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Les prédateurs introduits, tels que les chats (Felis silvestris catus) et les rats (Rattus spp), constituent la principale cause de raréfaction et d'extinction d'oiseaux insulaires. L'impact de la prédation sur les populations d'oiseaux est généralement quantifié grâce à l'identification morphologique des restes d'oiseaux dans les échantillons alimentaires de prédateurs. Une synthèse bibliographique réalisée dans cette thèse soulève les biais qualitatifs et quantitatifs liés à la difficulté d'identification des restes d'oiseaux. Les méthodes moléculaires permettent aujourd'hui de détecter et d'identifier avec précision l'ADN de proies cibles dans le régime alimentaire des prédateurs. Une part importante de cette thèse a consisté à optimiser le protocole moléculaire et en particulier les étapes de sélection des amorces taxon-spécifiques et de l'extraction de l'ADN des proies. La comparaison des performances des méthodes morphologique et moléculaire a mis en évidence la puissance de cette dernière dans la détection et l'identification des espèces d'oiseaux consommées par les chats et rats de l'île de Niau (Polynésie Française). L'étude des interactions trophiques directes (prédation) et indirectes (compétition alimentaire) entre trois prédateurs invasifs (R. exulans, R. rattus et F. s. catus) et un oiseau menacé d'extinction, le Martin-chasseur des Gambier (Todiramphus gambieiri) a montré un très faible impact sur cet oiseau par prédation, mais un fort potentiel de compétition alimentaire avec les 2 Rattus sp., en particulier pour les lézards Scincidae et certains arthropodes terrestres. Des perspectives de conservation du Martin-chasseur sont proposées et discutées. / Introduced predators, particularly cats (Felis silvestris catus) and rats (Rattus spp) are recognized as a major factor of rarefaction and extinction of island bird species. The impact of predation on bird populations is usually assessed through the morphological identification of bird remains in predator diet samples. A review conducted in this thesis highlighted the qualitative and quantitative biases related to the difficulty of detecting and identifying the consumed bird species in predator diet samples. Molecular methods allow the accurate detection and identification of targeted prey DNA in the diet of predators. A large part of the work entailed here has been to optimize the molecular protocol and particularly the key steps of the selection of.taxon-specific primer pairs and the extraction of prey DNA. A comparative study of the performances of both morphological and molecular methods highlighted the strength of the latter in the detection and identification of the bird species preyed by cats and rats on Niau island (French Polynesia). The study of the direct (predation) and indirect (competition for food) trophic interactions between three invasive predators (R. exulans, R. rattus and F. s. catus) and a critically endangered bird, the Tuamotu Kingfisher (Todiramphus gambieiri), demonstrated a very low impact of cats and rats on the population of Tuamotu Kingfisher through predation, but a high potential for food competition between this bird and the two species of rats, particularly for lizards (Scincidae) and some terrestrial arthropods. Finally, management perspectives regarding the conservation of Kingfisher Gambier are proposed and discussed.

