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by Chung Chi Kong, Arthur. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-175). / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Table of contents --- p.v / List of tables --- p.x / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review / Chapter 2.1 --- Ovarian maturation of decapod crustaceans / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Female reproductive system --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Ovarian maturation --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Previtellogenic stage --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Vitellogenic stage --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Factors affecting ovarian maturation in decapod crustaceans / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Endocrine control --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Inhibitory control --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Stimulatory control / Chapter 2.2.1.2.1 --- Gonad stimulating hormone (GSH) --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.1.2.2 --- Vitellogenin stimulating ovarian hormone (VSOH) --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.1.2.3 --- Ecdysteriods (MH) --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1.2.4 --- Juvenoids (JH) --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.1.2.5 --- Pheromones --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.1.2.6 --- Vertebrate-like steroids --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Environmental factors --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Nutritional factors --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3 --- The role of lipids during ovarian maturation of decapod crustaceans / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Lipids in decapod crustaceans --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Variation of lipids during ovarian maturation / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Changes of lipids in the ovary --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- Changes of lipids in the hepatopancreas --- p.41 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Variation of lipid composition during ovarian maturation of Penaeus chinensis / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Experimental animals --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Total lipid extraction and quantification --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Total lipid extraction --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Quantification of total lipid content --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Separation and quantification of lipid classes --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Separation of total lipid classes --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Separation of polar lipid classes --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Quantification of lipid classes --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Fatty acid analysis / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Preparation of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Gas chromatography --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Biometric data --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Variation of total lipids --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Variation of lipids in ovary / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Neutral lipid classes --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Polar lipid classes --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Fatty acid composition --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Variation of lipids in hepatopancreas / Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Neutral lipid classes --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Polar lipid classes --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.4.3 --- Fatty acid composition --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Variation of lipids in muscle / Chapter 3.3.5.1 --- Neutral lipid classes --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.5.2 --- Polar lipid classes --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.5.3 --- Fatty acid composition --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Variation of lipids in ovary during ovarian maturation --- p.88 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Variation of lipids in hepatopancreas during ovarian maturation --- p.92 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Variation of lipids in muscle during ovarian maturation --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Mobilization of lipids during ovarian maturation --- p.96 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Variation of lipid composition during ovarian maturation of Metapenaeus ensis / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Experimental animals --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Total lipid extraction and quantification --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Separation and quantification of lipid classes --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Fatty acid analysis --- p.103 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Biometric data --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Variation of total lipids --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Variation of lipids in ovary / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Neutral lipid classes --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Polar lipid classes --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- Fatty acid composition --- p.106 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Variation of lipids in hepatopancreas / Chapter 4.3.4.1 --- Neutral lipid classes --- p.107 / Chapter 4.3.4.2 --- Polar lipid classes --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3.4.3 --- Fatty acid composition --- p.109 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Variation of lipids in muscle / Chapter 4.3.5.1 --- Neutral lipid classes --- p.109 / Chapter 4.3.5.2 --- Polar lipid classes --- p.109 / Chapter 4.3.5.3 --- Fatty acid composition --- p.110 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Variation of lipids in ovary during ovarian maturation --- p.138 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Variation of lipids in hepatopancreas during ovarian maturation --- p.142 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Variation of lipids in muscle during ovarian maturation --- p.145 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Mobilization of lipids during ovarian maturation --- p.146 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- General conclusions --- p.151 / References --- p.154

Lo Ting Sze. / Thesis submitted in: December 2002. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-170). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Declaration --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Acknowledgements --- p.vii / List of Contents / Contents in Brief --- p.viii / Contents in Detail --- p.ix / List of Figures and Tables / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Tables --- p.xvi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction and literature review General introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Structural changes in ovary of penaeid shrimp during maturation --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Biochemical and physiological changes in ovary of penaeid shrimp during maturation --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Variation of protein content --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Changes of proteins in ovary of penaeid shrimp during maturation --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Biochemical characterization of vitellin --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.1.3 --- Site of vitellogenin synthesis --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Variation of lipid composition --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Role of lipids in ovary of penaeid shrimp --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Changes of lipids in ovary of penaeid shrimp during maturation --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Variation of other nutrient contents --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3 --- Endocrine control of ovarian maturation in penaeid shrimp --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Gonad-inhibiting hormone (GIH) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- X-organ sinus gland complex (XOSG) and CHH neuropeptide family --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Gonad-stimulating hormone (GSH) --- p.22 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Methyl farnesoate (MF) --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.6 --- Neurotransmitters --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3.7 --- Other factors --- p.26 / Chapter 1.3.8 --- Androgenic hormone (AH) --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4 --- Ecology and reproductive biology of Metapenaeus ensis --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Identification --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Ecology --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Reproductive biology --- p.30 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objective of research --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- "Variation of circulating gonad-inhibiting hormone (GIH) level during ovarian maturation in the shrimp, Metapenaeus ensis" / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Experimental animals and serum extraction --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Protein content assay --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- SDS-polyacrymide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Western blot --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Purification of IgG from antiserum --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- ELISA assay (indirect ELISA) --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Experimental animals --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Purification of anti-GIH IgG --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Optimization of indirect ELISA --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Determination of circulating GIH in haemolymph --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.55 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- "Identification of genes differentially expressed during ovarian maturation in the shrimp, Metapenaeus ensis" / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Outline of methodology --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Experimental animals --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Total RNA extraction --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- RNA arbitrarily primed PCR (RAP-PCR) --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- DNA electrophoresis by agarose gel --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- DNA electrophoresis by polyacrylamide gel --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Preparation of DIG-labeled probe from PCR product --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Checking for DIG-labeling yield --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Excision of cDNA library from ovary of Metapenaeus ensis --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.10 --- PCR screening of insertion sequence --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.11 --- Dot-blot --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.12 --- Dot-blot hybridization --- p.76 / Chapter 3.2.13 --- Growth of cell for plasmid preparation --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.14 --- Permanent culture preparation --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2.15 --- DNA Sequencing --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2.16 --- RNA formaldehyde denaturing gel electrophoresis --- p.82 / Chapter 3.2.17 --- Northern blot --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.18 --- Northern hybridization --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.19 --- 5´ة RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) --- p.88 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.92 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Experimental animals --- p.92 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Total RNA extraction --- p.92 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- RNA arbitrarily primed PCR (RAP-PCR) --- p.92 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Titer of cDNA library from Metapenaeus ensis ovary --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- PCR screening of insertion sequence --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Dot-blot hybridization --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- DNA sequencing of differentially expressed genes --- p.96 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- Northern analysis --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.8.1 --- Housekeeping gene - elongation factor 1α --- p.106 / Chapter 3.3.8.2 --- Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) --- p.106 / Chapter 3.3.8.3 --- Cytoskeletal actin --- p.109 / Chapter 3.3.8.4 --- Keratin --- p.109 / Chapter 3.3.8.5 --- Heat shock cognate 70 kD protein (hsc70) --- p.109 / Chapter 3.3.8.6 --- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) --- p.117 / Chapter 3.3.8.7 --- Arginine kinase --- p.117 / Chapter 3.3.8.8 --- High mobility group 1-like protein (HMGl-like protein) --- p.122 / Chapter 3.3.8.9 --- Nucleoside diphosphate kinase --- p.122 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.122 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- RAP-PCR and dot-blot hybridization --- p.122 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Functions of differentially expressed genes in ovarian maturation --- p.128 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) --- p.128 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Cytoskeletal actin --- p.130 / Chapter 3.4.2.3 --- Keratin --- p.130 / Chapter 3.4.2.4 --- Heat shock cognate 70 kD protein (hsc70) --- p.131 / Chapter 3.4.2.5 --- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) --- p.134 / Chapter 3.4.2.6 --- Arginine kinase --- p.135 / Chapter 3.4.2.7 --- High mobility group 1-like protein (HMGl-like protein) --- p.136 / Chapter 3.4.2.8 --- Nucleoside diphosphate kinase --- p.137 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Speculation on the molecular changes in ooctyes during ovarian maturation --- p.139 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- General conclusion --- p.142 / References --- p.145

