Yes / This paper presents experimental and numerical investigation on an innovative composite floor system with deconstructability. In this system, a composite slab formed with metal profiled decking is connected to a steel beam using demountable shear connectors. A series of push tests was conducted to investigate the behaviour of this form of shear connectors. In addition to the push tests, a full-scale composite beam was tested to failure in the laboratory under a number of cycles of monotonic loading. For direct comparison, a similar composite beam test was conducted using same section size, concrete strength, but using the conventional welded headed stud connectors. Test results showed that the behaviour of the composite beam with demountable shear connectors is comparable with the specimen with welded shear connectors. After the test was terminated, the demountable shear connectors were unfastened and the composite floor can be easily lifted off from the steel beam. Test result showed that these demountable shear connectors possess high ductility in comparison with the equivalent welded shear connectors. Simple design rules currently use in Eurocode 4 for the welded shear connections and Eurocode 3 for bolts are proposed to predict the shear resistance of this form of demountable shear connectors.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Paula M da Silva.pdf: 4087845 bytes, checksum: 855996b6cf9b9a51b1746a9073e6bcf6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-30 / A structure is designed to have satisfactory performance during its life given the requirements for which it was designed. When performance becomes unsatisfactory, intervention is needed in order to rehabilitate the structure. Structural rehabilitation is characterized by increasing the structure‟s original load bearing capacity. Of the various existing intervention techniques, this work studies the technique that increases the concrete section by adding more concrete to the compression side and evaluates the effectiveness of shear connectors to bond the new concrete to the base concrete. The increase of the concrete section and the layout of the shear connectors were done along the entire length of the beam. There were two test series. In the first test series, called preliminary tests, the variable studied was the type of connector in order to determine which type ("I", "U" or "AF") would present more efficient results. In the second test series we adopted the connector type "I", which showed the best results from the first series. The variables studied in the second series were the shear connector ratio, the influence of pre-cracking and the presence of confining reinforcement in the new concrete region. The surface treatment used was manual blasting without the use of bonding agents. The test results indicated that the presence of shear connectors type "I", a small ribbed reinforcement bar, prevented the loss of bond between the base concrete and the new concrete, prevented splitting of the new concrete cover which was observed in tests with beams reinforced without the shear connectors. Good results were obtained with respect to increased load bearing capacity of the beams, since even the pre-cracked beams gained strength as well as strength increased in non-cracked ones. / Uma estrutura é concebida para ter desempenho satisfatório durante sua vida útil atendendo aos requisitos para os quais ela foi projetada. Quando seu desempenho se torna insatisfatório é necessário que haja intervenção de forma a reabilitar a estrutura. O reforço estrutural tem a característica de reabilitar a estrutura aumentando sua capacidade portante original. Das várias técnicas de intervenção existente, optou-se por estudar nesse trabalho a técnica pelo aumento da seção de concreto pela face comprida avaliando a eficiência do uso de conectores de cisalhamento ligando o concreto do substrato ao concreto do reforço. O aumento da seção de concreto e a disposição dos conectores se deram ao longo de todo o comprimento longitudinal da peça. Foram realizadas duas séries de ensaio. Na primeira série de ensaios, denominados ensaios preliminares, a variável estudada foi o tipo de conector com o objetivo de determinar qual deles ( I , U ou AF ) apresentaria resultado mais eficiente. Na segunda série de ensaios adotou-se o conector tipo I , que apresentou os melhores resultados da primeira série. As variáveis de estudo da segunda série foram a taxa de conector, a influência da pré-fissuração e da armadura de confinamento na região do reforço. O tratamento de superfície adotado foi o apicoamento manual sem uso de ponte de aderência. Os resultados dos ensaios indicaram que a presença do conector de cisalhamento tipo I , formado por uma barra nervurada reta, conseguiu impedir a perda da aderência entre o concreto novo e o substrato, impedindo o desplacamento parcial entre estes materiais que havia sido observado nas vigas reforçadas sem os conectores. Obtiveram-se bons resultados com relação ao aumento da capacidade portante das vigas, visto que até nas peças pré-fissuradas houve ganho de resistência assim como nas peças íntegras.

A common bridge type is the steel-concrete bridge where the concrete deck is built over steel girders. In many earlier designs the bridge type was often built as non-composite, which means that the concrete deck and the steel girder has no shear connection at the steel-concrete interface and therefore bend as individual components. With the increased traffic loads of today some of the existing non-composite bridges have insufficient bending capacity, and therefore they must either be replaced or strengthened. To replace a bridge and construct a new one has many downsides, it is time consuming, expensive, and it consumes a lot of finite resources. Therefore, it is better if the bridges could be strengthened instead. Non-composite steel-concrete bridges can in some cases be strengthened by installing shear connectors that enable composite action between the concrete deck and steel girder. To enable full composite action, many shear connectors need to be installed (10-15 per meter). In some cases, full composite action is not needed to achieve a sufficient load capacity. Therefore, to save time and money and reduce material usage, it could be favourable if the amount of shear connectors could be lowered. The concept of using less shear connectors than required for full composite action is known as partial composite action and is defined as a ratio η that can vary between 0 and 1,0. If the ratio is 0, the structure is non-composite and if it is 1,0, it is fully composite. For every ratio between, the structure is partially composite. Partial composite action is not allowed by the standard for new composite bridges in Europe, EN 1994-2, which instead requires full composite action for new bridges. Since the conventional shear connector type, Welded Headed Stud (WHS) is impractical for post-installation this can yield large costs. This thesis therefore analyses the efficiency of strengthening non-composite bridges with partial composite action by post-installation of the shear connector type Coiled Spring Pins (CSPs), which is more suitable for post-installation compared to WHS since the installation can be made from underneath the bridge deck. The thesis consists of a theoretical study about composite action with a focus on partial composite action. In addition to the theoretical study, a case study is performed on an existing non-composite steel-concrete bridge, the bridge over Yxlö channel, which is situated south of Stockholm in Nynäshamn municipality. In the case study, hand-calculations to calculate the moment capacity for the bridge and the bending stresses in the bridge is made. In addition, a linear Finite Element-analysis (FE-Analysis) is made to evaluate the bending stresses in the cross-section. Further, in the FE-analysis, the horizontal slip and shear flow at the steel-concrete interface is evaluated. The calculations in the case study are made for 10 different degrees of shear connection from 0 - 1,0 with increments of 0,1. The results from the hand-calculations showed that partial composite action an efficient strengthening method, especially for lower degrees of shear connection. The moment capacity in the mid-section of the bridge could be increased between 16 and 41 % for shear connection ratios between 0,4 and 1,0, when applying plastic properties. If elastic properties were used, the increase in moment capacity for the same interval and section was 13 – 21 %, which shows that if it is possible to use plastic properties, the moment capacity could be increased more.  The results from the stress analysis in both the Hand- and FE-calculations showed that the stresses were reduced efficiently, especially for the top flange of the steel girder, where the stresses reduced 75-85 % for shear connection ratios between 0,4 & 1,0. The reduction of the stresses in the bottom flange were not as efficient, but still a reduction of 15 – 20 % is possible for shear connection ratio between 0,4 – 1,0. The overall conclusion from the thesis is that partial composite action can be an efficient strengthening method, and that non-composite bridges like the Yxlö Bridge could be strengthened with CSPs and have an effective increase of the bending moment capacity. This way the allowed axle- and bogie load on the bridge could be increased which could extend the technical life length of the bridge and reduce the need for new bridges.

No / Circular economy is an economic system aimed at minimizing wastes and making the most of the current resources. This regenerative approach contrasts with the traditional linear economy, which has been adopted by the construction industry. Developing new construction technologies for sustainable built environment is a top priority for the construction industry throughout the world. Much of the environmental impact from the construction industry is associated with the consumption of resources and generation of waste. The construction industry in Europe consumes over 70,000 million tonnes of materials each year and generates over 250 million tonnes of waste. Composite flooring formed by connecting the concrete slabs to the supporting steel beams has been widely used for many years and is well established as one of the most efficient floor systems in multi storey steel frame building structures. However, shear connectors are welded through the steel decking to the steel beams and cast into the concrete; this made deconstruction and reuse of these components almost impossible. A new composite flooring system which allows for the reuse of the steel beams and composite floor slabs is developed and tested to assess its potential and suitability for reuse. This paper presents the results of a series of full scale beam tests and demonstrates the reusability of this new form of composite flooring systems. Simplified hand calculations are also provided and compared against beam tests / EPSRC, Structural Metal Deck Ltd.