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-10-18T13:04:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_EstudoAspectosClinicos.pdf: 2259793 bytes, checksum: 716dcd79ff35a0b14f3d83f54b23c3d9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-11-07T14:11:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_EstudoAspectosClinicos.pdf: 2259793 bytes, checksum: 716dcd79ff35a0b14f3d83f54b23c3d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-07T14:11:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_EstudoAspectosClinicos.pdf: 2259793 bytes, checksum: 716dcd79ff35a0b14f3d83f54b23c3d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-27 / O escorpionismo ou acidente por escorpião é um problema de saúde pública em todas as regiões brasileiras. Na Região Norte, é o Estado do Pará o que mais notifica a ocorrência de casos. Os municípios da Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB) são os que mais têm apresentado estudos sobre estes acidentes, porém em poucos casos há comprovação do escorpião agressor. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi determinar os aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos dos acidentes comprovadamente causados por escorpiões na RMB. Foram realizadas a identificação, a caracterização e a avaliação da importância médica dos escorpiões responsáveis por escorpionismos, doados ao Centro de Informação Toxicológica de Belém (CIT-Belém). Após notificação e atendimento médico das vítimas, foi traçado o perfil clínico e epidemiológico dos acidentados entre janeiro de 2007 a junho de 2015. Os municípios da RMB que apresentaram 55 acidentes comprovadamente causados por escorpião foram Belém (50,9%), Ananindeua (47,3%) e Benevides (1,8%). Os escorpiões identificados são espécies nativas na região: o Tityus obscurus Gervais, 1843 (76%), de cor escura que atinge até 87,95 mm de comprimento e o Tityus silvestris Pocock, 1897 (24%), de cor amarelada com manchas escuras que atinge até 45,84 mm de comprimento. As duas espécies acidentaram as pessoas preferencialmente no ambiente domiciliar e durante o período diurno, as vestimentas eram o local preferencial que ocultava o escorpião T. silvestris antes de ocasionar o acidente (53,8%), enquanto o abrigo mais frequente de T. obscurus foram os frutos (35,5%). Os casos ocorreram com maior frequência em pessoas entre 30 e 44 anos de idade, sendo as mãos o sítio anatômico preferencial da picada, não houve predominância de gênero nos acidentados. A maioria das vítimas de T. obscurus apresentou manifestações locais de envenenamento (83,3%), algumas evoluíram com manifestações sistêmicas (11,9%), todos os acidentados por T. silvestris tiveram manifestações locais e destes 23% evoluíram para quadro clínico de envenenamento sistêmico. Todas as vítimas após atendimento evoluíram para alta com cura total. Concluímos que ocorre escorpionismo na RMB por duas espécies nativas na Amazônia, o T. obscurus e o T. silvestris com diferenças morfológicas e epidemiológicas. É a primeira vez que se relata sintomatologia sistêmica nos envenenamentos por T. silvestris revelando a importância médica desta espécie. Estudos da peçonha desta devem ser realizados para verificar sua real importância em saúde pública. / The scorpionism or accident by scorpion is a public health problem in all Brazilian regions. In the North Region, is the State of Pará which more notifies the occurrence of cases. The municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Belém (RMB) are that more have presented studies about these accidents, but in a few cases there was evidence the scorpion aggressor. The main objective of this study was to determine the clinical and epidemiological aspects of accidents caused by scorpions in RMB. Were performed the identification, characterization and evaluation of medical importance of scorpions responsible for scorpionisms, donated to the Center for Toxicological information of Belém (CIT-Belém). After notification procedure and medical care of victims, it was traced the clinical and epidemiological profile of the accident victims between January 2007 to June 2015. The municipalities of RMB that presented 55 accidents demonstrably caused by scorpion were Belém (50.9%), Ananindeua (47.3%) and Benevides (1.8%). The scorpions identified are native species in the region: the Tityus obscurus Gervais, 1843 (76%), dark in color that reaches up to 87,95 mm in length and the Tityus silvestris Pocock, 1897 (24%), yellowish with dark spots that reaches up to 45,84 mm of length. The two species injured people preferably into domicile and during the day, the garments were the common location that hid the scorpion T. silvestris before cause the accident (53.8%), while the most frequent shelter of T. obscurus were the fruits (35.5%). The cases occurred with greater frequency in individuals between 30 and 44 years of age, being hands the most common anatomical site for stings, there was no predominance of gender in victims. The majority of victims to T. obscurus presented local manifestations of poisoning (83.3%), some have evolved with systemic manifestations (11.9%), all the victims by T. silvestris had local manifestations and of these 23% evolved to clinical condition of systemic poisoning. All victims after answer evolved to high with total cure. We conclude that occurs scorpion envenomation in RMB by two native species in the Amazon, T. obscurus and T. silvestris with morphological differences and epidemiological characteristics. It is the first time that reports systemic symptoms in poisoning by T. silvestris revealing the medical importance of this species. Studies of the poison of this should be carried out to check their real importance in public health.