Mak Man Ting. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-125). / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.iv / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES --- p.ix / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW / Chapter 2.1 --- General Review on Crustacean Circulatory System --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- General anatomy and function --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Control mechanisms of cardiac function --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Intrinsic control --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Extrinsic control --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Ontogenic changes in cardiac function --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- Change in heart rate during development --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- Change from myogenic heart to neurogenic heart --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Effect of Temperature on Crustacean Cardiac Function --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- General effect of temperature on crustaceans --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Effect of temperature on heart rate --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- "Inter-relationship between heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output" --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Control mechanisms on crustacean cardiac function in response to temperature change --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Effect of Salinity on Crustacean Cardiac Function --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- General effect of salinity on crustaceans --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Effect of salinity on heart rate --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Effect of salinity on hemolymph flow distribution --- p.25 / Chapter CHAPTER3 --- CHANGES IN HEART RATE DURING DEVELOPMENT / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.31 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.34 / Chapter CHATPER4 --- EFFECT OF SALINITY ON HEART RATE OF METAPENAEUS ENSIS / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.48 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.51 / Chapter CHATPER5 --- EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON HEART RATE OF METAPENAEUS ENSIS / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.58 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.59 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.62 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.77 / Chapter CHAPTER6 --- DEVELOPMENT OF HEART INNERVATION IN METAPENAEUS ENSIS / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.86 / Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.87 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results --- p.89 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.109 / Chapter CHAPTER7 --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.112 / REFERENCES --- p.116

Cui, Ju. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-136). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Declaration --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Acknowledgements --- p.viii / Table of Contents --- p.ix / List of Tables and Figures --- p.xi / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiii / Chapter 1 General introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 Literature review --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- Structural changes in ovary and thelycum of penaeid shrimp during maturaiton --- p.4 / Chapter 2.3 --- Biochemical changes in ovary of penaeid shrimp during maturation --- p.7 / Chapter 2.4 --- Endocrine control of ovarian maturation in penaeid shrimp --- p.9 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Peptides --- p.9 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Steroids --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Terpenoids --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Biogenic amines --- p.21 / Chapter 2.6 --- Reproductive biology of the shrimp Metapenaeus ensis --- p.23 / Chapter 2.6 --- Proteomics --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Identification of proteins differentially expressed during ovarian maturation in the shrimp Metapenaeus ensis --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Animals --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Histological observation --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Data analysis --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Protein isolation and identification by MALDI-TOF MS/MS --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- General ovarian histology --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Morphometric analysis --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Comparison of proteomic patterns of shrimp ovaries and image analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Identification of differentially expressed proteins in shrimp ovaries by MALDI-TOF MS/MS analysis --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.61 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Identification of proteins by MALDI-TOF MS/MS analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Potential functions of the identified ditterentially expressed proteins in shrimp reproduction --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Characterization of cellular retinoic acid binding protein (CRABP) and retinoic X receptor (RXR) in the shrimp Metapenaeus ensis --- p.69 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Experimental animals --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Preparation of total RNA --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Rapid Amplification of 5' and 3' cDNA Ends (RACE) --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Subcloning --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Sequencing --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Phylogenetic analysis --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Reverse transcription (RT) --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Semi-quantitative RT-PCR --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- Real-Time RT-PCR --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2.10 --- In situ hybridization --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.11 --- Tissue culture and in vitro ovary explant assay --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.12 --- Statistical analysis --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Full-length RXR cDNA derivation --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Spatiotemporal expression profiles of MeCRABP and MeRXR mRNA in female shrimp --- p.92 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Effect of exogenous retinoic acids on the expression of MeCRABP and MeRXR in shrimp ovaries --- p.96 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.101 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Cloning and characterization of the M. ensis RXR --- p.101 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Developmental expression of CRABP and RXR in shrimp ovary --- p.102 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Effects of exogenous retinoic acids --- p.104 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- General conclusion --- p.106 / References --- p.110

The brine shrimp, Artemia, was used as an experimental organism to study the effects of ⁶⁰Co gamma irradiation on the reproductive performance of an animal population. The total reproductive ability of the brine shrimp was fractionated into various components and the effects of irradiation on each of these components was then determined by studies of reproductive behavior in individual pair matings. In this study, the components identified were the number of broods produced per pair, the number of nauplii voided per pair, the number of nauplii voided per brood, the survival of nauplii to sexual maturity, the number of mature adults produced per brood, and finally the number of mature adults produced per pair. All component parameters of total reproductive performance were shown to be affected by irradiation. However, the number of broods per pair was shown to be the factor most affected by doses of 1200 rads or less. The final parameter, the number of mature adults produced per pair, is really the measurement of the net reproductive potential of Artemia. The net reproduction was also examined by making counts of the total population contained in three liter population cultures, and contrasted to the results obtained with the pair mating studies. It was demonstrated that the population cultures may be maintained by using only a small part of the reproductive potential exhibited in the pair matings. Therefore, we find that the results of pair matings must necessarily be used to assess the amount that the reproductive potential of Artemia is decreased due to various doses of irradiation. It was determined that for Artemia irradiated at the most sensitive stage, a dose of 2100 rads produced sterility. At less sensitive stages, more than 3000 rads would be required to produce sterility. In a single experiment, Artemia irradiated with 300 rads gave an indication of a slight enhancement of reproductive ability as compared to the control animals. In all cases, doses of 600 rads or less showed little effect on the reproductive ability of this species. / Graduation date: 1968

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1982. / Vita. Bibliography: leaves [312]-339.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1960. / Type-written copy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-82).

Predators can affect prey by increasing their mortality, or may reduce the fitness of prey which modify their behaviours in response to predation risks (i.e. risk effects). Non-lethal effects of predators on prey behaviours are still poorly understood, although they may have cascading effects through food webs. This thesis examined the effect of habitat structure and symbiotic associations on the interaction between predatory fish and three rhynchocinetid shrimps: Rhynchocinetes typus in temperate rocky reefs in Chile, R. brucei in tropical rocky reefs in Hong Kong and Cinetorhynchus hendersoni in coral reefs in Malaysia. Underwater observations in Chile revealed that R. typus was rarely found on substrata with simple structure where refuges were scarce or lacking, but the effect of substratum complexity on their abundance was weak, probably because low fish abundance (and hence predation risk) did not affect survival probability below a critical threshold of refuge availability. This was in accordance with the observation that shrimp and fish abundance were negatively correlated in managed areas where fishing was limited, but not in open-access areas, were fish were less abundant. In addition, shrimps tended to form large aggregations in large shelters that offered limited protection against predators. Overall, direct effects of predation on shrimp densities and population structure were weak in Chile, whereas indirect effects on shrimp distribution within reefs appear to have been mediated through behavioural responses. Shrimp and other small decapods often associate with invertebrate hosts in order to gain protection from predators. In Hong Kong, where prolonged overexploitation of large predatory fishes has resulted in dominance of small fishes, R. brucei uses two alternative hosts: an urchin (Diadema setosum) and an anemone (Entacmaea quadricolor). Underwater surveys revealed that shrimps were rarely found outside crevices and holes unless associated with anemones and urchins. Experiments in the laboratory confirmed that, when given a choice, shrimps avoided open areas and associated with anemones and urchins which protected them against fish. Shrimps also imprinted upon the host species with which they were associated when collected from the field, and selected that host when given a choice. In Malaysia, where fish were more abundant than in Chile or Hong Kong, predation risks on C. hendersoni were high during the day, and shrimps exhibited nocturnal activity seemingly to reduce predation risk. Shrimps preferred only the most complex substrata, which provided the best protection against predators, while substrata with simple structure and few refuges were avoided. Tethering experiments and field observations confirmed that diel behaviour and substratum selection were driven by predation risk. Differences in fish abundance and diversity at the three study sites resulted in varying predation risks that influenced activity patterns and habitat choice by reef shrimps. These behavioural responses of prey to predation risks and their interactions with habitat structure have important implications for predicting how human disturbances, such as overfishing or habitat degradation, may disrupt predator-prey interactions and modify food webs. / published_or_final_version / Biological Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy