Este trabalho aborda o desempenho térmico obtido em edifícios industriais do setor calçadista, perante a importância em obter condições ambientais favoráveis à execução das atividades através de uma arquitetura adequada ao contexto climático. Assim, o objetivo nesta pesquisa é avaliar as condições de conforto térmico oferecidas pelos edifícios das indústrias calçadistas do município de Jaú, um importante pólo industrial do setor no interior de São Paulo. Caracterizam-se as tipologias construtivas dos edifícios quanto à geometria, materiais e sistema de ventilação. As estratégias passivas para obtenção de conforto térmico nos galpões fabris são identificadas e avaliadas utilizando as recomendações presentes na NBR 15220. Para avaliar as condições de conforto térmico, foram medidas as variáveis ambientais, sendo que a temperatura foi analisada sob condições de aceitabilidade térmica, conforme estabelecido pela ASHRAE 55-2010. Para estimar a sensação térmica dos usuários, são utilizados os índices PMV e PPD. Também foi aplicado um questionário para verificar o nível de satisfação dos funcionários com o ambiente de trabalho. Os resultados apontam que a maioria dos edifícios apresenta uma tipologia semelhante, com geometria retangular e ventilação realizada através de esquadrias nas fachadas. A ausência de diversas estratégias passivas resulta em um edifício com baixa inércia térmica e vulnerável às condições climáticas externas, sendo que em períodos quentes a temperatura interna foi superior a 30ºC, e em períodos frios inferior a 15ºC. A sensação térmica dos usuários na maior parte do período do expediente corresponde ao desconforto térmico para o calor, principalmente no período vespertino, sendo que a porcentagem de insatisfeitos ultrapassa 80%. Deste modo, há necessidade de otimizar a adoção de estratégias passivas, para proporcionar melhores condições térmicas de trabalho. Para isto, são indicadas soluções simples, que propiciam melhorias ao desempenho térmico dos edifícios, exemplificando: o uso de sistemas que possibilitem o resfriamento evaporativo e ampliação das áreas de aberturas destinadas à ventilação do edifício. / This paper discusses the thermal performance obtained in industrial buildings in the footwear sector, given the importance of obtaining favorable environmental conditions for the execution of activities through an architecture suited to the climate context. Thus, the objective of this research is to evaluate the thermal comfort conditions provided by the buildings of the footwear industries of Jaú city, an important industrial pole. It is characterized the typologies of building\'s construction regarding its geometry, materials and ventilation system. The passive strategies for achieving thermal comfort in the factory sheds are identified and evaluated using the recommendations present in the NBR 15220. To evaluate the thermal comfort conditions it was measured the environmental variables, and the temperature was examined under conditions of thermal acceptability, as established by ASHRAE 55-2010. In order to estimate the thermal sensation of the users, the PMV and PPD indices were used. Also, a questionnaire was applied in order to check the level of employee satisfaction with the working environment. The results show that most of the buildings presents a typology similar with a rectangular geometry and ventilation obtained through frames at the facades. The absence of different passive strategies results in a building with a low thermal inertia and vulnerable to the external weather conditions, and in hot periods, the internal temperature was above 30°C, and during colder periods it was lower than 15°C. The thermal sensation of users in most of the period of the working shift matches the thermal discomfort to the heat, especially in the afternoon, and the percentage of discontentment exceeds 80%. This way, there is a need to optimize the adoption of passive strategies, to provide better thermal conditions of work. For this purpose, simple solutions that provide improvements to the thermal performance of buildings are given, examples: the use of systems which allows evaporative cooling and expansion of openings areas for the ventilation of the building.

Les conditions sévères de fonctionnement des réacteurs du futur, Génération-IV, -haute température et fortes irradiations-nécessitent le développement de matériaux adaptés. Les aciers ODS (Oxide Dispersion Strengthened) sont des candidats très compétitifs pour le gainage du combustible en raison de leurs excellentes propriétés de gonflement et de fluage. Ces atouts majeurs sont induits par la fine dispersion de nanoparticules d’oxydes (Y, O, Ti) obtenue par co-broyage de poudres de la matrice et d’oxyde dont les conditions sont à optimiser pour maitriser la distribution en taille et composition de ces nanoparticules. Dans l’objectif de mieux comprendre le mécanisme de formation de ces nanoparticules à l’échelle atomique, la présente thèse met à profit l’utilisation de la spectroscopie d’annihilation de positons (PAS) et de la spectrométrie de masse d’ions secondaires pour étudier l’interaction des défauts lacunaires avec des solutés Y, O et Ti et évaluer leur rôle dans la formation des nanoparticules. Les irradiations avec des ions He ont été effectuées pour révéler les propriétés des défauts lacunaires et les implantations d’Y, Ti, O ont été réalisées pour étudier les interactions de ces éléments Y, Ti, O avec les lacunes dans la matrice de fer. La distribution des défauts en profondeur indique la présence de défauts lacunaires avec une taille plus petite dans la région où la concentration d’Y, Ti, O est la plus élevée. Cet effet est plus prononcé pour O, Y et Ti respectivement. Il est expliqué par la formation de V-X (X=O, Y, Ti) complexes qui réduisent la probabilité de la mobilité et d’agglomération des défauts lacunaires. Les recuits des échantillons implantés Y et O révèlent que des complexes O-lacune sont mobiles à température ambiante, et que l’yttrium ne diffuse pas jusqu’à 550°C alors que des complexes Y-lacunes sont encore détectés comme cela est attendu par des résultats théoriques. Un modèle des premières étapes de la nucléation des nanoparticules est proposé en utilisant les résultats obtenus dans cette thèse. / The severe operating conditions of the future nuclear reactor, Generation-IV, -high temperature and high irradiation damage-, require the adapted materials development. Oxide-dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy is one of the most potential candidates expected to be used for fuel cladding material because of their outstanding swelling and creep properties. Their excellent properties are induced by the fine dispersion of oxide nanoparticles (Y, O, Ti), obtained by mechanical alloying of steel and oxide powders and which has to be better mastered. But the atomic scale clustering mechanism of these nanoparticles is not yet cleared. In this context, the present thesis using positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) sheds light on the interaction of vacancy defects with Y, O and Ti solutes to better understand their roles in the nanoparticles formation. The He irradiations have been performed to reveal the vacancy defects properties and Y, Ti, O implantations realized to study the Y, Ti, O-vacancy interactions in bcc Fe matrix. In all cases, the defects depth distribution shows a lower size of vacancy defects in the region where the concentration of the incident ions Y, Ti and O is the highest. This effect of the ions on the damage formation is more pronounced for respectively O, Y and Ti. It is explained by the formation of V-X (X=O, Y, Ti) complexes which reduce the mobility and agglomeration probability of the vacancy defects. The annealing of the Y and O implanted samples reveals that some O-vacancy complexes are mobile at room temperature and Y doesn’t diffuse up to 550°C whilst Y-vacancy complexes remain as it is expected from theory. A model of the first steps of the ODS nanoparticles nucleation is proposed by using the results obtained in this thesis.