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Cette thèse a pour but l'analyse des performances d'une communication radio en présence d'évanouissements et d'effet de masque. Le masquage, du aux obstacles entre l'émetteur et le récepteur, fait varier la probabilité d'erreur moyenne ("Symbole Error Probability" SEP). L'étude de la probabilité de coupure symbole (SEO "Symbol error Outage") définie comme la probabilité que le SEP moyen excède une valeur seuil est donc plus pertinent. La difficulté de son étude réside dans le fait qu'une inversion du SEP moyen par rapport au SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) est nécessaire. Par la méthode de Laplace nous donnons des approximations précises à tout SNR du SEP dans un canal de Nakagami-m et Rice dans le cas mono-antenne. Nous montrons ensuite que ces approximations sont inversibles par rapport au SNR et permettent d'exprimer analytiquement le SEO en fonction du SEP cible. Nous intégrons ensuite le codage canal et dérivons des expressions analytiques de la probabilité de coupure paquet pour un codage bloc puis un codage convolutif à entrée décidée. Nous étendons l'étude aux systèmes MIMO à codage bloc orthogonaux puis à multiplexage spatial où des formes exactes du SEO sont dérivées. Nous considérons le cas où des interférents sont présents. Nous dérivons une approximation précise et inversible de la probabilité d'erreur lorsque les signaux se propagent à travers un canal à évanouissements rapides de Rayleigh. Enfin parce que la prise en compte de l'interférence est un moyen avéré d'augmenter la capacité des réseaux, nous étudions les performances de la détection multiutilisateurs à maximum de vraisemblance (MUD-MLSE), dans un contexte WLAN à canaux recouvrant.

The goal of the thesis is to design the star-based mesh topology by introducing multiple pan-coordinators (hub/switches) under a multipath-fading environment and to improve the data transaction rate of a network which usually gets worst when there is a single pan-coordinator for synchronization of devices in conventional mesh topology; also reduce the hop-count as least as possible. Most of the work has been done on NS-2 network simulator; therefore the research model which has been used here is a simulation model. Altogether 3 simulations have been done. The first scenario is done on a simplest mesh network with a single coordinator and a radio propagation model which has been used is two-ray ground reflection model. The second scenario simulation is similar to the first scenario but in-order to provide multi-path signal fading and highly congested environment the propagation model which has been used this time is shadowing model. The final simulation which has been done is of multiple-star based mesh topology it also uses the similar radio propagation model which has been defined for second scenario. An intensive performance measurement of all the three simulations has been done in terms of transactions made per-second, packet drop rate along with an analysis of packet drop. An hop-count is also measured between star and mesh topology. For multiple star based mesh topology it can be assumed if multiple stars with a routing capability can be used then nodes in a network will be synchronized or re-synchronized with least number of hops in the congested network with a near-by pan-coordinator (hub/switch). One of the major applications of this topology can be automobile manufacturing industry where alot of machines are installed in a congested network and monitoring of every area is mandatory for swift production.

