Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o efeito de sombreamento em detectores de nêutrons, quando estes são utilizados em medidas de reatividade com a técnica de rod drop. O sombreamento pode ser entendido como uma mudança na eciência dos detectores, quando esta é dada em nêutrons detectados/ssão ocorrida no reator, sendo mais evidente nos detectores mais próximos ao banco sendo inserido. O método de análise, fundamentalmente teórica, baseou-se em simulações do reator IPEN/MB-01 utilizando o código CITATION e o programa MCNP. Em ambos os casos, os resultados são estáticos, mostrando os uxos neutrônicos apenas em duas situações: antes da inserção do banco, e após sua inserção. A reatividade, neste caso, é obtida utilizandose a expressão derivada da técnica de source jerk. Em adição ao estudo teórico, os dados de um experimento de rod drop realizado no reator IPEN/MB-01 também foram utilizados. Neste caso, a reatividade foi obtida com o método de cinética inversa, já que os dados experimentais são constituídos de valores que variam no tempo. Em todos os casos, fatores de correção para o efeito de sombreamento são propostos. / This work presents a study on the eect of shading in neutron detectors, when used in measures of reactivity with the rod drop technique. Shading can be understood as a change in the eciency of the detectors, when it is given in detected neutrons / ssion occurred in the reactor, more evident in the detectors closest to the bank being inserted. The method of analysis was based on simulations of reactor IPEN/MB-01, using the code CITATION and MCNP program. In both cases, the results were static, showing Neutronic ows in only two situations: before insertion of the control rod and after insertion. The measure of reactivity in this case was achieved using the expression derived from the source jerk technique. In addition to theoretical study, data from a rod drop experiment conducted in the reactor IPEN/MB-01 were also used. In this case, the reactivity was obtained using inverse kinetic method, since experimental data were set of values that vary with time. In all cases, correction factors for the shadowing eect have been proposed.

Nous avons étudié un système différentiel régi par deux dynamiques : l'une de type variété centrale et l'autre de type oscillation rapide périodique. Nous avons cherché à obtenir des informations sur le comportement qualitatif du système et à l'approcher. Nous avons démontré l'existence d'une dynamique asymptotique rapidement oscillante et nous l'avons utilisée pour approcher le système. Ensuite, nous avons appliqué ces résultats à l'étude d'un système écologique d'interaction proie-prédateur. De plus, nous avons utilisé la théorie des B-séries pour obtenir des développements formels à tout ordre des quantités liées à la dynamique asymptotique. Enfin, nous avons approché le système pour tout temps par la composée d'un changement de variable et de la solution d'un système différentiel partiellement découplé. / We have studied a differential system ruled by two dynamics : a center manifold dynamics and a periodic highly oscillating dynamics. We wanted to find informations about the qualitative behaviour of the system, and to approximate it. We have proved the existence of a highly oscillating asymptotic dynamics, and we have used it approximate the system. Then, we have applied this results to an ecological system of prey-predator interaction. Moreover, we have used the B-series theory to obtain formal expansions of the quantities related to the center manifold. Lastly, we have approximated the system for all time by the composition of a change of variable and of the solution of a partially decoupled differential system.

No description available.

