Evidence of the last glaciation of the Shetland Islands, UK, is re-examined and combined with new data on terrestrial glacigenic deposits and recent offshore data from the continental shelf to produce a dynamic, integrated model of the history of the whole ice cap. It is shown that evidence which has previously been attributed to last glacial, or earlier, Scandinavian ice incursion, might be explained by the eastwards migration of local ice sheds. At its maximum, the ice sheet reached the continental shelf edge to the west of the islands, at least 75 km east, at least 50 km north and might be seen as a peninsular extension of the Scottish ice sheet to the south. The changing patterns of ice flow during deglaciation are reconstructed, implying an early phase of deglaciation at the west and northwest margins (possibly accounting for the suggested eastern migration of the ice shed), followed by retreat at more northern, then eastern, then southern margins. It is suggested that the above pattern reflects tidewater calving controlled by bathymmetric variation around the ice sheet. During a later phase of deglaciation, the margin of the ice cap may have grounded at around the current -100m bathymmetric contour and from there retreated terrestrially. The importance of topographic control on patterns of deglaciation as ice retreated towards the island group is clearly established. Some minor moraines in parts of Shetland are due to active ice margins but their age is unknown. Radiocarbon dates reported here show that the last glaciation was Late Weichselian and that the maximum northern extent was at least 50 km north of the islands. The concepts of an eastwards migrating ice shed and an early, extensive ice cap retreating to a grounding point, could have parallels elsewhere in Scotland during the last glaciation. The methodology applied in this study of Shetland - integrating onshore and offshore data, and developing a dynamic picture of the whole ice cap - needs to be applied to the last Scottish ice sheet also.

This thesis addresses the nature of play, its relationships with the world, and the relationships between people and objects. The study is exploratory; rather than confining itself too strictly to a particular time or place it has followed the evidence as new areas of interest have unfolded. Throughout all this it has remained grounded in an interest in the archaeology of the Scottish Northern Isles, and in a desire to better understand the archaeological evidence for play from an anthropological viewpoint. It begins with an account of ethnographic fieldwork among chess players (in Edinburgh and Orkney) and players of euchre (a card game played on the Orcadian island of Westray) and moves on to consider the findings in the light of archaeological sources. As the study progresses several key themes emerge. The work carried out amongst chess and card players leads towards a more cognitive appreciation of these activities: how can the relationship between player and pieces be understood? It becomes clear that players use their pieces as proxy forms for their own actions or intentions: can the pieces, then, be said to possess agency, or is some other factor at play? Also, do the movements of chess pieces and cards represent a simple form of notation, or is this a more active engagement, one where person and thing are involved in something more complex? It is suggested here that these relationships can best be understood as an example of 'active externalism', where cognition is not contained but distributed in the immediate environment. Consideration of the role of gaming pieces leads towards an examination of the ways in which the manipulation of objects during play brings new and unexpected discoveries to the participants. The discussion addresses this theme in terms of bricolage and considers the placement of things singly and in sets. Turning then to a review of the archaeology, a major impediment is immediately encountered, which lies in the difficulty Turning then to a review of the archaeology, a major impediment is immediately encountered, which lies in the difficulty of identifying play in the archaeological record prior to a certain point in time. This initially leads to a focus on the archaeology of the first millennium AD before returning to a reconsideration of the nature of the evidence, and of our expectations of where play should be found. A consideration of ritual, for example, brings the role of play into sharp focus and points out how these divisions are not so clear cut. This thesis is a critical appraisal of the archaeological evidence for play and a reappraisal of the relationship between play — an activity which is most often understood as 'set apart' — and everyday life; leading to the conclusion that play is not in fact so separate. The focus on archaeology and game playing gives this thesis an object-centred orientation, together with a certain time-depth, however the discussion demonstrates how the findings are also reflexive: whether in the chess club or on the archaeological site, it also finds play-like or ludic ways of dealing with the world in everyday life.

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The Faroe-Shetland region has been exposed to a long history of tectonic events and the geology in the area is rather complex. This history has led to the formation large metasedimentary deposits, though the origin of these deposits is not yet fully understood. Possible source areas are Greenland, Norway and Scotland. To give a further understanding of the geology in the Faroe-Shetland basin and its regional relationship this study will analyze metasediments to classify them and compare them with other related sediments. Geochemical, petrographical and isotopic data will be for classification. Through this comparison it is evident that the metasediments from the Faroe-Shetland basin contain remnants from several different deposits and cannot be rated to one specific origin. This is shown by the 143Nd/ 144Nd , 87Sr/ 86Sr and 206Pb/204Pb , 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb isotope ratios found in the Faroe-Shetland basin compared with other possible source areas from Greenland, Norway and Scotland. This has shown that the isotope from the Faroe region correlate well with Caledonian traces from both Greenland and Scotland. Though the Torridonian sandstone from Scotland can also be correlated with the metasediments in the Faroe-Shetland basin. / Regionen kring Färö-Shetland bassängen har blivit utsatt för en lång historia av tektoniska orogeneser och extensioner vilket har lett till geologisk komplexitet i området. Metasediment täcker stora delar av bassängen, men ursprunget av dessa avsättningar är ännu inte helt fastställt. Grönland, Skottland och Norge är några av de föreslagna ursprungsområdena till de sedimentära avsättningarna. För att fördjupa förståelsen kring dessa metasediment och deras regionala relationer till andra platser, så fokuserar denna studie på att jämföra och klassificera metasediment från Färö-Shetland bassängen. Geokemisk, petrologisk och isotopdata kommer användas för klassifikation, medan isotopdata huvudsakligen kommer att ligga till grund för jämförelsen av troliga sedimentära källor. Genom denna jämförelse så har det blivit tydligt att metasedimenten från Färö-Shetland bassängen innehåller spår från flertalet olika områden och avsättningarna kan inte enbart förklaras utifrån ett ursprungsområde. Detta framgår genom isotopförhållandena 143Nd/144Nd , 87Sr/86 Sr and 206Pb/204Pb , 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb, vilka hittats i Färö-Shetland bassängen i jämförelse med andra möjliga källor från Grönland, Skottland och Norge. Detta påvisar en komplex metasedimentär sekvens, en sekvens efter den komplexa tektoniska historian.

