The ecosystem services (ES) concept is meant to facilitate consideration of the value of nature in conservation and landscape management processes by translating ecosystem functions into human benefits. Incorporating the ES concept into policy and decision-making has proven difficult due to challenges in identifying, measuring, and locating services and in predicting the impacts of decisions upon them. ES mapping offers a key solution to increase our understanding of the spatial patterns of ES supply and demand and the spatial relationships between them, but may be challenging to implement given a lack of spatial data related to ES or existence of such data at coarse resolution that may not facilitate accurate ES quantification, mapping and modeling. This issue is particularly acute in urban settings where landscapes are highly heterogeneous and fragmented. This research seeks to improve our understanding of urban ES supply, demand and the relationships between them, as well as the impacts of spatial scale, input data quality and method choice on ES mapping in urban landscapes. The dissertation is composed of three studies. In the first study, I introduce a spatially-explicit framework for quantifying and mapping ES supply and demand using carbon storage and sequestration services as an example. This framework assesses supply based on biophysical conditions and demand based on socioeconomic characteristics, allowing for more integrative ES assessments in urban areas. In the second study, I evaluate the sensitivity of ES maps to input spatial data resolution and method choice (ecosystem component-based and land-cover proxy-based methods) in a heterogeneous urban landscape using biomass carbon storage as an example. I find that ES map accuracy is highly dependent on analytical scales and input data representativeness. ES estimates based on ecosystem-component data are more accurate than those based on land-cover proxies. The accuracy of land-cover proxy-based maps, however, can be increased by using high-resolution land-cover maps. The third study aims to increase understanding of ES supply, demand, and supply-demand balance in urban contexts. To this end, I create a high-thematic-resolution land-cover dataset and combine it with the InVEST pollination model to assess the capacity of urban ecosystems to supply pollination services to satisfy the demands of urban agriculture. I find using land-cover dataset at a higher thematic resolution enhances the accuracy of pollination estimates, highlighting the importance of considering scale and land-use dependencies in urban ES mapping. Combined, these studies advance our knowledge of ES supply, demand and the relationships between them, and provide new insight into the impacts of input data spatial and thematic resolution and method choice on the accuracy of urban ES maps.

Biologisk mångfald och produktionen av ekosystemtjänster minskar och framtida klimatförändringar förväntas påskynda den processen. Genom att kartlägga ekosystemtjänster och de nyttor de ger till människor kan det hjälpa till att belysa naturens värde och skapa incitament för att skydda och bevara dem. Möjligheten till rörligt friluftsliv, en viktig ekosystemtjänst i Sverige, har ett samhälleligt värde då det bidrar till människors hälsa och välbefinnande. Denna studie syftar till att bidra till en vägledning för att rumsligt kartlägga ekosystemtjänster i Sverige med fokus på rörligt friluftsliv. Resultatet visar att kartläggningarna delas upp i kartering av naturområden och av de människor som använder dem. Dessa benämns ofta som tillgång och efterfrågan. En koppling ses mellan valet av metoder och dataunderlag i förhållande till vilket syfte och fokusområde kartläggningarna har. Ett mönster går att urskilja i återkommande aktiviteter i kartläggningarna, vilket resulterar i ett förslag på vägledande flödesdiagram över turordningen av aktiviteterna. / Biodiversity and thus the delivery of ecosystem services are declining, and future climate change is expected to accelerate the process. By mapping ecosystem services and the benefits they provide to humans, one can shed light on the value of nature, and help create incentives in protecting and preserving it. The opportunity for outdoor recreation, an important ecosystem service in Sweden, has a social value as it contributes to human health and wellbeing. This study aims at to contributing to a guide for spatially mapping ecosystem services in Sweden, with a focus on outdoor recreation. The result shows that outdoor recreation mappings can be about mapping either natural areas or the people who use them. These are often referred to as supply and demand. A connection is seen between the choice of methods and data, in relation to the aim and focus of the studies. A pattern is revealed in recurring activities in the mappings, resulting in a suggested flow chart for the sequence of activities when mapping outdoor recreation.

Ur ett företagsekonomiskt perspektiv finns det ett stort intresse av att utveckla innovativa tjänster då forskning visar att det skapar hållbara konkurrensfördelar. Fastighetsföretag arbetar med tjänsteutveckling för att fylla sina fastigheter och arbetar tätt ihop med sina kunder där efterfrågan styr utvecklingsprocessen. Föreliggande studie testar Wang & Tsais (2012) tjänsteutvecklingsmodell där metoderna tjänstekartläggning, ‘service blueprint’ och ‘axiomatic design’ utgör verktyg för fastighetsföretag. Med dessa metoder ska företaget identifiera kundernas behov och leverera en ny tjänst som uppfyller både interna och externa krav. Genom innovativ tjänsteutvecklingsprocess minskar på så sätt gapet mellan kunders förväntningar om vad företaget kan erbjuda för tjänster och fastighetsbolags uppfattningar om vilket behov kunderna har. Med denna utgångspunkt utformades studiens forskningsfrågor; -     Vilka tjänster kan fastighetsföretagen erbjuda för att matcha den efterfrågan som ställs av nyetablerade entreprenörer? -          Hur kan fastighetsföretag genom ’service blueprinting’, i ett nära samarbete med kunden, skapa innovativa tjänster med en långsiktig plan för lokalkontrakt? -          Hur arbetar fastighetsföretag med ’axiomatic design methodology’, för att konstruera tjänster som efterfrågas av nyetablerade entreprenörer, och på så sätt skapa hållbara konkurrensfördelar? / From a business perspective, there is a considerable interest in developing innovative services, as research shows that it creates sustainable competitive advantage. Real estate companies are working with service development to fill their properties and work closely with their customers where demand determines the development process. The present study tests the Wang & Tsai (2012) service development model where the methods service mapping, service blueprint and axiomatic design provides tools for real estate companies. With these methods, the company shall identify customer needs and deliver a new service that meets both internal and external requirements. Through innovative service development process, the gap between customers’ expectations of what services the company can offer and the real estate companies’ perceptions of what needs the customers have decreases. On this basis, the research questions of the study were designed; -          What services can property companies offer to match the demand made by newly established entrepreneurs? -          How can the real estate company through service blueprinting, in a close cooperation with the customer, create innovative service with a long-term plan for local contracts? -          How do real estate companies work with axiomatic design methodology, to construct the services demanded by newly established entrepreneurs, and thus create sustainable competitive advantage?