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems are now a proven area in current and future telecommunications research. MIMO wireless channels, in which both the transmitter and receiver have multiple antennas, have been shown to provide high bandwidth efficiency. In this thesis, we cover MIMO communications technology with a focus on cellular systems and the MIMO broadcast channel (MIMO-BC). Our development of techniques and analysis for the MIMO-BC starts with a study of single user MIMO systems. One such single user technique is that of antenna selection. In this thesis, we discuss various flavours of antenna selection, with the focus on powerful, yet straightforward, norm-based algorithms. These algorithms are analyzed and the results of this analysis produce a powerful and flexible power scaling factor. This power scaling factor can be used to model the gains of norm-based antenna selection via a single signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)-based parameter. This provides a powerful tool for engineers interested in quickly seeing the effects of antenna selection on their systems. A novel low complexity power allocation scheme follows on from the selection algorithms. Named “Poor Man’s Waterfilling” (PMWF), this scheme can provide significant gains in low SNR systems with very little extra complexity compared to selection alone. We then compare a variety of algorithms for the MIMO-BC, ranging from selection to beamforming, to the optimal, yet complex, iterative waterfilling (ITWF) solution. In this thesis we show that certain algorithms perform better in different scenarios, based on whether there is shadow fading or not. A power scaling factor analysis is also performed on these systems. In the cases where the user’s link gains are widely varying, such as when shadowing and distance effects are present, user fairness is impaired when optimal and near optimal throughput occurs. This leads to a key problem in the MIMO-BC, the balance between user fairness and throughput performance. In an attempt to find a suitable balance between these two factors, we modify the ITWF algorithm by both introducing extra constraints and also by using a novel utility function approach. Both these methods prove to increase user fairness with only minor loss in throughput over the optimal systems. The introduction of MIMO systems to the cellular domain has been hampered by the effects of interference between the cells. In this thesis we move MIMO to the cellular domain, addressing the interference using two different methods. We first use power control, where the transmit power of the base station is controlled to optimize the overall system throughput. This leads to promising results using low complexity methods. Our second method is a novel method of collaboration between base stations. This collaboration transforms neighbouring cell sectors into macro-cells and this results in substantial increases in performance.

The Resident-Medical Student Shadowing Program is a novel program in which first-year medical students shadowed a first-year resident during their clinical duties. It was developed to enhance the preparedness of medical students for clinical training. To examine the program’s effectiveness, a randomized control trial was conducted within a concurrent triangulation mixed methods study. Student participants were compared to controls using validated questionnaires. Participants’ experiences were further explored using semi-structured interviews. Results indicate that participation gave students an understanding of the clinical environment and their role within it, and taught them the skills and knowledge needed to perform that role. Students’ learning was enhanced by the relationship developed with their resident, facilitated by the residents’ approachability and relatability and their dedication to teaching. Residents, in turn, gained expertise in teaching and learned about professionalism. Suggestions for implementing this program in the future as well as future directions for research are discussed. / Measurement, Evaluation and Cognition

No description available.

Στην εποχή που διανύουμε ο ρόλος των επικοινωνιών και η σημασία τους στην ζωή των ανθρώπων αυξάνεται με ταχείς ρυθμούς, πόσο μάλλον όταν μιλάμε για τις κινητές επικοινωνίες οι οποίες χαρακτηρίζονται από αμεσότητα, ταχύτητα και αξιοπιστία. Τα συστήματα κινητών επικοινωνιών εξελίσσονται ταχύτατα, με εκθετική άνοδο την τελευταία εικοσαετία, όπου το UMTS(W-CDMA) σύστημα καθιερώθηκε και αποτελεί πλέον την βάση των μελλοντικών εξελίξεων. Με την παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία με τίτλο «Διερεύνηση φαινομένων σκίασης (shadowing) σε συστήματα κυτταρικής κινητής τηλεφωνίας τρίτης γενιάς», αφού πρώτα εξετάσουμε το σύστημα τρίτης γενιάς όσον αφορά την αρχιτεκτονική του, τη δομή του και τα μοντέλα τα οποία ακολουθεί η διάδοση της ηλεκτρομαγνητικής ακτινοβολίας, προσπαθούμε να εξετάσουμε σε ένα συνηθισμένο περιβάλλον λειτουργίας του τη συμπεριφορά του και τη μοντελοποίησή του σε σχέση με ένα καταλυτικό φαινόμενο που δυσχεραίνει τις επικοινωνίες και εξασθενεί το προς μετάδοση σήμα, τη σκίαση. Με τη μοντελοποίηση αυτή προσπαθούμε να επιβεβαιώσουμε τη χρήση ορισμένων μοντέλων αλλά και να καταγράψουμε καινούρια στοιχεία και συμπεριφορές στο προς μελέτη περιβάλλον. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζουμε το δίκτυο τρίτης γενιάς και τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά του όσον αφορά τις υπηρεσίες που περιβάλει, την πολυπλεξία και κωδικοποίηση που εφαρμόζει στην μετάδοση και τέλος την αρχιτεκτονική του. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο κάνουμε μια επισκόπηση ως προς την δομή που χαρακτηρίζει τα συστήματα κινητών επικοινωνιών, εστιάζοντας στον γεωγραφικό διαχωρισμό και στη χρήση των διαθέσιμων συχνοτήτων και στην αρχιτεκτονική τους η οποία είναι αυτή που επιτρέπει τις επιμέρους λειτουργίες να φθάσουν εις πέρας. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται εκτενής αναφορά στα μοντέλα που περιγράφουν την ηλεκτρομαγνητική διάδοση με τα χαρακτηριστικά του προτύπου των κινητών επικοινωνιών UMTS, για το εσωτερικό περιβάλλον που μας ενδιαφέρει. Σ’αυτό το κεφάλαιο δίνεται μια πρώτη αίσθηση του σημαντικού ρόλου των απωλειών και πως αυτές επηρεάζουν τις επικοινωνίες γενικότερα. Εστιάζουμε βέβαια στις απώλειες που προκαλούνται από το φαινόμενο της σκίασης. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζουμε το φαινόμενο της σκίασης μεμονωμένα καθώς επίσης και τα μαθηματικά μοντέλα Lognormal και Gamma, που χρησιμοποιούνται για να περιγραφεί η ιδιαίτερη συμπεριφορά του ανωτέρω φαινομένου. Τέλος, στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο όλα τα παραπάνω παίρνουν μορφή με την πειραματική διαδικασία και τη θεωρητική μοντελοποίηση της συμπεριφοράς του καναλιού μετάδοσης σε εσωτερικό περιβάλλον και με χαρακτηριστικά UMTS, όσον αφορά την λαμβανόμενη ισχύ και τις απώλειες που προκαλούνται από το φαινόμενο της σκίασης. / Nowadays the communication’s role and their significance in man’s life are being evolved rapidly, particularly regarding the mobile communications system which is characterized by immediacy, speed and reliability .The mobile communications systems are developing rapidly, with exponential development over the past twenty years, whereas the UMTS (W-CDMA) standard has been established and from now on is the base for the developments to come .With the present study titled «Researching shadowing phenomena in 3G cellular mobile telephony systems», after we examine the architecture , the structure and the propagation models of the 3G communications system, we later examine as well the modeling of a propagation channel regarding the problems that causes the phenomenon of shadowing in weakening the transmitted signal and in making the communications difficult to happen. With this modeling we try to confirm the use of certain models and as well to write down new data and behaviors in the examined environment. In the first chapter, we present the 3G network and its unique characteristics regarding the provided services, the multiplexing and the coding that uses and finally its architecture. In the second chapter, we introduce the structure of the cellular mobile communications systems focusing in the geographical distinction and in the use of the available frequencies and in its architecture which makes all of the above to happen. In the third chapter, we make an extensive presentation of the propagation models including UMTS’s characteristics, for the indoor environment of our concern. In this particular chapter, we understand for the first time the important role that losses take part and how do they affect mobile communications in general. In the fourth chapter, we make a presentation of the shadowing phenomenon and this only, as well the mathematical models of Lognormal and Gamma distributions which are used to describe the behavior of the above phenomenon. Finally, in the fifth chapter all of the above take actual form with the experimental procedure and the theoretical modeling of the behavior that the propagation channel in an indoor environment with UMTS’s characteristics has, regarding the power reception and the losses caused by the shadowing phenomenon.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o efeito de sombreamento em detectores de nêutrons, quando estes são utilizados em medidas de reatividade com a técnica de rod drop. O sombreamento pode ser entendido como uma mudança na eciência dos detectores, quando esta é dada em nêutrons detectados/ssão ocorrida no reator, sendo mais evidente nos detectores mais próximos ao banco sendo inserido. O método de análise, fundamentalmente teórica, baseou-se em simulações do reator IPEN/MB-01 utilizando o código CITATION e o programa MCNP. Em ambos os casos, os resultados são estáticos, mostrando os uxos neutrônicos apenas em duas situações: antes da inserção do banco, e após sua inserção. A reatividade, neste caso, é obtida utilizandose a expressão derivada da técnica de source jerk. Em adição ao estudo teórico, os dados de um experimento de rod drop realizado no reator IPEN/MB-01 também foram utilizados. Neste caso, a reatividade foi obtida com o método de cinética inversa, já que os dados experimentais são constituídos de valores que variam no tempo. Em todos os casos, fatores de correção para o efeito de sombreamento são propostos. / This work presents a study on the eect of shading in neutron detectors, when used in measures of reactivity with the rod drop technique. Shading can be understood as a change in the eciency of the detectors, when it is given in detected neutrons / ssion occurred in the reactor, more evident in the detectors closest to the bank being inserted. The method of analysis was based on simulations of reactor IPEN/MB-01, using the code CITATION and MCNP program. In both cases, the results were static, showing Neutronic ows in only two situations: before insertion of the control rod and after insertion. The measure of reactivity in this case was achieved using the expression derived from the source jerk technique. In addition to theoretical study, data from a rod drop experiment conducted in the reactor IPEN/MB-01 were also used. In this case, the reactivity was obtained using inverse kinetic method, since experimental data were set of values that vary with time. In all cases, correction factors for the shadowing eect have been proposed.