This study analyses the impact of oil-related developments on output, incomes and employment in Shetland. An Input-Output approach is adopted based on a Shetland transactions table constructed by the author. Using this, the pre-oil Shetland economy is analysed as base for assessing oil impact. Three major oil activities are identified and their local effects estimated: Supply Bases, the Sullom Voe Tanker Terminal, and Oil-related Construction. Estimates of the impact of these on local activity are given in aggregate and on an individual industry basis. Appropriate oil sector 'multipliers' are derived. Attempts are made to modify the basic estimates by allowing for 'negative multiplier' effects, induced investment and other elements of impact excluded in the basic model. Finally, the possibility of oil-induced changes in local technology is considered and its implications for the preceding impact estimates discussed. In the conclusions the results of the previous analysis are drawn together and some policy implications suggested by them are considered briefly.

Univ., Diss.--Bremen, 1995.

Varios modelos han sido planteados para explicar la ubicación de la Península Antártica en relación a Patagonia. Éstos, sustentados principalmente en anomalías magnéticas de fondo oceánico proponen, a grandes rasgos, 3 posiciones para la Península respecto de Patagonia: al oeste, inmediatamente al sur, o bien en el margen oriental (Ghidella et al., 2007; Suárez, 1976; Norton y Sclater, 1979). Durante las últimas décadas numerosos estudios paleomagnéticos han sido efectuados en la Península Antártica. Éstos se han concentrado principalmente en rocas de edad Cretácica, aunque también han sido consideradas rocas del Jurásico. Los estudios muestran que la Península Antártica ha formado parte del continente Antártico desde 100 Ma. Por otro lado sugieren que la forma actual de la Península fue adquirida con anterioridad al Cretácico (Grunow, 1993; Watts, et al., 1984; Dalziel, et al., 1973). En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un muestreo paleomagnético realizado en el extremo norte de la Península Antártica y las islas Shetland del Sur, con el fin de precisar la paleolatitud de la Península Antártica con anterioridad al quiebre de Gondwana y su posterior evolución, así como identificar posibles rotaciones entre los diferentes bloques que se han definido en esta zona. Las rocas muestreadas corresponden a intrusivos y lavas de edad principalmente Cretácica y, en menor medida, de edad Jurásica y Paleógena y rocas sedimentarias de edad Permo Tríasica y Jurásica. Los resultados muestran que no es posible determinar una paleolatitud para la Península Antártica con anterioridad a 100 Ma, debido a una remagnetización generalizada a lo largo de la Península en las rocas más antiguas. La remagnetización puede ser resultado de un importante evento tectonomagmático gatillado por un movimiento de las placas hacia el oeste. Este evento se ve reflejado en las áreas adyacentes como la orogenia de Palmer (al sur) y el cierre de la Cuenca de las Rocas Verdes (al norte) que se inicia durante el Cretácico medio. Por otro lado se pudo determinar que, a partir del Cretácico medio, no han existido rotaciones entre los diferentes bloques que conforman la Península Antártica. Lo anterior permitió obtener un paleopolo a 90 Ma y otro a 60 Ma. Ambos sugieren que la Península Antártica ha tenido poco movimiento latitudinal y rotacional desde, al menos, 100 Ma y que su forma de “S” fue adquirida con anterioridad a esta edad. En síntesis, las direcciones características obtenidas en rocas cretácicas y paleocenas sugieren una magnetización primaria para estas. Por otro lado, se observa una remagnetización en las rocas permo-triásicas y jurásicas que impide obtener un paleopolo a esta edad. No obstante, la similitud con los datos cretácicos sugieren un origen común para la adquisición de esta magnetización. Estos resultados, en conjunto con otros previamente reportados, indicarían que la Península Antártica no habría tenido importantes movimientos latitudinales y de rotación.

A holistic study of abandoned house sites on the island of Unst was conducted to address the extent to which perceptions of historic settlement on Shetland are supportable. These perceptions cast long lived nucleated settlement as the normative traditional form of historic settlement, and dispersed settlements as short-lived exceptions to this norm. Historic settlement, in these perceptions are argued to be static, which is not borne out in archaeological evidence. Issues associated with historic Shetland settlement models were identified to parallel traditional views of Scottish highland rural settlement, which cast the highland society as ahistoric and unchanging. Historical, archaeological and geographic evidence for settlement on Unst were used to assess the geographical distribution of historic settlement on the island. Two detailed case studies integrated archaeological prospection techniques with the historical, archaeological and landscape contexts to form new narratives for the field remains around two abandoned house sites. Assessment of the historical settlement of Unst highlighted a much greater degree of variation between the different evidence strands for the perceptions to truly represent the island’s historical settlement. Similarly, findings from the case studies highlighted a much greater degree of alterations to the field systems and enclosures associated with the settlements than would be anticipated. Alternative narratives with several phases were hypothesised for field remains of each case study. / Hunter Archaeological and Historical Trust; Society of Antiquaries of Scotland; School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences