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Hurricane Ivan struck the Gulf Coast in September 2004. Ivan was classified as a category five storm on the Saffir-Simpson scale of Hurricane Intensity before it made landfall in the U.S. with winds around 165 miles per hour. Its intensity dropped to a category three as it approached the Gulf Coast. Ivan damaged not only properties and businesses along the coast but inland as well. Heavy rains caused rivers and lakes to overflow their banks and tornadoes spawned by the storm struck Tennessee, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Georgia.The purpose of this research is to examine if hurricane insurance or separate endorsements adequately protects and reimburses owners for their losses and to access public and private responses to natural hazards and disaster mitigation using Gulf Shores, Alabama as a case study. Since fall 2004, many homeowners and business owners have been negotiating with their insurance companies. Owners received some help from the organizations like FEMA and the American Red Cross but these efforts were not enough to recuperate all the damages and losses. This study seeks to place the issues of insurance costs, claims and coverage in Gulf Shores, Alabama within the overall context of natural hazards research using archival sources, observation, questionnaires, and formal and informal interviews as data sources. In light of continuing migration to hurricane prone coastal areas, ever-increasing property values and insurance premiums, and the added risk of increasing hurricane frequency, this research contributes to a better understanding of the role of insurance on natural hazard mitigation and preparedness. / Department of Geography

Approximately half of all framework collapses occur during concrete placement. Researchers who have measured the actual loads in formwork shores consistently found that they differ from those predicted. There is some evidence that current methods tend towards underestimation. In Australia the current practice for designing steel formwork shores is set out in Australian Standard AS 3610-1990 Formwork for Concrete. It was the first national standard to be published in limit states format and departed from previous practice introducing new methods for the design of formwork shores. Prompted by doubt cast on current practice and the absence of hard basis for the methods set out in AS 3610, the aim of the research is to develop new more reliable rules for the design of steel formwork shores. This is achieved using first-order probabilistic techniques to compare the reliability of new and reused shores designed in accordance with AS 3610 with current international permissible stress and limit states methods form British, American, Israeli and draft European formwork Standards / Master of Engineering (Hons)

O conhecimento e compreensão dos processos que regem a dinâmica das comunidades são alguns dos objetivos da ecologia. Com o crescente impacto gerado pelas ações antrópicas e em particular a existência de mudanças climáticas globais, estudos para entender a distribuição de comunidades se tornam mais necessários. Especialmente no Brasil, que mesmo com o aumento considerável de pesquisas, os costões rochosos ainda são ambientes pouco investigados, o que dificulta a detecção de mudanças na estrutura dessas comunidades devido a ausência de observações prévias. No entanto, poucos são os projetos em costões rochosos que visam detectar estas alterações ao longo do tempo e estão ainda em sua fase inicial. Como alternativa, estudos descritivos realizados em décadas prévias se constituem em uma linha de base e fonte de comparação para que seja determinado o status atual da comunidade. Com base em dados pretéritos da década de 1980, esse estudo tem como objetivo a comparação temporal da estrutura da comunidade bentônica do costão à direita da Praia de Itaguá em Ubatuba, município do litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo. As coletas foram feitas no mesmo local e utilizando o mesmo delineamento experimental durante o inverno de 2017. Foram utilizadas duas estratégias: a primeira para determinação do padrão de zonação, com amostragens ao longo de transecção vertical desde o supralitoral até a parte inferior do médiolitoral, utilizando-se elementos amostrais quadrados de 50 x 50cm. Para determinar a composição de espécies e repartição espacial na faixa inferior do mediolitoral, foram aleatorizados elementos amostrais quadrados de 20 x 20cm. Em ambos os casos foram avaliados o recobrimento percentual das espécies dominantes e no primeiro, a largura das faixas de organismos dominantes. ANOVA one-way foi aplicada, sendo os dados considerados paramétricos, de forma a sustentar a hipótese estabelecida de que houve alterações significativas na estrutura da comunidade. Além disto, foi acrescentada ao estudo uma estação de monitoramento de longo prazo seguindo as diretrizes do protocolo da Rede de Monitoramento de Habitats Bentônicos (ReBentos) no mesmo local onde a transecção vertical foi amostrada para comparação. As amostragens foram realizadas durante o verão e inverno de 2017, com 3 réplicas por período, onde os elementos amostrais foram distribuídos em 3 faixas (superior, intermediária e inferior) do mediolitoral, com 5 elementos amostrais de 10 x 10cm na faixa superior e 5 elementos amostrais de 20 x 20cm nas faixas intermediária e inferior, além de 5 transectos verticais para medir a largura de faixa horizontal dos organimos. Análises multivariadas (PERMANOVA two-way, PCA, Cluster e nMDS) foram aplicadas para os dados, considerados não paramétricos. Tanto os dados de comparação quanto os da estação de monitoramento apontaram uma alteração principalmente na distribuição e percentual de cobertura de Pterocladiella capilácea que aparentemente diminuiu, enquanto a alga Aglaothamnion uruguayense apresenta um aumento considerável desses parâmetros se comparado aos dados encontrados em trabalhos anteriores / To know and understand the processes that rule community dynamics are some of the Ecology objectives. As the impacts caused by anthropic activities are increasing, particularly the global climate changes, studies about the distribution of communities have become important. In Brazil, even though the increase of researches, rocky shores are still little studied, impairing the detection of changes in communities´ structure due to the lack of previous observations. However, there are few rocky shores projects aiming to detect those changes in communities through the time and they are still at an early stage. As an alternative, descriptive studies from past decades are a good baseline and source of comparison to establish the actual stage of a community. In this sense, according to data from the 80s, we aim to make a temporal comparison of the benthic community of the right rocky shore of the Itaguá Beach in Ubatuba city in the north coast of São Paulo State. We collected data during the winter of 2017 in the same place and using the same sample design of the comparative study. In this study, we used two strategies: (1) square samples of 50 x 50 cm were placed along the vertical transection from the upper intertidal to the inferior part of the middle intertidal to determine the zonation pattern, and (2) square samples of 20 x 20 cm were randomized to determine the species composition and the spatial division in the inferior part of the middle intertidal. In both cases, the percentage coating of dominant species was evaluated, as well as the band width of dominant organisms of the first strategy. We used ANOVA one-way for data analysis (parametric data), testing the hypothesis that there are significant changes in the community´s structure. Moreover, a long-term monitoring station, following the protocol guidelines of Benthic Habitats Monitoring Net (ReBentos) in the same place of the vertical transection sampled for comparison. We sampled during the summer and winter of 2017, with three replicas by period and distributed along three bands (superior, middle and inferior) of middle intertidal. We distributed 5 samples of 10 x 10 cm in the superior band and 5 of 20 x 20 cm in the middle and inferior bands, as well as 5 vertical transects to measure the width of the horizontal band of organisms. We considered non-parametric data and used multivariate (PERMANOVA two-way, PCA, Cluster and nMDS) analysis. The findings highlight an alteration, mainly in the distribution and percentage coating of Pterocladiella capillacea that apparently decreased while Aglaothamnion uruguayense showed a great increase of those parameters, according to the comparison with previous data

Projetos de monitoramento de longo prazo estão sendo desenvolvidos internacionalmente a fim de monitorar continuamente os impactos que as mudanças climáticas globais vêm gerando nas comunidades marinhas bentônicas, entretanto, no âmbito nacional, há uma carência desse tipo de estudo e dados para a costa brasileira. O objetivo do presente estudo foi a instalação de uma estação de monitoramento de longo prazo, bem como a caracterização da comunidade bentônica presente no médiolitoral do costão rochoso à direita da Enseada de Palmas, no Parque Estadual da Ilha Anchieta (Ubatuba, SP) seguindo as diretrizes do \"Protocolo de Médiolitoral para Monitoramento de Comunidades de Costão Rochoso\" da ReBentos (Rede de Monitoramento de Habitats Bentônicos Costeiros). As amostragens dependentes semestrais (n = 3) foram realizadas no período de um ano, compreendendo o inverno de 2014 e o verão de 2015, utilizando fotoquadrados de 10x10 cm na faixa superior e 25x25 cm nas faixas intermediária e inferior. A análise variância ANOVA two way para dados repetidos revelou variação sazonal na largura das faixas das unidades operacionais (UO) Tetraclita (39,1 cm) e Macroalgas (27 cm) e no recobrimento percentual médio (RPM) das UO Cianobactéria (12,6%) na faixa superior, T. stalactifera (16,6%), Espaço vazio (38,4%) e Algas Calcárias Articuladas (55,7%) na faixa intermediária. As análises multivariadas (Cluster, nMDS e PCA) revelaram alta similaridade para as faixas superior (80%) e inferior (85%) e baixa (65%) para a faixa intermediaria, indicando que as maiores diferenças entre verão e inverno foram encontradas nesta faixa. Como o médiolitoral apresenta UO bioindicadoras de monitoramento, como T. stalactifera, A. beauvoisii e Sargassum vulgare, e de variação sazonal, então eleva-se a importância da realização, integração e continuidade de projetos de monitoramento de longo prazo em costões rochosos a fim de gerar dados históricos ao longo do litoral brasileiro / The development of long-term monitoring projects around the world aims to monitor continuously the impacts that global environmental changes (GEC) have been causing in the benthic marine communities. However, nationally, there are few monitoring studies and data for the Brazilian coast. In this study, we aimed to install a long-term monitoring station and characterize the benthic community located in the intertidal zone of the rocky shore in the right of the Cove of Palmas at the Anchieta Island State Park (Ubatuba, São Paulo state). We intended to do that by following the guidelines of the \"Intertidal Protocol for the Monitoring of Rocky Shore Communities\" (Rocky Shores Working group, ReBentos). We studied the rocky shore for a year and collected the dependent samples every semester (n = 3), encompassing the winter of 2014 and the summer of 2015. We used photoquadrats in the intertidal zone (10x10 cm in the upper band and 25x25 cm in the intermediate and lower bands). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures reveled seasonal variation in the bandwidth of Tetraclita (39,1 cm) and Macroalgae (27 cm) operational units (OU) and in the average percentage overlap for Cyanobacteria (12,6%) at upper band, T. stalactifera (16,6%), Empty space (38,4%) and Articulated Calcareous Algae (55,7%) at intermediate band. Multivariate analysis (Cluster, nMDS and PCA) revealed high similarity for upper (80%) and lower (85%) bands and low similarity for intermediate band (65%), suggesting major differences between summer and winter in the intermediate band. As the intertidal zone has monitoring bioindicators operational units, like T. stalactifera, A. beauvoisii and Sargassum vulgare, and seasonal variation, it is of great importance to implement, integrate and continue long-term monitoring projects in rocky shores in order to generate Brazilian coast historical data

Projetos de monitoramento de longo prazo estão sendo desenvolvidos internacionalmente a fim de monitorar continuamente os impactos que as mudanças climáticas globais vêm gerando nas comunidades marinhas bentônicas, entretanto, no âmbito nacional, há uma carência desse tipo de estudo e dados para a costa brasileira. O objetivo do presente estudo foi a instalação de uma estação de monitoramento de longo prazo, bem como a caracterização da comunidade bentônica presente no médiolitoral do costão rochoso à direita da Enseada de Palmas, no Parque Estadual da Ilha Anchieta (Ubatuba, SP) seguindo as diretrizes do \"Protocolo de Médiolitoral para Monitoramento de Comunidades de Costão Rochoso\" da ReBentos (Rede de Monitoramento de Habitats Bentônicos Costeiros). As amostragens dependentes semestrais (n = 3) foram realizadas no período de um ano, compreendendo o inverno de 2014 e o verão de 2015, utilizando fotoquadrados de 10x10 cm na faixa superior e 25x25 cm nas faixas intermediária e inferior. A análise variância ANOVA two way para dados repetidos revelou variação sazonal na largura das faixas das unidades operacionais (UO) Tetraclita (39,1 cm) e Macroalgas (27 cm) e no recobrimento percentual médio (RPM) das UO Cianobactéria (12,6%) na faixa superior, T. stalactifera (16,6%), Espaço vazio (38,4%) e Algas Calcárias Articuladas (55,7%) na faixa intermediária. As análises multivariadas (Cluster, nMDS e PCA) revelaram alta similaridade para as faixas superior (80%) e inferior (85%) e baixa (65%) para a faixa intermediaria, indicando que as maiores diferenças entre verão e inverno foram encontradas nesta faixa. Como o médiolitoral apresenta UO bioindicadoras de monitoramento, como T. stalactifera, A. beauvoisii e Sargassum vulgare, e de variação sazonal, então eleva-se a importância da realização, integração e continuidade de projetos de monitoramento de longo prazo em costões rochosos a fim de gerar dados históricos ao longo do litoral brasileiro / The development of long-term monitoring projects around the world aims to monitor continuously the impacts that global environmental changes (GEC) have been causing in the benthic marine communities. However, nationally, there are few monitoring studies and data for the Brazilian coast. In this study, we aimed to install a long-term monitoring station and characterize the benthic community located in the intertidal zone of the rocky shore in the right of the Cove of Palmas at the Anchieta Island State Park (Ubatuba, São Paulo state). We intended to do that by following the guidelines of the \"Intertidal Protocol for the Monitoring of Rocky Shore Communities\" (Rocky Shores Working group, ReBentos). We studied the rocky shore for a year and collected the dependent samples every semester (n = 3), encompassing the winter of 2014 and the summer of 2015. We used photoquadrats in the intertidal zone (10x10 cm in the upper band and 25x25 cm in the intermediate and lower bands). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures reveled seasonal variation in the bandwidth of Tetraclita (39,1 cm) and Macroalgae (27 cm) operational units (OU) and in the average percentage overlap for Cyanobacteria (12,6%) at upper band, T. stalactifera (16,6%), Empty space (38,4%) and Articulated Calcareous Algae (55,7%) at intermediate band. Multivariate analysis (Cluster, nMDS and PCA) revealed high similarity for upper (80%) and lower (85%) bands and low similarity for intermediate band (65%), suggesting major differences between summer and winter in the intermediate band. As the intertidal zone has monitoring bioindicators operational units, like T. stalactifera, A. beauvoisii and Sargassum vulgare, and seasonal variation, it is of great importance to implement, integrate and continue long-term monitoring projects in rocky shores in order to generate Brazilian coast historical data

O Canal de São Sebastião, localizado na costa norte de São Paulo, na região dos municípios de Ilhabela e São Sebastião, é uma das mais importantes zonas costeiras do Estado de São Paulo, em termos de biodiversidade. O Terminal Marítimo Almirante Barroso ? Dutos e Terminais do Centro-Sul (TEBAR/ DTCS) da PETROBRAS está localizado nesta região, na qual ocorreram 151 vazamentos de óleo ligados ao transporte marítimo entre 1978 e 2002. O monitoramento dos costões rochosos do Canal de São Sebastião foi criado pela CETESB para levantar dados de base sobre as comunidades de costões entremarés visando subsidiar futuras avaliações dos impactos de vazamentos de óleo na região. Foram monitorados 17 costões durante quatro anos, entre 1993 e 1996. Constatou-se a presença de 287 táxons (macrofauna e macroalgas), com marcante variação na composição de espécies entre os costões. A estrutura taxonômica de grandes grupos e trófica, no entanto, mantiveram-se relativamente homogêneas entre os pontos. Apesar de haver algumas diferenças locais, o padrão geral de zonação foi similar entre os costões, variando principalmente a largura dos estratos e a composição das espécies acompanhantes. As variações quantitativas das espécies dominantes foram intensas entre os pontos e reduzidas sazonalmente. Os parâmetros ambientais identificados como mais significativos no controle da estrutura da comunidade foram hidrodinamismo, declive, e quantidade de refúgios na rocha. Foram constatadas preferências diferenciadas pelas espécies dominantes por combinações ambientais específicas. / The São Sebastião Channel, located at the north coast of São Paulo State, between the cities of Ilhabela and São Sebastião, is one of the most important coastal zones of the State regarding biodiversity. The Almirante Barroso maritime terminal TEBAR/DTCS is located at this area, where 151 oil spills occurred over the last 25 years. The São Sebastião Channel rocky shore monitoring program was created in order to generate background data about the intertidal community and to support future evaluations of ecological impacts from oil spills. Seventeen sites were monitored during four years (1993-1996). This program registered 287 taxa (macrofauna and macroalgae), and great variation on the species composition among the sites. However, the taxonomic and trophic structure was very similar. Despite the occurrence of individual differences, such as belts width and the composition of the less dominant species, the general pattern of vertical zonation was similar among sites. The quantitative variations of the dominant taxa were intense among the different rocky shores but small seasonally. The environmental variables identified as the most important to the community structure were the hydrodynamics, slope and rock heterogeneities (refuges). The existence of an ecological gradient reflecting the environmental preferences of the dominant species was clearly indicated in this study.