We review the concept of invariant measure and study conditions under which linear combinations of averages along periodic orbits are dense in the space of invariant measures. / Revisamos el concepto de medida invariante y estudiamos condiciones bajo las cuales combinaciones lineales de promedios a lo largo de órbitas periódicas son densas en el espacio de medidas invariantes.

Neste trabalho faz-se uma análise de fluxos unidimensionais usando as equações de Burgers e de Euler. Para esta última, é obtida a solução exata e uma aproximação desta via método numérico. A obtenção da solução exata é baseada na combinação de ondas simples (uma onda de choque, uma descontinuidade de contato e uma onda de expansão) e na validade das relações de salto para as equações de Euler. Os resultados assim obtidos são utilizados para verificar (certificar) os resultados numéricos. As equações de Euler são integradas no tempo através de um esquema simplificado de Runge-Kutta; considera-se também a adição explícita de termos dissipativos ao esquema de discretização espacial. Sã.o apresentadas comparações entre as soluções exata e numérica, além de comparações da solução numérica para diferentes valores dos coeficientes de dissipação. Analisa-se também as regiões de estabilidade de métodos de Runge-Kutta para uma equação modelo, cujas propriedades são semelhantes às das equações de Burgers e de Euler. Por fim , propõe-se o estudo da convergência de um esquema semelhante ao de Runge-Kutta; faz-se uma estimativa de erro a posteriori em espaços de Banach de dimensão infinita. Além disto, são calculadas algumas estimativas a priori para a equação de Burgers que são usadas, juntamente com idéias da teoria de "shadowing" para estabelecer estimativas relativas à validade de simulações numéricas para a equação de Burgers. Além disto, são mostrados alguns estudos computacionais relevantes sobre a separação espectral, os quais poderiam ser entendidos como uma forma de estimativas a posteriori. / In this work we analyze unidimensional flows using Burgers and Euler equations. We show how to obtain both an exact and an approximate solution to the Euler equations. The exact solution is obtained by simple waves interaction (a shock wave, a contact discontinuity and an expansion fan). It is based on the jump relations for the Euler equations. \Ve use the exact solution thus obtained as a mean of comparison to the approximate (numerical) solution. A simplified Runge-Kutta method is used to integrate the Euler equations in time. Dissipation terms are added to the spatial discretized equations. vVe study the effect of these terms by plotting the exact versus the approximate solution considering different dissipation coefficients. We choose a model equation, which has similar properties to the Burgers and Euler equations, in order to study the stability regions of the Runge-Kutta scheme. Finally, we propose a convergence analysis of a Runge-Kutta-like scheme and make a posteriori error estimates in infinite dimensional Banach spaces. Furthermore, we perform some a priori estimates for the Burgers' equation and use them together with ideas of the Shadowing Theory in order to establish estimates concerning the validity of numerical simulations for Burgers' equation. As well we show a few relevant computer studies on the spectral separation which could be regarded as a form of a posteriori estimates.