Στην απαρχή της καινούριας χιλιετίας, έχει γίνει πλέον ξεκάθαρος ο σπουδαίος ρόλος και η χρησιμότητα των ασυρμάτων τηλεπικοινωνιών και των εφαρμογών τους, η εξέλιξη των οποίων επικεντρώνεται σε μεγάλο βαθμό στις Ασύρματες Προσωπικές Τηλεπικοινωνίες (ΑΠΤ). Εξαιτίας της μεγάλης δημοτικότητας που έχουν τα συστήματα αυτά, υπάρχει συνεχής ανάγκη για αύξηση της χωρητικότητας και αναβάθμιση των παρεχόμενων υπηρεσιών ϕωνής και δεδομένων. Μια πολύ σημαντική περιοχή έρευνας για τις ΑΠΤ, που έχει προκύψει από τις παραπάνω απαιτήσεις, είναι η μελέτη και η αντιμετώπιση των προβλημάτων που δημιουργούνται στην επίδοση των δικτύων αυτών από διάφορα ϕαινόμενα που επιδρούν στο ασύρματο κανάλι. Σε αυτήν την ερευνητική περιοχή εστιάζεται και η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή, που έχει ως στόχο τη ϑεωρητική μελέτη της επίδοσης ασύρματων ψηφιακών τηλεπικοινωνιακών συστημάτων τα οποία υπόκεινται σε διαλείψεις. Για την καταπολέμηση των αρνητικών συνεπειών των διαλείψεων έχει υιοθετηθεί η τεχνική του διαφορισμού στο δέκτη. Σύμφωνα με αυτήν, ο δέκτης διαθέτει περισσότερες από μια κεραίες λήψης με αποτέλεσμα να λαμβάνει πολλαπλά αντίγραφα του εκπεμπόμενου σήματος, τα οποία συνδυάζει κατάλληλα ανάλογα με τις απαιτήσεις του διαχειριστή του δικτύου. Η διεθνής έρευνα για τη χρήση δεκτών διαφορισμού σε κανάλια Διαλείψεων Μικρής Κλίμακας (ΔΜΙΚ) είναι εκτενής και αφορά κυρίως κανάλια που βασίζονται στις κατανομές Rayleigh, Rice και Nakagamim. Δύο άλλες σημαντικές κατανομές για τη μοντελοποίηση των ΔΜΙΚ είναι η Weibull και, η γενίκευση της, η Γενικευμένη-Γάμα (ΓG), οι οποίες σε σύντομο χρονικό διάστημα έχουν κερδίσει εκτεταμένο επιστημονικό ενδιαφέρον στην περιοχή των ασύρματων κινητών τηλεπικοινωνιών. ΄Ομως, παρά το ενδιαφέρον αυτό, η μελέτη της επίδοσης δεκτών διαφορισμού σε κανάλια που μοντελοποιούνται με τις κατανομές αυτές, δεν έχει λάβει τις διαστάσεις που έχουν λάβει οι αντίστοιχες έρευνες για τις άλλες κατανομές. Αυτό οφείλεται σε μεγάλο βαθμό στη μεγάλη πολυπλοκότητα, από μαϑηματικής άποψης, που παρουσιάζει η στατιστική αναπαράσταση του σήματος της εξόδου πολλών τύπων δεκτών διαφορισμού που σε συνδυασμό με τη σχετικά σύνθετη μαθηματική έκφραση των κατανομών Weibull και ΓG, δημιουργεί δυσεπίλυτα προβλήματα. Στην παρούσα διατριβή, προσπερνώντας αυτές τις δυσκολίες, αρχικά μελετήθηκε η απόδοση μιας ειδικής κατηγορίας δεκτών διαφορισμού, του δέκτη Συνδυασμού Γενικευμένης Επιλογής (ΣΓΕ), ο οποίος λειτουργεί σε Ανεξάρτητα αλλά Μη-Ομοιόμορφα Κατανεμημένα (ΑΜΟΚ) κανάλια διαλείψεων Weibull. Σε αυτήν τη μελέτη εξετάζεται η περίπτωση όπου επιλέγονται οι δύο κλάδοι με το υψηλότερο λόγο σήματος προς ϑόρυβο, Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), από τους L διαθέσιμους, ΣΓΕ(2, L). Κατά συνέπεια, με την παρουσίαση μιας καινούριας ιδιότητας για το γινόμενο των ροπών ταξινομημένων Τυχαίων Μεταβλητών (ΤΜ) Weibull, γίνεται δυνατή η εξαγωγή εκφράσεων κλειστής μορφής για τις ροπές του SNR στην έξοδο των δεκτών ΣΓΕ(2, L). Χρησιμοποιώντας αυτές τις εκφράσεις δίνονται, σε κλειστή μορφή επίσης, σημαντικά κριτήρια επίδοσης όπως είναι ο Μέσος Λόγος Σήματος προς Θόρυβο (ΜΛΣΘ) και η Ποσότητα των Διαλείψεων (ΠΔ). Επιπλέον, με την εφαρμογή της ϑεωρίας των προσεγγιστών Pad´e και της προσέγγισης μέσω της Ροπο-Γεννήτριας Συνάρτησης (ΡΓΣ), γίνεται δυνατή η μελέτη της Πιθανότητας Διακοπής της Επικοινωνίας (ΠΔΕ) και της Μέσης Πιθανότητας Σφάλματος Bit (ΜΠΣΒ) του συστήματος. Στη συνέχεια, υποθέτοντας Ανεξάρτητα και Ομοιόμορφα Κατανεμημένα (ΑΟΚ) κανάλια διαλείψεων ΓG, παρουσιάστηκε σε κλειστή μορφή έκφραση για τις ροπές του SNR στην έξοδο των δεκτών ΣΓΕ(2, L), ενώ η ΡΓΣ και η Αθροιστική Συνάρτηση Κατανομής (ΑΣΚ) εξήχθησαν υπό τη μορφή απειροσειρών. Χρησιμοποιώντας αυτές τις εκφράσεις απλοποιείται σημαντικά η μελέτη των κριτηρίων επίδοσης της ΠΔΕ και της ΜΠΣΒ. Επιπλέον, παρουσιάστηκε η χωρητικότητα του καναλιού ΓG με τη χρήση ή όχι δεκτών διαφορισμού, με βάση πολύ γνωστές τεχνικές προσαρμογής της εκπομπής. Μια άλλη πολύ σημαντική ερευνητική περιοχή που αφορά τα κανάλια διαλείψεων και επηρεάζει σημαντικά την επίδοση των ασύρματων ψηφιακών τηλεπικοινωνιακών συστημάτων που λειτουργούν σε αυτά, είναι το σύνθετο περιβάλλον διάδοσης που δημιουργείται όταν οι ΔΜΙΚ συνυπάρχουν με Διαλείψεις Μεγάλης Κλίμακας (ΔΜΕΚ). Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή, αυτό το περιβάλλον διάδοσης μοντελοποιείται με τις σύνθετες κατανομές K και γενικευμένη-K (KG). Αυτές οι κατανομές είναι αρκετά γενικές, αλλά ταυτόχρονα και μαθηματικά ευέλικτες, και έχει διαπιστωθεί ότι είναι κατάλληλες για τη μοντελοποίηση των συνθηκών του καναλιού που προκύπτει όταν οι ΔΜΙΚ συμβαίνουν ταυτόχρονα με ΔΜΕΚ. Στην περίπτωση της κατανομής KG, εξάγονται σημαντικά στατιστικά χαρακτηριστικά του SNR στην έξοδο των δεκτών διαφορισμού Συνδυασμού Μεγίστου Λόγου (ΣΜΛ), Συνδυασμού ΄Ισης Απολαβής (ΣΙΑ), Συνδυασμού Μεταγωγής και Παραμονής (ΣΜΠ) και του δέκτη Διαφορισμού Επιλογής (ΔΕ). Χρησιμοποιώντας αυτές τις εκφράσεις και υποθέτωντας ΑΜΟΚ συνθήκες διαλείψεων του καναλιού KG, εξάγονται σε κλειστή μορφή τα κριτήρια επίδοσης ΜΛΣΘ, ΠΔΕ και ΠΔ. Επιπλέον, ακολουθώντας την προσέγγιση που βασίζεται στη ΡΓΣ για τους δέκτες ΣΜΛ και ΣΜΠ και τους προσεγγιστές Pad´e για τους δέκτες ΣΙΑ και ΔΕ μελετάται η ΜΠΣΒ. Για την περίπτωση της κατανομής K, υποθέτωντας επιπλέον συσχετισμένες ΤΜ, παρουσιάζεται και μελετάται η συσχετισμένη (δι-μεταβαλλόμενη) κατανομή K, η οποία χαρακτηρίζεται από μη ομοιόμορφους παράγοντες μορφοποίησης και κλίμακας. Η σύνθετη αυτή κατανομή είναι βολική για τη μοντελοποίηση του συσχετισμένου περιβάλλοντος διαλείψεων/σκίασης, όταν η συσχέτιση μεταξύ των πλατών των σημάτων και της ισχύος τους είναι διαφορετική. Για αυτήν την κατανομή, εξάγονται γενικές εκφράσεις με απειροσειρές για τη Συνάρτηση Πυκνότητας Πιθανότητας (ΣΠΠ), την ΑΣΚ και τις από κοινού ροπές. Υποθέτοντας ομοιόμορφους παράγοντες κλίμακας και ασυσχέτιστη ισχύ σημάτων, παρέχονται απλούστερες εκφράσεις για τη ΣΠΠ, την ΑΣΚ και τη χαρακτηριστική συνάρτηση, ενώ οι από κοινού ροπές εξάγονται σε κλειστή μορφή. Επιπλέον, βασιζόμενοι σε αυτές τις ϑεωρητικές εκφράσεις της δι-μεταβαλλόμενης κατανομής K, παρουσιάζεται η ανάλυση της επίδοσης σημαντικών δεκτών διαφορισμού, όπως είναι οι δέκτες ΣΜΛ, ΣΙΑ και ΔΕ οι οποίοι λειτουργούν σε συσχετισμένα κανάλια διαλείψεων K. Για το δέκτη ΔΕ μελετάται η ΠΔΕ, ενώ για τους δέκτες ΣΜΛ και ΣΙΑ η ΜΠΣΒ. Γενικά η προτεινόμενη ανάλυση συνοδεύεται από αριθμητικά αποτελέσματα, τα οποία επιδεικνύουν ξεκάθαρα τη χρησιμότητα και την ευελιξία της ϑεωρητικής προσέγγισης. Τα αριθμητικά αυτά αποτελέσματα περιλαμβάνουν σύγκριση της επίδοσης διαφορετικών δεκτών διαφορισμού, συνθηκών καναλιού και τεχνικών διαμόρφωσης. / At the beginning of the new millennium, it becomes totaly clear the important role and usefulness of the wireless communication systems and their applications, which continue to evolute in several areas including Personal Communication Services (PCS). In this context there is a continuing demand for increased capacity and integration of the provided services, such as voice, data and other types of traffic, over radio channels. One of the key technical problem areas that has emerged out is the requirement for determining the fading effects on network performance. This also the research area of the current Philosophy diploma, which aims to the theoretical study of the performance analysis of wireless communication systems, which are subject to fading. The current study has employed diversity reception as a fading mitigation technique. According to this technique, the receiver employs more than one antennae, in order to receive multiple copies of the transmitted signal. Hence, these copies are appropriate combined in order to satisfy network administrator demands. The technical literature concerning diversity reception techniques over fading channels is quite extensive. However, it deals mainly with fading channels, which are based on Rayleigh, Rice, and Nakagami-m distributions. Additionally, important distributions for modeling small scale fading are also the Weibull and, its generalization, the generalized-gamma (ΓG), which have recently gained an increased scientific interest in the