O Canal de São Sebastião, localizado na costa norte de São Paulo, na região dos municípios de Ilhabela e São Sebastião, é uma das mais importantes zonas costeiras do Estado de São Paulo, em termos de biodiversidade. O Terminal Marítimo Almirante Barroso ? Dutos e Terminais do Centro-Sul (TEBAR/ DTCS) da PETROBRAS está localizado nesta região, na qual ocorreram 151 vazamentos de óleo ligados ao transporte marítimo entre 1978 e 2002. O monitoramento dos costões rochosos do Canal de São Sebastião foi criado pela CETESB para levantar dados de base sobre as comunidades de costões entremarés visando subsidiar futuras avaliações dos impactos de vazamentos de óleo na região. Foram monitorados 17 costões durante quatro anos, entre 1993 e 1996. Constatou-se a presença de 287 táxons (macrofauna e macroalgas), com marcante variação na composição de espécies entre os costões. A estrutura taxonômica de grandes grupos e trófica, no entanto, mantiveram-se relativamente homogêneas entre os pontos. Apesar de haver algumas diferenças locais, o padrão geral de zonação foi similar entre os costões, variando principalmente a largura dos estratos e a composição das espécies acompanhantes. As variações quantitativas das espécies dominantes foram intensas entre os pontos e reduzidas sazonalmente. Os parâmetros ambientais identificados como mais significativos no controle da estrutura da comunidade foram hidrodinamismo, declive, e quantidade de refúgios na rocha. Foram constatadas preferências diferenciadas pelas espécies dominantes por combinações ambientais específicas. / The São Sebastião Channel, located at the north coast of São Paulo State, between the cities of Ilhabela and São Sebastião, is one of the most important coastal zones of the State regarding biodiversity. The Almirante Barroso maritime terminal TEBAR/DTCS is located at this area, where 151 oil spills occurred over the last 25 years. The São Sebastião Channel rocky shore monitoring program was created in order to generate background data about the intertidal community and to support future evaluations of ecological impacts from oil spills. Seventeen sites were monitored during four years (1993-1996). This program registered 287 taxa (macrofauna and macroalgae), and great variation on the species composition among the sites. However, the taxonomic and trophic structure was very similar. Despite the occurrence of individual differences, such as belts width and the composition of the less dominant species, the general pattern of vertical zonation was similar among sites. The quantitative variations of the dominant taxa were intense among the different rocky shores but small seasonally. The environmental variables identified as the most important to the community structure were the hydrodynamics, slope and rock heterogeneities (refuges). The existence of an ecological gradient reflecting the environmental preferences of the dominant species was clearly indicated in this study.

The 1920s land boom in Florida produced a wide variety of characters. Among the most important, but lesser known, of those was David Paul Davis. Davis was born in November 1885 in Green Cove Springs, Florida. His family moved to Tampa in 1895, where he attended school and held a number of different jobs. He left Tampa in 1908 and reappeared in Jacksonville in 1915. That same year, in Jacksonville, he married Marjorie H. Merritt. The young couple moved to Miami in 1920, where Davis began to sell real estate. He became quite adept, developing a number of subdivisions in the Buena Vista section of the city. He made a considerable fortune in Miami, but lost his wife, who died while giving birth to their second child. Davis moved back to Tampa in 1924 and began work on the largest development on Florida's west coast. That development, Davis Islands, made him wildly rich and nationally famous. He followed up Davis Islands with Davis Shores, a subdivision in St. Augustine that Davis envisioned as being twice the size of Davis Islands. The Florida land boom collapsed before Davis could complete Davis Shores. In an attempt to keep the St. Augustine project afloat, Davis sold his Tampa development in August 1926. The effort was in vain and Davis slipped further into debt. He died under mysterious circumstances while en route to Europe aboard a luxury liner on October 12, 1926.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 89 pages. / Thesis (M.A.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: The 1920s land boom in Florida produced a wide variety of characters. Among the most important, but lesser known, of those was David Paul Davis. Davis was born in November 1885 in Green Cove Springs, Florida. His family moved to Tampa in 1895, where he attended school and held a number of different jobs. He left Tampa in 1908 and reappeared in Jacksonville in 1915. That same year, in Jacksonville, he married Marjorie H. Merritt. The young couple moved to Miami in 1920, where Davis began to sell real estate. He became quite adept, developing a number of subdivisions in the Buena Vista section of the city. He made a considerable fortune in Miami, but lost his wife, who died while giving birth to their second child. Davis moved back to Tampa in 1924 and began work on the largest development on Florida's west coast. That development, Davis Islands, made him wildly rich and nationally famous. / ABSTRACT: He followed up Davis Islands with Davis Shores, a subdivision in St. Augustine that Davis envisioned as being twice the size of Davis Islands. The Florida land boom collapsed before Davis could complete Davis Shores. In an attempt to keep the St. Augustine project afloat, Davis sold his Tampa development in August 1926. The effort was in vain and Davis slipped further into debt. He died under mysterious circumstances while en route to Europe aboard a luxury liner on October 12, 1926. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.