Les services écosystémiques (SE) désignent les bénéfices fournis par les écosystèmes à la société. En France, la législation cherche à les intégrer dans les études d’impact environnemental avec la promulgation de la Loi pour la reconquête de la biodiversité, de la nature et des paysages (2016). Pour ce faire, il est nécessaire de développer des méthodes de terrain d’estimation des SE. C’est dans ce cadre qu’une collaboration entre le Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine et le bureau d’études EGIS Environnement a vu le jour, afin de répondre à la question : comment quantifier les SE à l’échelle locale ?Pour cela, nous avons étudié deux SE de régulation régulièrement évoqués dans le contexte du changement global. Le service de pollinisation est essentiel pour l’alimentation humaine et est au cœur de l’actualité de par les déclins des populations d’insectes pollinisateurs. Le SE de régulation du climat global par la séquestration de carbone par les écosystèmes est d’intérêt majeur en regard des changements climatiques récents et annoncés.Nous avons suivi les quatre étapes du développement d’un protocole. Premièrement, pour le SE de pollinisation entomophile qui possède de nombreuses définitions dans la littérature, nous avons établi par une revue bibliographique un cadre conceptuel afin de définir le SE de pollinisation et d’identifier les indicateurs et leurs méthodes de mesures. Nous avons choisi pour la suite d’adopter la définition du SE de pollinisation comme la capacité de l’écosystème à soutenir la pollinisation entomophile, i.e. la présence d’insectes pollinisateurs. Deuxièmement, nous avons abordé la question du choix des indicateurs pour l’estimation de ce SE. En effet, la capacité du SE de pollinisation peut être estimée par des indicateurs directs, liés à la présence des insectes pollinisateurs sur la parcelle, et des indicateurs indirects, liés aux ressources d’alimentation et de nidification sur la parcelle d’étude et dans le paysage. Nous avons comparé les mesures de ces deux types d’indicateurs estimés en vergers et en prairies. Les objectifs étaient de tester la cohérence entre ces deux types d’indicateurs pour le SE de pollinisation et la possibilité d’une simplification du protocole d’estimation en la basant uniquement sur des indicateurs indirects. Les indicateurs indirects n’expliquaient pas une part suffisante de la variabilité observée dans les mesures d’abondance et de richesse des pollinisateurs pour permettre simplification du protocole.Troisièmement, nous avons cherché à simplifier le protocole d’estimation du SE de la régulation du climat global par la mesure des stocks de carbone en prairies et en forêts. Pour cela, nous avons comparé les estimations obtenues par des protocoles simplifiés à celles obtenues par un protocole plus complet et mesuré les incertitudes causées par ces simplifications. Le protocole d’estimation a pu ainsi être simplifié pour les deux compartiments de l’écosystème stockant le plus de carbone : la biomasse aérienne en forêt et le carbone organique du sol. Enfin, afin de tester l’applicabilité du protocole simplifié d’estimation du SE de régulation du climat global, nous l’avons testé sur des parcelles de zones humides, des écosystèmes stockant une grande quantité de carbone. Ces parcelles ont été placées dans un modèle d’états-et-transitions afin de tester si les mesures de gestion peuvent affecter les stocks de carbone des zones humides. Les actions de gestion sur la biomasse aérienne changeaient les stocks de carbone entre les zones humides herbacées et forestières. Le stock de carbone organique du sol, stock majeur dans les zones humides, ne différait pas entre les différents états étudiés, reflétant la difficulté d’agir sur ce compartiment.Cette étude montre que le développement méthodologique pour la quantification de SE sur le terrain peut mener à des protocoles simples et fiables mais que le processus de développement est différent selon les SE abordés. / Ecosystem services are benefits supplied by ecosystem to human societies. In France, recent legislation aims to include ecosystem service in environmental impact studies with the enactment of the Law for the recovery of biodiversity, nature and landscapes (2016). To do so, it is necessary to develop field methods for ecosystem service estimation. In this setting, a collaboration was established between the Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine and the environmental consultancy EGIS Environnement to answer the following question: how can ecosystem services be quantified at local scale?We studied two ecosystem services often cited in the global change context. The pollination service is essential for human food production. Given worldwide pollinator declines it is at the centre of scientific, citizen and political concerns. The service of global climate regulation by carbon sequestration by ecosystems is of major interest given the recent and coming climate changes.We investigated four key steps for developing a field protocol. First, the ecosystem service of entomophilous pollination has numerous definitions in the scientific literature. Thus, based on a literature review we built a conceptual framework for defining the pollination service and identifying quantifiable indicators and their measurement methods. We chose to define the pollination service as the ecosystem capacity to support entomophilous pollination, i.e. pollinating insect presence. Second, we worked on indicator selection for the pollination service estimation. Pollination capacity can be estimated through direct indicators linked to pollinator presence on the plot and through indirect indicators linked to feeding and nesting resources in the plot and in the landscape. We compared measures of these two types of indicators within orchards and grasslands. Our aims were to test consistency between both indicator types for the pollination service and the possibility of protocol simplification based on indirect indicators. Indirect indicators did not explain enough of the observed variability in pollinator abundance and richness to allow a protocol simplification.Third, we tried to simplify the estimation protocol of the ecosystem service of global climate regulation from measures of carbon stocks in grasslands and forests. We compared estimations obtained by simplified protocols to estimations obtained by a more complete protocol. We also quantified the uncertainties caused by these simplifications. The estimation protocol could be simplified for the two most important carbon pools: aboveground biomass in forests and soil organic carbon. Finally, to test the applicability of the simplified protocol of carbon stock estimations, we applied it on wetland plots. These plots were organized following in a state-and-transition model to test whether management decisions are likely to affect wetland carbon stocks. Management actions on aboveground biomass changed carbon stocks between herbaceous and forested wetland. Soil organic carbon, the major carbon stock in wetlands, was unchanged between the different studied stats, illustrating the difficulty to manage soil carbon stocks in the short term.This study shows that method development for field quantification of ecosystem service can lead to simple and reliable protocols. However, the development process is different for each ecosystem service.

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Background: Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor used to manage gastrointestinal disorders. Special populations may require omeprazole to be given as an oral suspension. Objective: The purpose of this project was to compare the stability of omeprazole in the FIRST kit product to a traditionally compounded omeprazole suspension, when stored in refrigerated unit-dosed syringes. NG tube delivery of the 2 products was also investigated. Methods: Five batches of compounded omeprazole oral suspension and 5 kits of FIRST-Omeprazole were prepared to an initial concentration of 2 mg/mL. Suspensions were aliquoted into 5-mL doses in clear plastic oral syringes, and stored at 2-8 °C. Syringes from each batch were analyzed at baseline and after 7, 14, 21, and 30 days for omeprazole potency using HPLC. To assess suitability for NG tube administration, 20 mL of each suspension were administered through NG tubes (8Fr, 10Fr, and 18Fr), and percent omeprazole recovery assessed. Results: The chemical potency remained within 90-110% for 14 days and 30 days for compounded samples and FIRST-Omeprazole samples, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in initial concentration; 1.89 mg/mL versus 1.98 mg/mL for compounded and FIRST-Omeprazole, respectively. After 30 days, FIRST-Omeprazole demonstrated 97.20% API recovery. Neither suspension experienced statistically significant loss of potency following NG tube passage. Conclusion: FIRST-Omeprazole suspension may be stored in refrigerated clear luer-lock oral syringes for 30 days. Traditionally compounded omeprazole suspension should be used within 14 days. Both suspensions are suitable for NG tube administration.

This licentiate thesis presents contributions to the luminosity measurement from the data recorded by the ATLAS detector in 2017 using a track-counting technique, as well as a search for dark matter in the ATLAS experiment using 139 fb-1 of √s = 13 TeV pp collision data delivered by the LHC from 2015 to 2018. Track-counting luminosity measurements in low-luminosity operations are performed to study the effect of low collision rates on luminosity determination. The luminosity measured in a calibration transfer procedure using the track-counting technique is used to correct the pile-up dependence observed in ATLAS’s main luminosity detector called LUCID. A search in the final state of a lepton, jets and missing transverse energy, where the final state is produced from a pair of top quarks and a spin-0 scalar/pseudoscalar mediator, is presented. A dedicated signal region is designed to target this final state in which the mediator decays into dark matter particles. The signal region covers the search in the mass plane of the mediator and the dark matter particle. Dedicated control regions are designed to estimate the top-quark background events, as well as the events where a Zboson is produced in association with the top quarks. The signal region event counts in the data have not been unblinded yet, but expected exclusion limits at 95% confidence level as a function of mediator mass are presented. Scalar and pseudoscalar mediators are expected to be excluded up to 200 and 250 GeV, respectively, for the dark matter mass of 1 GeV, and the coupling strengths of the mediator to the dark matter and Standard Model particles of 1.

Characterization of the seismic hazard and ground-failure hazard of a site using traditional empirical lateral spread displacement models requires consideration of uncertainties in seismic loading, site conditions, and model prediction. Researchers have developed performance-based design methods to simultaneously account for these sources of uncertainty through the incorporation of a probabilistic analytical framework. While these methods can effectively handle the various sources of uncertainty associated with empirical lateral spread displacement prediction, they can be difficult for engineers to perform in a practical manner without the use of specialized numerical tools. To make the benefits of a performance-based approach accessible to a broader audience of geotechnical engineers, a simplified performance-based procedure is introduced in this paper. This map-based procedure utilizes a reference soil profile to provide hazard-targeted reference displacements across a geographic area. Equations are provided for engineers to correct those reference displacements for site-specific soil conditions and surface geometry to produce site-specific, hazard-targeted estimates of lateral spread displacement. The simplified performance-based procedure is validated through a comparative study assessing probabilistic lateral spread displacements across several cities in the United States. Results show that the simplified procedure closely approximates the results from the full performance-based model for all sites. Comparison with deterministic analyses are presented, and the place for both in engineering practice are discussed.