wireless mobile communication area. However, the performance analysis of diversity receivers operating over fading channels, modeled by these distributions, has not been thoroughly investigated. Reasons for that include the composite statistical representation of several diversity receivers output in conjunction with the quite complicated mathematical expressions of the Weibull and/or ΓG distributions. In this thesis, by overcoming these difficulties the performance of a class of Generalized-Selection Combining (GSC) receivers operating over independent but non identically distributed Weibull fading channels is studied. The case where the two branches with the largest instantaneous Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) are selected, from a total of L available GSC(2, L), is considered. By introducing a novel property for the product of moments of ordered Weibull Random Variables (RV), convenient closed form expressions for the moments of the GSC(2, L) output SNR are derived. Using these expressions, important performance criteria, such as average output SNR and amount of fading (AF ), are obtained in closed form. Furthermore, employing the Pad´e approximants theory and the Moment-Generating Function (MGF)-based approach, outage and bit-error rate performances are studied. Additionally, by considering independent and identical distributed (iid) ΓG fading channels, the moments of the output SNR of the GSC(2, L) receivers were derived, also, in closed form, while infinite series representations were obtained for the MGF and the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF). Using these expressions, a simplified study of the Outage Probability (OP) and Average Bit Error Probability (ABEP) performance criteria can be performed. Moreover, the capacity of the ΓG fading channel, using different adaptation policies, is also studied, with and without diversity reception. Another important research issue concerning the performance analysis of wireless digital communications systems operating over fading channels, is the composite propagation environment arising in cases where fading is superimposed on shadowing. In the current thesis this propagation environment is modeled by the K and generalized-K (KG) composite distributions. These distributions are quite general and mathematical versatile, and have been found to be appropriate for accurately modeling the channel conditions when fading occurs simultaneously with shadowing. For the KG distribution, expressions for important statistical metrics of the output SNR for the Selection Diversity (SD) receiver and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), Equal Gain Combining (EGC), and Switch and Stay Combining (SSC) diversity receivers are derived. Using these expressions and by considering independent but not necessarily identical distributed fading channel conditions, performance criteria, such as average output SNR, AF and OP are obtained in closed form. Moreover, following the MGFbased approach for MRC and SSC receivers, and the Pad´e approximants theory for SD and EGC receivers, the ABEP is also studied. For the case of the K distribution, assuming correlated RVs, the correlated (bivariate) K distribution, with not necessarily identical shaping and scaling parameters, is introduced and studied. This composite distribution is convenient for modeling multipath/shadowing correlated fading environments when the correlations between the signal envelopes and their powers are different. For this distribution, generic infinite series representations are derived for the Probability Density Function (PDF), the CDF and the joint moments. Assuming identical shaping parameters and uncorrelated signal powers, simpler expressions for the PDF, CDF and the Characteristic Function (CF) are provided, while the joint moments are derived in closed form. Capitalizing on these theoretical expressions for the statistical characteristics of the correlated K distribution, the performance analysis of various diversity reception techniques, such as MRC, EGC and SD, over bivariate K fading channels is presented. For the SD, the outage probability is studied, while for the MRC and EGC the ABEP is obtained. In general the proposed analysis is accompanied by several numerical evaluated results, clearly demonstrating the usefulness and flexibility of the theoretical approach. These numerical results include performance comparisons of several diversity receiver structures, employing various modulation formats and different channel conditions.

