civil values. Test results showed that 25% of the responding Kaohsiung City civil servants had not reached the high level for their knowledge of issues, 66% had not reached the high level for their knowledge of action strategies, and 78% had not reached the high level for their skill in using action strategies. In terms of their self-assessed training needs, 90% of the respondents indicated a high level of need for knowledge, and 85% indicated a high level of need for skills. It showed that respondents¡¦ subjectively-assessed needs for environmental education and training in terms of knowledge and skills were slightly higher than their actual needs for education and training. However, only 20% of the responding civil servants had participated in environmental education and training in the past three years, representing a paradox formed by a high level of needs and a low level of participation. 3. Regarding the difference in environmental literacy of respondents with different backgrounds, it was shown that respondents who had participated in environmental education and training in the past three years generally had better performance in literacy indicators than those who had not, except for these 5 variables: knowledge of issues, knowledge of action strategies, persuation, general environmental attitude, and locus of control. For other backgrounds, it showed no significant difference in the environmental literacy performance. 4. For the difference in environmental education and training needs of respondents with different backgrounds, those who had participated in environmental education and training in the past three years had a higher level of needs than those who had not. Other differences in respondents¡¦ backgrounds made no significant difference in their environmental education and training needs. 5. On the correlation between environmental literacy and environmental education and training needs, 7 variables were shown to be significantly correlated: the knowledge aspect of environmental education and training needs, environmental concern, environmental attitude, general environmental attitude, specific environmental attitude, locus of control, as well as skill in using action strategies. In the aspect of skills, variables that showed significant correlation with environmental literacy were the same as those for the knowledge aspect of training needs, except for general environmental attitude. Finally, recommendations on civil servants¡¦ environmental education and training were made based on the literature review and the study results, to provide a reference for the competent authority of civil servants and the training organizations.

Abstract This study is to explore the cognition of local civil servants from the Kao-Kao-Ping Area on their value system of social development and sustainable local policies. Recently Taiwan government has adopted sustainable development as the ideal and direction of policy fulfillment, nontherless it seems bounded only at the central-government level Whether the local governments attentively adopt sustainable development principle and local civil servants own the cognition and understanding of sustainable development deserves further studying. Based on literature review on international and national materials, three parts of survey items were constructed ¡Vsocial paradigm of sustainability, sustainable development principles and local sustainable policies. Total 991 questionnaires were mailed and 381 valid responses were analyzed. The empirical analysis showed the local servants of the Kao-Kao-Ping Area generally posses positive cognition on sustainable development. Their perspectives on social development lean toward New Environmental Paradigm. Specifically, the perspectives can be divided into ¡§environment-oriented¡¨, ¡§equilibrium-oriented¡¨ and ¡§social norms ¡Voriented¡¨. The sustainable principles emphasized by the international societies and the central government are highly accepted, especially, the implementing directions of sustainable development. The local sustainable policies were highly recognized but with some vagueness on the position of ¡§main stream¡¨ values, such as highways or mass transportation, local place marketing, incentives to factories, local activities with international focus or unique locality. According to the study finding and the observations form the real situations, the cognition of civil servants on sustainable development is not related to the local policy practice.

¡§Rewards¡¨ and ¡§Punishments¡¨ of public organizations are two crucial tools of personnel management and pivotal impetus factor in organizations.Rewarding is a positive and active way of impetus; punishing is a negative and passive way of impetus. The purpose of rewarding is to meet employees¡¦ requirements, lift morale, and enhance efficiency; the purpose of punishing is to alert stubbornness, eliminate illegitimacy, and maintain discipline. Making use of rewards and punishments well can make its positive function take effect immediately; on the contrary, it will cause damage to organizations. The leading class of public organizations should apply measures of rewards and punishments well. Police organizations, which are always performance-oriented, often highlight the importance of performance by means of project duties and regulate provisions of rewards and punishments in the practical plans of projects. This kind of project execution means that the police organization requests policemen achieve specific performance in some period for certain interim works of the policy and usually accompany with double rewards and punishments, which make common people misunderstand that police officers¡¦ works are ¡§optional¡¨ and ¡§emphatic¡¨ while handling cases. Besides, the business of police officers must focus on service and exhortation and reduce unnecessary interference and compulsion. However, serving for people and preventing crimes cannot underline the performance. Focusing on pursuing criminal cases, which bring immediate performance, and ignoring minor cases around common people for a long time cannot enhance the service quality. Police officers are partial to the performance, away from the public farther and farther. But, the business of police officers cannot be connected efficiently without people¡¦s supports and assistances. The performance cannot earn any credit of the public even though individual police officer is rewarded, but the whole image is getting worse. Thus, how to design a proper rewards and punishments system is worth studying. The objective of the legal system of rewards and punishments of public servants is, in the positive aspect, to lead public servants¡¦ behaviors towards organizational goals and respond to the expectation of the common people; in the negative aspect is to prevent public servants from conducting behaviors unfavorable of organizations goals or the common people¡¦s interests. The fairness of rewards and punishments system, the principle of rewarding from the basic level, and the principle of instant rewards and punishments have not only a great influence on morale encouragement to police officers but also on the position promotion of police officers. How to make the rewards and punishments system of police organizations fair and carry out principles of rewarding from the basic level, and instant rewards and punishments are worth further discussion. The thesis takes the legal system of rewards and punishments of police officers as research target and is supported by other relevant administrative laws and regulations. The research method adopts the primary theories of the administrative law, including administrative principles, administrative organizations, administrative authority, administrative remedy, and administrative supervision to view the rewards and punishments system of our police officers.