AbstractDaskalos, Konstantinos & Jellum Ling, Jeppe (2005)Authentic texts or adapted texts – That is the question! The use of authentic and adapted texts in the study of English in two Swedish upper secondary schools and a study of student and teacher attitudes towards these texts. Skolutveckling och ledarskap, Lärarutbildningen 60 p, Malmö HögskolaThe aim of this paper is to find out which attitudes teachers and students have towards authentic and adapted texts used in the teaching of English in two Swedish grammar schools. Furthermore, the paper aims to demonstrate the importance of proper text selection in relation to student motivation.To achieve this, a survey was conducted with second year students in two different schools; on top of this, several interviews were conducted with students as well as an interview with a teacher. This was done to demonstrate the different attitudes towards the textbook and authentic texts and to illustrate the importance of choosing topics that students can relate to.The results show that students preferred to read authentic texts. These texts provided them with interesting topics. The teacher also preferred to use authentic texts and agreed that authentic texts usually created an active classroom, but pointed out that to substitute the textbook entirely with authentic material was unrealistic. Therefore, a combination of the two types of text would be preferable.

Mass spectrometry is a technique that analyzes the chemical compositions of compounds based on the mass-to-charge ratio of their ionized constituents. Miniaturized ion trap mass spectrometry finds application in a wide range of fields where portable, rugged, and reliable analytical instruments are required. Ion traps of various designs have been introduced over the past decades, each with their own unique advantages and capabilities. However, the process of developing a novel miniaturized ion trap mass spectrometer continues to be fraught with challenges. This dissertation discusses simulation studies pertaining to the development of a novel dual ion trap, the simplified coaxial ion trap, consisting of a simplified toroidal ion trap and a cylindrical ion trap. Ions are initially trapped in the toroidal region and the target ions are transferred to the cylindrical region where they are fragmented and mass analyzed, while the rest of the ion population remains securely trapped in the toroidal region. The compact design and extended trapping volume secure several advantages that are not available to conventional ion trap designs. The simulations were geared towards the determination of an optimized geometry and optimal operating conditions for the simplified coaxial ion trap. Four main criteria were used in the determination of the ideal geometric and operating conditions; namely, mass-selectivity of transfer from the toroidal to cylindrical traps, transfer and trapping efficiency in the cylindrical ion trap, mass resolution, and unidirectional ejection. The optimized geometry demonstrates successful trapping of ions in the toroidal region and selective transfer of target ions to the cylindrical region. Unidirectional inward ejection of ions could be achieved with a positive hexapole component in the electric field. The mass resolution under optimized conditions of the toroidal trap was 0.3 Da (FWHM), which agrees with the experimental value. The simplified coaxial ion trap yielded a total transfer and trapping efficiency of 25%. A number of suggestions to improve the efficiency are also discussed as part of this work.

Выпускная квалификационная работа (магистерская диссертация) посвящена исследованию контрольной деятельности ФНС за исчислением и взиманием налогов при упрощенной системе налогообложения. Предметом исследования выступают экономические отношения, возникающие в процессе контроля налоговых органов за исчислением и уплатой налогов при применении упрощенной системы налогообложения. Целью магистерской диссертации является анализ контрольной работы ИФНС по Верх-Исетскому району г. Екатеринбурга за исчислением и полнотой уплаты налогов при применении упрощенной системы налогообложения (далее – УСН) и разработка рекомендаций, направленные на решение выявленных проблем. В заключении обозначены рекомендации, по увеличению эффективности налогового контроля за исчислением и полнотой уплаты налогов, при применении упрощенной системы налогообложения. / Final qualifying work (master's thesis) is devoted to the study of control activities of the Federal tax service for the calculation and collection of taxes under the simplified tax system. The subject of the study are the economic relations arising in the process of control of the tax authorities for the calculation and payment of taxes in the application of the simplified tax system. The purpose of the master's thesis is to analyze the control work of the IFNS in the Upper Iset district of Yekaterinburg for the calculation and completeness of tax payment in the application of the simplified tax system (hereinafter-STS) and develop recommendations aimed at solving the identified problems. In conclusion, the recommendations to increase the efficiency of tax control over the calculation and completeness of tax payment, the application of a simplified tax system.

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This study compared the turnover tax and small business corporation tax systems in South Africa as applicable to micro and small businesses. Misinformed perceptions of the turnover tax system were the motivation for this study. A three phase approach was adopted to conduct this study, the phases being literature review, in-depth face-to-face interviews and quantitative analysis of financial statements which are referred to as case studies. The tax liability was calculated for each of the thirty cases and thereafter a comparative analysis was performed to establish the most beneficial tax system for each case study. The findings for year one revealed that the small business corporation tax system was the most beneficial tax system for fifteen of the thirty cases and turnover tax for the other fifteen cases. Over an average of five years, fourteen cases benefited from the small business corporation tax system and sixteen from turnover tax. There were a number of significant reasons why the above mentioned tax systems were appropriate for each of the thirty cases, one of which being, the type of business or industry where the case is located. The information obtained from this study could inform small and micro businesses about the most appropriate and beneficial tax system for their businesses. In addition the information emanating from this study could be used by tax practitioners to advise their clients on the most appropriate tax system for their businesses. Lastly, the results of this study could contribute to the debate around legislation for small and micro businesses. / Taxation / M. Com. (Accounting)