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη των μεθόδων βελτιστοποίησης της ποιότητας των παρεχομένων υπηρεσιών των δικτύων κυτταρικής τηλεφωνίας τρίτης γενιάς σε διαλειπτικό περιβάλλον. Αρχικά γίνεται μια σύντομη ιστορική αναδρομή στην εξέλιξη των συστημάτων κινητών επικοινωνιών και παρουσιάζεται το σημαντικότερο πρότυπο τρίτης γενιάς, το UMTS και τα ιδιαίτερα τεχνικά χαρακτηριστικά του. Στην συνέχεια αναλύεται το LTE το οποίο αποτελεί την τελευταία εξέλιξη των δικτύων τρίτης γενιάς και αναμένεται να αντικαταστήσει το UMTS στο άμεσο μέλλον αποτελώντας στην πραγματικότητα τον πρόδρομο των συστημάτων τέταρτης γενιάς. Στην συνέχεια εστιάζουμε στα διαλειπτικά κανάλια αναλύοντας τα φαινόμενα που παρατηρούνται σε αυτά και τα στατιστικά μοντέλα μέσα από τα οποία περιγράφονται. Παράλληλα διερευνάται η επίδραση των φαινομένων αυτών (θετική ή αρνητική) στο QoS των δικτύων τρίτης γενιάς βάσει των χαρακτηριστικών τους (όπως παρουσιάστηκαν στο κεφάλαιο 1) και οι δυνατότητες για περαιτέρω βελτιστοποίηση κατα τον σχεδιασμό των δικτύων και την σωστή εκμετάλλευση των χαρακτηριστικών του περιβάλλοντος όδευσης. Ιδιαίτερη αναφορά γίνεται στα μοντέλα εσωτερικού χώρου λόγω του μεγάλου φορτίου κίνησης που καλούνται να εξυπηρετήσουν. Στο τελευταίο μέρος παρουσιάζεται η διαδικασία παραμετροποίησης κάποιων σημαντικών μοντέλων και τα αποτελέσματα των εξομοιώσεων που έγιναν στον χώρο του κτηρίου των Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών. / The subject of this diploma thesis is the study of the optimization techniques of the quality of service for third generation cellular telephony networks in fading enviroment. After a short presentation of the evolution of the systems of wireless telecommunications, it is discussed UMTS the most important third generation system which dominated the european market and its technical features. LTE is also introduced, the system which is expected to replace UMTS in the near future while being the predecessor of the fourth generation systems. Then we focus on the fading channels analysing the phenomena wich are related to them and analysing the statistical models that describe them. It is also studied the effect (positive or negative) of these phenomena on the QoS of the third generation networks and the optimization methods which can be applied during the network designing process with special reference to the indoor propagation models because of the big amount of traffic load that they are asked to serve. At the last chapter of the thesis there is a presentation of the parameter setting procedure for some important models and the outcomes of the simulation that took place in the building of Electronic Engineering.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In recent decades emerge in organizational studies a new perspective to Organizational Analysis. In this approach, Karl Weick highlights the importance of studying the processes instead of the organizational structures, and to understand the organization not as a noun but as a verb \"organizing\". So, in an attempt to spread this view for organizations, this dissertation analyzes a belo-horizontino theater group, Grupo Galpão, in order to understand it as a result of its practices, its phenomena, watching for their production of meaning and a procedural perspective. Thus, the objective of this research was: To understand how Grupo Galpão is organized as a result of its practices and processes. For this, on the first stage of the research, I used documentary sources, like books, theses, dissertations, journals, newspaper clippings and