As pontes tradicionais de madeira no Brasil, nem sempre atingem as condições plenamente satisfatórias em estradas vicinais, exigem manutenção contínua e a maioria não está adequada ao tráfego pesado usual. As pontes mistas de madeira e concreto destacam-se como alternativa econômica apresenta grande resistência e rigidez além de exigir baixa manutenção. Neste trabalho os estudos dos tabuleiros mistos de madeira e concreto para pontes desenvolveram-se em três fases: estudo da ancoragem de barras de aço coladas em peças estruturais de madeira; estudo dos conectores de cisalhamento formados por barras de aço coladas na madeira em corpos-de-prova mistos de madeira e concreto e, estudos; construções e análises de protótipos de tabuleiros mistos de madeira e concreto. Nos estudos de ancoragens, as barras de aço com superfície deformada, do tipo CA-50 com tensão de escoamento 'F IND.Y,K' = 500 MPa, foram coladas em furos com diâmetros maiores, inclinadas de '0, 45 e 90 GRAUS' em relação às fibras das madeiras. Utilizaram-se quatro tipos de resina epóxi e uma poliuretana, considerando as principais variáveis que influenciam na resistência de ancoragem. Os corpos-de-prova foram construídos com amostragens de madeiras de: Eucalyptus citriodora (ρ 12% = 1000 kg/'M POT.3') e Pinus oocarpa shiede (ρ 12% = 550 kg/'M POT.3'). Os testes de ancoragem apresentam as estimativas das resistências médias obtidas por meio de análise de regressão múltipla e as resistências características, obtidas pelo limite inferior do intervalo de confiança a 90%. Nos estudos dos conectores de cisalhamento utilizaram-se corpos-de-prova mistos, do tipo push out, executados com madeira roliça natural de Eucalyptus citriodora tratada com CCA e concreto armado de média resistência. Os conectores de cisalhamento, em três variações, foram executados com barras de aço do tipo CA-50 ancoradas na madeira, com a resina epóxi SIKADUR 32 fluido e inclinados de '45 GRAUS' em relação às fibras, os resultados apresentam, as resistências últimas médias, as resistências características; os valores médios e os valores característicos dos módulos de deslizamento da conexão. Nos estudos, projetos e execuções de dois tabuleiros mistos, de madeira e concreto, utilizaram-se toras de Eucalyptus citriodora tratadas com CCA, concreto armado de média resistência e conectores de barras de aço coladas com resina epóxi no formato X. Análises estáticas foram realizadas submetendo os tabuleiros às provas de carga, utilizando caminhões. Os deslocamentos na linha central transversal foram medidos e comparados com os valores teóricos calculados usando um modelo de cálculo que considera o tabuleiro misto como uma placa ortotrópica equivalente. Os conectores apresentaram alta resistência; alta rigidez e modo de ruptura uniforme. Os tabuleiros mistos de madeira e concreto apresentaram muito bom desempenho, confirmaram-se as hipóteses fundamentais e o modelo de cálculo proposto. / The traditional timber bridges in secondary roads in Brazil not always meet the requirements of quality, but they also demand continuing maintenance and adequacy to heavy traffic. The mixed wood-concrete deck bridges arise as a viable alternative, because of its low construction cost, low maintenance and its high strength and stiffness. In this thesis the mixed wood concrete deck bridge studies was showed in three phases: the experimental pull out strength results of bonded-in steel rods in wood beams studs; the experimental analysis on shear connectors in mixed wood concrete specimens using bonded-in steel bars and, designs; constructions and statistics tests on log-concrete composed deck bridges was presented too. In the anchorage studies the deformed and reinforced CA-50 steel bars, with the minimum yield strength of 500 Mpa, were bonded in holes drilled at angles of '0, 45 and 90 DEGREES' between the rods and on the direction of grain. Four types of epoxy and one polyurethane adhesive were used regarding the influence of the most significant variables. The specimens were made using Eucalyptus citriodora (ρ 12% = 1000 kg/'M POT.3') and Pinus oocarpa shiede (ρ 12% = 550 kg/'M POT.3') beams. The pull out tests presents the median strength results estimated by multiple regression analysis and the characteristics response estimated by the lower range in 90% of the confidence interval. In the shear connections studies were carried using specimens of push out tests type made of logs of Eucalyptus citriodora treated with CCA and medium strength reinforced concrete. The shear connectors, in three shapes, were made with CA-50 steel bars bonded-in wood with SIKADUR 32 fluid epoxi resin, with '45 DEGREES' angles between the rods and on the direction of grain. The results presents the ultimate limit strength median, the characteristics strength, the slip modulus medians and the characteristics slip modulus. In the studies, designs and executions of two mixed wood-concrete decks bridge were used made of logs of Eucalyptus citriodora treated with CCA, medium strength reinforced concrete, and bonded-in steel CA-50 rods, as shear connectors in X format. Same static loads test on the bridges was carried out using a truck. Deflections in the medium span transversal directions were measured and analytically predicted using an equivalent orthotropic plate model. The shear connectors showed high ultimate strength and stiffness and, uniforms failure mode. The results showed a very good performance to the composed log-concrete deck bridges, it confirms the fundamental hypothesis and calculus model suggested.

As vigas mistas de aço e concreto têm sido amplamente empregadas em edifícios e pontes, havendo ampla investigação teórica e experimental a respeito da utilização de perfis laminados e soldados e conectores de cisalhamento compatíveis com esses perfis, como por exemplo, o conector tipo pino com cabeça (stud bolt) e perfil U laminado. No âmbito dos perfis formados a frio, a utilização do sistema misto ainda é incipiente, necessitando de investigações mais aprofundadas a respeito do comportamento estrutural e a adequação dos modelos de cálculo adotados para vigas mistas em perfis laminados e soldados. No Brasil, a ampla disponibilidade de aços planos tem impulsionado o emprego do sistema misto constituído por perfis formados a frio em edifícios de pequeno porte, porém, mediante concepções clássicas, o que não conduz a um aproveitamento mais racional do sistema. Neste trabalho foi investigado um sistema não-convencional de vigas mistas em perfil cartola leve preenchido com concreto, cuja conexão com a laje foi feita mediante duas soluções: conectores do tipo alça em barra chata soldados ao perfil e conectores do tipo alça em barra redonda soldados ao perfil. Foi feita avaliação do comportamento estrutural da conexão aço-concreto, via ensaios de cisalhamento direto (push-out tests), e ensaios em vigas mistas simplesmente apoiadas para avaliação da região de momento fletor positivo. Os conectores de cisalhamento apresentaram ductilidade e resistência compatíveis com as vigas mistas analisadas, e as respostas de rigidez e resistência à flexão para uma condição de interação completa comprovam que a hipótese de plastificação total da seção descreve com precisão o comportamento estrutural do sistema proposto. / The composite steel and concrete beams have been largely applied in buildings and bridges constructions, having also a large amount of theoretical and experimental investigations about the use of hot-rolled and welded shapes and shear connectors that are compatible with these members, as for an example, the stud bolt and channel connectors. In the cold-formed steel sections scope, the use of a composite steel and concrete solution is still premature, what makes necessary a higher degree of a structural behavior investigation and the adequacy of the theoretical solutions proposed, also for the composite steel and concrete hot-rolled and welded shapes. In Brazil, the high availability of steel sheets has pushed the employee of the composite system of cold-formed steel in small and mid-height buildings, however, because of classical conceptions, it doesn\'t lead too a more rational use of the system. It was investigated in this work a non-conventional lightweight composite system formed by hat-shaped beams filled with concrete, witch connection with the slab was done by means of two solutions: arc-shaped connectors in at bars welded too the section and arc-shaped connectors in round bars welded too the section. An analysis was conducted for evaluation of the structural behavior in the steel and concrete interface by push-out tests, and tests in simple two points supported beams for evaluation of the bending strength. The shear connectors showed ductility and resistance compatible with the analyzed composite beams and the stiffness and bending resistance responses for the given condition of full interaction showed that the full section plastification consideration describes with precision the structural behavior of the proposed system.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 5185340 bytes, checksum: 2affa702a631cd03bd10eb05ee16522a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-28 / In the latest years, several studies about shear connectors in perforated flat steel plates have been conducted in order to assess its application in composite structures of steel and concrete, including experimental and numerical approaches. Nevertheless, the behavior of these connectors remains a subject of investigation. This work presents the development of a numerical model capable of simulating the behavior of steel-concrete connection with Crestbond shear connectors using the Finite Element Method. The numerical analysis was performed using the ABAQUS software, considering the elastoplastic behavior for steel and the Concrete Damage Plasticity model for concrete. In order to validate the numerical model, experimental results obtained by Veríssimo (2007) and Oliveira (2007) were used for comparisons. In numerical simulations were evaluated the influence of concrete constitutive model, and the influence of the steelconcrete connection representation using two strategies: Tie restrictions and contact interactions between surfaces. These strategies proved to be able to adequately represent the phenomena observed in laboratory tests, especially those that used contact interactions between surfaces. The numerical model is suitable for simulating the structural behavior of Crestbond connectors, being able to represent the interaction between steel and concrete, to characterize the maximum load resisted by the connection and to characterize the deformation of the connector, providing a useful tool for several other studies. / Nos últimos anos, vários estudos sobre conectores de cisalhamento em chapas planas de aço perfuradas têm sido conduzidos, com vistas à sua aplicação em estruturas mistas de aço e concreto, incluindo abordagens experimentais e numéricas. Apesar disso, o comportamento desses conectores ainda permanece como objeto de investigações. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se o desenvolvimento de um modelo numérico capaz de simular o comportamento da ligação aço-concreto com conectores de cisalhamento Crestbond, utilizando o Método dos Elementos Finitos. A análise numérica foi feita por meio do software ABAQUS, considerando-se o comportamento elastoplástico para o aço e a aplicação do Modelo de Dano Plástico para o concreto. Para validação do modelo numérico, foram utilizados resultados experimentais obtidos por Veríssimo (2007) e por Oliveira (2007). Nas simulações numéricas foram avaliadas a influência do modelo constitutivo do concreto e a influência do modo de representação da ligação aço-concreto através de duas estratégias: utilização de restrições tipo Tie e utilização de interações de contato entre superfícies. Estas estratégias mostraram-se capazes de representar adequadamente os fenômenos observados nos ensaios de laboratório, principalmente quando se utilizaram interações de contato entre superfícies. O modelo numérico desenvolvido é adequado para a simulação do comportamento estrutural dos conectores Crestbond, sendo capaz de representar a interação entre aço e concreto, de caracterizar a carga máxima resistida pela conexão e de caracterizar as deformações do conector, constituindo uma ferramenta útil para vários outros estudos.

As vigas mistas de aço e concreto têm sido amplamente empregadas em edifícios e pontes, havendo ampla investigação teórica e experimental a respeito da utilização de perfis laminados e soldados e conectores de cisalhamento compatíveis com esses perfis, como por exemplo, o conector tipo pino com cabeça (stud bolt) e perfil U laminado. No âmbito dos perfis formados a frio, a utilização do sistema misto ainda é incipiente, necessitando de investigações mais aprofundadas a respeito do comportamento estrutural e a adequação dos modelos de cálculo adotados para vigas mistas em perfis laminados e soldados. No Brasil, a ampla disponibilidade de aços planos tem impulsionado o emprego do sistema misto constituído por perfis formados a frio em edifícios de pequeno porte, porém, mediante concepções clássicas, o que não conduz a um aproveitamento mais racional do sistema. Neste trabalho foi investigado um sistema não-convencional de vigas mistas em perfil cartola leve preenchido com concreto, cuja conexão com a laje foi feita mediante duas soluções: conectores do tipo alça em barra chata soldados ao perfil e conectores do tipo alça em barra redonda soldados ao perfil. Foi feita avaliação do comportamento estrutural da conexão aço-concreto, via ensaios de cisalhamento direto (push-out tests), e ensaios em vigas mistas simplesmente apoiadas para avaliação da região de momento fletor positivo. Os conectores de cisalhamento apresentaram ductilidade e resistência compatíveis com as vigas mistas analisadas, e as respostas de rigidez e resistência à flexão para uma condição de interação completa comprovam que a hipótese de plastificação total da seção descreve com precisão o comportamento estrutural do sistema proposto. / The composite steel and concrete beams have been largely applied in buildings and bridges constructions, having also a large amount of theoretical and experimental investigations about the use of hot-rolled and welded shapes and shear connectors that are compatible with these members, as for an example, the stud bolt and channel connectors. In the cold-formed steel sections scope, the use of a composite steel and concrete solution is still premature, what makes necessary a higher degree of a structural behavior investigation and the adequacy of the theoretical solutions proposed, also for the composite steel and concrete hot-rolled and welded shapes. In Brazil, the high availability of steel sheets has pushed the employee of the composite system of cold-formed steel in small and mid-height buildings, however, because of classical conceptions, it doesn\'t lead too a more rational use of the system. It was investigated in this work a non-conventional lightweight composite system formed by hat-shaped beams filled with concrete, witch connection with the slab was done by means of two solutions: arc-shaped connectors in at bars welded too the section and arc-shaped connectors in round bars welded too the section. An analysis was conducted for evaluation of the structural behavior in the steel and concrete interface by push-out tests, and tests in simple two points supported beams for evaluation of the bending strength. The shear connectors showed ductility and resistance compatible with the analyzed composite beams and the stiffness and bending resistance responses for the given condition of full interaction showed that the full section plastification consideration describes with precision the structural behavior of the proposed system.

As pontes tradicionais de madeira no Brasil, nem sempre atingem as condições plenamente satisfatórias em estradas vicinais, exigem manutenção contínua e a maioria não está adequada ao tráfego pesado usual. As pontes mistas de madeira e concreto destacam-se como alternativa econômica apresenta grande resistência e rigidez além de exigir baixa manutenção. Neste trabalho os estudos dos tabuleiros mistos de madeira e concreto para pontes desenvolveram-se em três fases: estudo da ancoragem de barras de aço coladas em peças estruturais de madeira; estudo dos conectores de cisalhamento formados por barras de aço coladas na madeira em corpos-de-prova mistos de madeira e concreto e, estudos; construções e análises de protótipos de tabuleiros mistos de madeira e concreto. Nos estudos de ancoragens, as barras de aço com superfície deformada, do tipo CA-50 com tensão de escoamento 'F IND.Y,K' = 500 MPa, foram coladas em furos com diâmetros maiores, inclinadas de '0, 45 e 90 GRAUS' em relação às fibras das madeiras. Utilizaram-se quatro tipos de resina epóxi e uma poliuretana, considerando as principais variáveis que influenciam na resistência de ancoragem. Os corpos-de-prova foram construídos com amostragens de madeiras de: Eucalyptus citriodora (ρ 12% = 1000 kg/'M POT.3') e Pinus oocarpa shiede (ρ 12% = 550 kg/'M POT.3'). Os testes de ancoragem apresentam as estimativas das resistências médias obtidas por meio de análise de regressão múltipla e as resistências características, obtidas pelo limite inferior do intervalo de confiança a 90%. Nos estudos dos conectores de cisalhamento utilizaram-se corpos-de-prova mistos, do tipo push out, executados com madeira roliça natural de Eucalyptus citriodora tratada com CCA e concreto armado de média resistência. Os conectores de cisalhamento, em três variações, foram executados com barras de aço do tipo CA-50 ancoradas na madeira, com a resina epóxi SIKADUR 32 fluido e inclinados de '45 GRAUS' em relação às fibras, os resultados apresentam, as resistências últimas médias, as resistências características; os valores médios e os valores característicos dos módulos de deslizamento da conexão. Nos estudos, projetos e execuções de dois tabuleiros mistos, de madeira e concreto, utilizaram-se toras de Eucalyptus citriodora tratadas com CCA, concreto armado de média resistência e conectores de barras de aço coladas com resina epóxi no formato X. Análises estáticas foram realizadas submetendo os tabuleiros às provas de carga, utilizando caminhões. Os deslocamentos na linha central transversal foram medidos e comparados com os valores teóricos calculados usando um modelo de cálculo que considera o tabuleiro misto como uma placa ortotrópica equivalente. Os conectores apresentaram alta resistência; alta rigidez e modo de ruptura uniforme. Os tabuleiros mistos de madeira e concreto apresentaram muito bom desempenho, confirmaram-se as hipóteses fundamentais e o modelo de cálculo proposto. / The traditional timber bridges in secondary roads in Brazil not always meet the requirements of quality, but they also demand continuing maintenance and adequacy to heavy traffic. The mixed wood-concrete deck bridges arise as a viable alternative, because of its low construction cost, low maintenance and its high strength and stiffness. In this thesis the mixed wood concrete deck bridge studies was showed in three phases: the experimental pull out strength results of bonded-in steel rods in wood beams studs; the experimental analysis on shear connectors in mixed wood concrete specimens using bonded-in steel bars and, designs; constructions and statistics tests on log-concrete composed deck bridges was presented too. In the anchorage studies the deformed and reinforced CA-50 steel bars, with the minimum yield strength of 500 Mpa, were bonded in holes drilled at angles of '0, 45 and 90 DEGREES' between the rods and on the direction of grain. Four types of epoxy and one polyurethane adhesive were used regarding the influence of the most significant variables. The specimens were made using Eucalyptus citriodora (ρ 12% = 1000 kg/'M POT.3') and Pinus oocarpa shiede (ρ 12% = 550 kg/'M POT.3') beams. The pull out tests presents the median strength results estimated by multiple regression analysis and the characteristics response estimated by the lower range in 90% of the confidence interval. In the shear connections studies were carried using specimens of push out tests type made of logs of Eucalyptus citriodora treated with CCA and medium strength reinforced concrete. The shear connectors, in three shapes, were made with CA-50 steel bars bonded-in wood with SIKADUR 32 fluid epoxi resin, with '45 DEGREES' angles between the rods and on the direction of grain. The results presents the ultimate limit strength median, the characteristics strength, the slip modulus medians and the characteristics slip modulus. In the studies, designs and executions of two mixed wood-concrete decks bridge were used made of logs of Eucalyptus citriodora treated with CCA, medium strength reinforced concrete, and bonded-in steel CA-50 rods, as shear connectors in X format. Same static loads test on the bridges was carried out using a truck. Deflections in the medium span transversal directions were measured and analytically predicted using an equivalent orthotropic plate model. The shear connectors showed high ultimate strength and stiffness and, uniforms failure mode. The results showed a very good performance to the composed log-concrete deck bridges, it confirms the fundamental hypothesis and calculus model suggested.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:03:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliano Geraldo Ribeiro Neto.pdf: 2086855 bytes, checksum: 3b65b93d36838091f2c1204a03908f1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-19 / Among the many structural and building systems, it could be highlighted a system that is a mix of steel-concrete that allows the application of their structural and building advantages as whole. When dealing with metal structures, it was noticed some changes regarding the standards of the involved material due to its lack of availability; such measures do not always follow satisfactory structural procedures. This research aims to develop a comparative study about the technical behavior of mixed steel-concrete from three different types of shear connectors (U, U and L cold formed laminated), analyzing their connectors structural behavior when associated with steel beams (Type I rolled and concrete slab). There were three direct shear tests for each type of connector, resulting in a total of nine pieces, and six trials (simply supported composite beams) to evaluate the positive bending moment region. The results indicated that the direct shear behavior between the types of connectors had important and different outcomes; however, they didn t affect significantly the average resistance of the bending mixed beams. Such beams showed considerable results regarding their deflection and deformation performance due to their connectors stiffness. / Dentre os diversos sistemas estruturais e construtivos existentes, destacam-se os sistemas formados por elementos mistos aço-concreto, cuja combinação de perfis de aço e concreto visa aproveitar as vantagens de cada material, tanto em termos estruturais como construtivos. Um fato corriqueiro que pode ser observado na execução de obras metálicas é a substituição de perfis especificados em projeto por outros equivalentes. Essa substituição, muitas vezes motivada pela falta do material especificado, nem sempre atende a uma equivalência de comportamento estrutural satisfatória. Neste trabalho é abordado um estudo comparativo do comportamento estrutural de vigas com seção mista aço-concreto, para três diferentes tipos de conectores de cisalhamento em perfil U laminado, U e L formados a frio. O objetivo é estudar o comportamento estrutural desses conectores associados a vigas metálicas em perfil I laminado e laje de concreto. Para cada tipo de conector foram realizados três ensaios de cisalhamento direto, resultando num total de nove peças, além de seis ensaios em vigas mistas simplesmente apoiadas para avaliação da região de momento fletor positivo. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o comportamento ao cisalhamento direto entre os diferentes tipos de conectores apresentam significativa diferença, entretanto não influenciaram significativamente na resistência média das vigas mistas à flexão. Estas porém, apresentaram diferenças consideráveis de deflexões e deformações em virtude das diferenças de rigidez dos conectores.