footage that narrate the history of the group, as well as personal accounts of performances, rehearsals, workshops. On the second stage, I used the observation technique known as shadowing, for 35 days, totaling 185 hours. During that time, I accompanied the group in its rehearsals, meetings, presentations, travels and administrative activities. Also, I accompanied the group on a trip to Jacareí, including the trip to the city, hosting and presentations. And, on the third phase, I realized 16 individual interviews with group members. Analysis of actions and events that constitute the web of social practices of Grupo Galpão, I observe that there is an attempt to formalize the processes, centralization the functions, verticalization of decisions and expansion of the group. However, the organizing practices makes the organization is always changing, so, I analyzed four dichotomies present in constant organization of Grupo Galpão practices: Informality X Formality, Fragmentation X Centralization, Horizontality X Verticality, Collection X Expansion. The production of meaning and its processes are, closely related to how they organize, therefore, to organize try, together, assign meaning to their actions, generating a cycle. In other words, the practice directs the creation of meaning, that, consequently, guide the next steps. In addition, I identified three cases of sensemaking: hiring an executive manager, conquest of a new space and a creation of a new show: Pocket. And, I related the absence of rules with oppression, neglect and inequality. / Nas últimas décadas, emerge nos estudos organizacionais uma nova perspectiva de análise das organizações. Nessa abordagem, Karl Weick (1969) ressalta a importância de se estudar os processos ao invés das estruturas organizacionais, e de entender a organização não como um substantivo, mas como um verbo (organizing). Assim, na tentativa de lançar esse olhar para as organizações, neste trabalho, analiso um grupo de teatro belo-horizontino, o Grupo Galpão, voltando à atenção para sua produção de sentido em uma perspectiva processual. Dessa forma, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi compreender como o Grupo Galpão se organiza como resultado de práticas e processos. Para isso, na primeira etapa da pesquisa, utilizei de fontes documentais (livros, teses, dissertações, revistas, recortes de jornais e filmagens que narram a trajetória do grupo, além de relatos pessoais das apresentações, ensaios, workshops). Na segunda etapa, utilizei a técnica de observação denominada shadowing, durante 35 dias, totalizando 185 horas. Durante esse tempo, acompanhei o grupo em seus ensaios, reuniões, apresentações, viagens e atividades administrativas. Também, acompanhei o grupo em uma viagem a Jacareí, incluindo o deslocamento para a cidade, hospedagem e apresentações. E, na terceira etapa, realizei 16 entrevistas individuais com integrantes do grupo. Ao analisar as ações e eventos que constituem a malha de práticas sociais do Grupo Galpão notei que há uma tentativa de formalização dos processos, centralização das funções, verticalização das decisões e expansão do grupo. No entanto, o constante organizar das práticas, faz com que a organização esteja sempre se modificando, assim, analisei quatro dicotomias presentes no constante organizar do Grupo Galpão: Informalidade X Formalidade, Fragmentação X Centralização, Horizontalidade X Verticalidade, Recolhimento X Expansão. A produção de sentido e seus processos estão, intimamente, relacionados à forma como se organizam, pois ao se organizarem, tentam, conjuntamente, atribuir sentido às suas ações, gerando um ciclo. Ou seja, a prática direciona a criação de sentido, que, consequentemente, guiam as próximas ações. Além disso, identifiquei três casos de sensemaking: a contratação de um gerente executivo, a busca pela nova sede e a montagem de um espetáculo: Pocket. E relacionei a ausência de regras com a opressão, o descaso e as desigualdades. / Mestre em Administração

High Altitude Platforms (HAP) has been evolving to make a new history in wireless communications infrastructure. A number of applications and services have been proposed for HAP based communications which advance HAP over terrestrial and satellite infrastructure for future communications. Providing high speed multimedia mobile communications through HAPs to the users of Third Generation (3G) holds strong position using one of the proposed band, 2GHz. In this study we investigated how to improve the performance of 3G serving from HAP over a territory having suburban characteristics. Two proposed channel models, free space loss and shadowing loss, has been used to analyze the performance of HAP systems at 2GHz frequency band for suburban regions. Three different parameters namely antenna bore point, HAP antenna roll off factor and user antenna roll off factor have proposed to improve the performance of HAP systems while considering suburban regions. A scenario has introduced consisting of an ideal suburban and rural region to serve 3G services while emphasizing on suburban region. The number of HAPs required to serve the defined suburban region is restricted to at least three due to elevation dependent losses in the scenario. The three proposed parameters have been used to improve the performance of 3G services over the selected suburban region. Application of the parameters over suburban region gives different performances which can be categorized in different ways. Some of the parameters are more elastic than others for a certain coverage area. We conclude with adaptive application of the parameters for 3G services over suburban area to have improved performance of HAP. / +46720459586

This work is divided in to two distinct parts. In the first part a model is developed to assess the redistribution of wave energy about an offshore array of overtopping type wave energy converters. The model is based on a classical analytical solution for diffraction about a breakwater which is modified to consider an array of dissipating, reflecting and transmitting breakwater segments, which are used to approximate an overtopping type WEC array. The model is computationally efficient and phase resolving which allows the effect of wave scattering to be investigated for large domains with high resolution irregular wave distributions. It was found that the radial waves generated by the diffraction effect spreads and defocus wave energy away from the geometrical shadow of the array. This counteracts the rate of recovery of wave energy deficit from wave directional spreading. In the second part, short-term wave forecasting for pneumatic power regulation through relief valve control is investigated at the Pico oscillating water column power plant, located in the Azores. Operational data from the Pico OWC is used to develop and critically assess a number of univariate and multivariate short-term wave forecast modelling approaches. A number of relief valve control strategies, which utilise a short-term wave forecast, are also developed and assessed using a numerical time-domain wave to wire system model. A system model for the Pico OWC is developed and validated using operational data from the Pico plant. The absolute performance potential resulting from control utilising a perfect forecast is considered, in addition to the realistic potential where a forecast, realisable in real-time, is used to drive control actions. One of the proposed relief valve control strategies is within the mechanical limitations of the existing relief valve adjustment system at Pico and this strategy was deployed in real field tests. Field test results of the plant’s performance under this strategy closely matched the simulated performance and power enhancements of up to 29% were achieved in certain sea states and the expected annual power enhancement was projected to be around 10%. Simulations of the long term plant performance under the more advanced relief valve control strategies project far greater potential for enhanced power production although these could not be tested in the field due to the project limitations.

THIS THESIS IS IN THE EXAMINATION PROCESS Christian Frederik Louis Leipoldt was born in on 28 December 1880 in the Rhenish House in Worcester, Cape Province, the fourth child of the Reverend Christian Friedrich Leipoldt and Anna Meta Christina Leipoldt (born Esselen). His father left the mission field to take up the position of the dominee in the Dutch Reformed Church in Clanwilliam where the Leipoldt family went to live, from 1884. Leipoldt received his education from his father at home, on a broad range of subjects, including several languages and also in the natural sciences. He became interested in writing from a very young age and sent pieces of his writing for publication when still a boy. When he was fifteen he began sending dried plant specimens to Professor McOwan in Cape Town, from Clanwilliam. It was through his interest in botany that Leipoldt met Dr Harry Bolus, a life-long friend. Leipoldt wrote the Civil Service examinations in 1897 after which he went to Cape Town to work as a journalist. Living in Cape Town he served on the staff of the pro-Boer newspaper, The South African News from 1898 until it was closed down by the British authorities in 1902, when he travelled to Britain to look for work as a journalist in London. Soon after arriving there he took up the offer from Bolus who would lend him money to study medicine at Guy’s Hospital. It was more or less at this time that some of his early literature on the South African War was written, for instance, his well-known poem, Oom Gert Vertel (published in 1911). After successfully obtaining his MRCS medical qualification in 1907, winning gold medals for medicine and surgery in the process, he briefly served as Acting House Surgeon at Guy’s until 1908 when he travelled to Europe to work in a number of hospitals to receive further training. Later the same year he took up a post as medical adviser to J D Pulitzer, the American newspaper owner. Thereafter he worked as a doctor in London except for the time he proceeded on a four month visit to the East in 1912, the experience of which he penned in a manuscript entitled ‘Visit to the East Indies.’In 1914 he returned to South Africa to take up a post as Medical Inspector of Schools with the Transvaal Education Department. During the First World War in South Africa, he was drafted into the army as the personal medical doctor to the Prime Minister at the time, Genl Louis Botha. He resigned from his post as Medical Inspector in 1923 to take up an offer from Dr F V Engelenburg to serve on the editorial staff of the pro-Smuts newspaper De Volkstem,. He worked there until 1925 when he and the newly appointed editor Gustav Preller did not see eye to eye and it was then that he decided to return to Cape Town. His second Cape Town period (1925 – 1947) was characterized by the most prolific writing, during which he published a great many works across a broad range of topics. Furthermore, though he never married, he adopted Jeffrey Leipoldt, and took in a number of boys as boarders in his home ‘Arbury’ in Kenilworth, Cape Town. At the same time as he wrote most prolifically for a wide range of publications including many novels, he taught pediatrics at the University of Cape Town Medical School and practised as a pediatrician in the city. C Louis Leipoldt was a versatile person who published across a wide range of fields, to include literature, medical studies, letters to friends and associates, the history of wine and cookery, and what few seem to be aware of, his three English historical novels that make up The Valley, written in English between 1928 and 1932. Whilst Leipoldt’s early work such as Oom Gert Vertel gave voice to the suffering of the Afrikaner people, in The Valley, his voice is one of protest against the isolationist policies of the National Party of the 1920s.</p/> Whilst Leipoldt will be known for his work as the inaugural medical inspector of schools of the Transvaal Education Department, the inaugural lecturer in pediatrics at the University of Cape Town and Cape Town’s first practising pediatrician, he will also be known for his wide oeuvre as a writer. For example, he served as the Medical Association of South Africa’s first editor of its South African Medical Journal, a post he held for 18 years. Leipoldt never married and died on 13 April 1947 in Cape Town. His ashes were scattered in the Pakhuis Pass near Clanwilliam, where there is a memorial to his life. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted