Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Efficient process design commonly relies on equation-of-state (EOS) models to provide reliable estimates of thermodynamic properties. The accuracy of EOS models, in turn, depends on the extent to which they account for intermolecular forces. The aim of this project was to improve the simplified Perturbed Chain - Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (sPC-SAFT), enabling it to account more accurately for complex molecular interactions. The more simple SAFT-based Cubic-Plus-Association (CPA) model was evaluated along similar lines for comparative purposes. A literature review showed that both sPC-SAFT and CPA have been widely applied in phase equilibria problems, but not extensively for the prediction of other thermodynamic properties. Consequently, an initial evaluation was performed on the ability of sPC-SAFT and CPA to predict first- and second-order thermodynamic properties. The properties of non-polar, polar and hydrogen bonding fluids were considered, showing that: a) sPC-SAFT and CPA generally predict first-order properties with the same accuracy, but sPC-SAFT provides improved predictions of second-order properties. Significant errors are, however, still observed with sPC-SAFT. b) A parameter regression study with sPC-SAFT, using model parameters obtained by including second-order properties in the regression function, results in poor predictions of the saturated vapour pressure and liquid density. c) Treating strong polar and dispersive forces together as Van der Waals forces results in many properties being poorly predicted by both sPC-SAFT and CPA. d) The major limitation of the association term in both CPA and sPC-SAFT is its inability to account for the influence of bond co-operativity, especially in alcohol/water mixtures. Based on these findings, the following improvements could be made: a) The development of a new association scheme for 1-alcohols, denoted the 2C association scheme. b) The extension of sPC-SAFT with the polar theories of Jog & Chapman (JC) and Gross & Vrabec (GV) to obtain sPC-SAFT-JC and sPC-SAFT-GV. c) The extension of CPA with modified versions of the aforementioned polar theories to obtain CPA-JC and CPA-GV. d) The development of a new ‘universal’ cross-association approach. The new 2C association scheme consists of one bipolar association site and one negative electron donor site and is a combination of the 1A and 2B/3B association schemes. Modelling 1-alcohols with the 2C scheme in sPC-SAFT results in improved VLE predictions of alcohol/water and alcohol/alcohol mixtures, but alcohol/alkane VLE is predicted less accurately compared to the 2B and 3B association schemes. sPC-SAFT-JC and sPC-SAFT-GV provide improved VLE predictions of mixtures with non-associating polar components compared to sPC-SAFT. VLE of polar/alkane and polar/polar systems can be represented accurately with no or only very small binary interaction parameters (BIPs). CPA-JC and CPA-GV also enable improved VLE predictions of the polar/alkane and polar/polar mixtures compared to CPA. sPC-SAFT-GV and sPC-SAFT-JC were also applied to several mixtures of associating components including alcohol/alkane, alcohol/alcohol and alcohol/water systems. New alcohol model parameters for both sPC-SAFT-GV and sPC-SAFT-JC based on the 2C, 2B and 3B association schemes were determined. The predictions of both sPC-SAFT-GV and sPC-SAFT-JC, based on any of the three association schemes, provide similar alcohol/alkane and alcohol/alcohol VLE representations, but the best phase equilibria predictions of water/alcohol systems are obtained when alcohols are modelled with the newly proposed 2C association scheme. The usefulness of a new ‘universal’ cross-association approach was demonstrated with both sPC-SAFT-GV and sPC-SAFT-JC. The philosophy behind the new approach is to set the association volume value of the solvating component equal to the cross-associating volume value of the 1-alcohol of the same molecular size and to determine an association energy value from binary VLE data. This approach aims to characterize the solvating behaviour of the cross-associating component. Preliminary results are demonstrated with systems containing acetone, propyl formate and ethyl acetate. Other thermodynamic properties, such as excess enthalpy and excess volume can be described with the new polar sPC-SAFT and CPA models. In the majority of cases, improvements are observed compared to the normal sPC-SAFT and CPA models, but BIPs are still required to obtain accurate correlations. However, these BIPs cannot be used in phase equilibria calculations and are generally property-specific. To summarise: Through the development of the 2C scheme, and the incorporation of polar terms into the sPC-SAFT model structure, notable improvement in the VLE predictions of polar (nonhydrogen bonding)/alkane, alcohol/alkane, alcohol/water and polar/alcohol systems could be obtained if compared to the original sPC-SAFT EOS. As such, the research pesented in this thesis encapsulates some significant novel contributions, viz.: a) A systematic evaluation of sPC-SAFT and CPA, providing better insight into their ability to predict thermodynamic properties. b) The development of the new 2C association scheme for 1-alcohols, as published in Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 8711–8725. c) The extension of sPC-SAFT with the polar theories of JC and GV, with application to non-associating components, as published in Fluid Phase Equilib. 2011, 305, 174–184. d) The extension of CPA with the JC and GV polar theories, as published in Fluid Phase Equilib. 2011, 312, 66–78. e) The application of sPC-SAFT-GV and sPC-SAFT-JC to associating components, including results with the new 2C association scheme. f) The development of the new ‘universal’ cross-association approach. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Doeltreffende prosesontwerp steun grotendeels op toestandvergelykings (EOS) om goeie skattings van vloeistofeienskappe te voorspel. Die akkuraatheid van hierdie modelle word bepaal deur hoe goed hulle die invloed van molekulêre kragte kan naboots. Die doel van hierdie projek was dus om die ‘simplified Perturbed Chain-Statistical Associating Fluid Theory’ (sPC-SAFT) te verbeter, sodat dit komplekse molekulêre kragte beter kan beskryf. Die meer vereenvoudigte SAFT-gebaseerde ‘Cubic-Plus-Association’ (CPA) model was ook geëvalueer vir vergelykende doeleindes. 'n Literatuurstudie het getoon dat beide sPC-SAFT en CPA reeds wyd toegepas is in fase ewewig probleme, maar nie vir ander termodinamiese eienskappe nie. Gevolglik, is 'n aanvanklike ondersoek uitgevoer waarin die vermoë van sPC-SAFT en CPA om eerste- en tweede-orde termodinamiese eienskappe te voorspel, geëvalueer is. Die eienskappe van nie-polêre, polêre en waterstof-bindinde komponente is oorweeg en die hoof bevindinge uit hierdie ondersoek is: a) sPC-SAFT en CPA voorspel oor die algemeen eerste-orde eienskappe met dieselfde akkuraatheid, maar sPC-SAFT bied verbeterde voorspellings van tweede-orde eienskappe. Beduidende foute is egter steeds teenwoordig in die voorspellings van sPC-SAFT. b) 'n Model parameter regressie studie met sPC-SAFT het getoon dat deur tweede-orde eienskappe ook in die regressie-funksie in te sluit, swak skattings van die eienskappe wat nodig is vir 'n goeie fase-ewewig voorspellings, verkry word. c) Die gesamentlike behandeling van sterk polêre en dispersie kragte as Van der Waals kragte, lei tot swak voorspellings van baie eienskappe deur sPC-SAFT en CPA. d) Die hoof beperking van die assosiasie term wat gebruik word deur beide CPA en sPC-SAFT, is die term se onbekwaamheid om die invloed van verbinding-samewerkings te beskryf, veral in mengsels van alkohole met water. Hierdie bevindings het as basis gedien om die volgende verbeterings aan te bring: a) Die ontwikkeling van 'n nuwe assosiasie skema vir 1-alkohole: die 2C-assosiasie skema. b) Die uitbreiding van sPC-SAFT met die polêre teorieë van Jog & Chapman (JC) en Gross & Vrabec (GV) om sPC-SAFT-JC en sPC-SAFT-GV onderskeidelik te kry. c) Die uitbreiding van CPA met gewysigde weergawes van die polêre teorieë om CPA-JC en CPA-GV te kry. d) Die ontwikkeling van ʼn nuwe ‘universele’ kruis-assosiasie benadering. Die nuut-voorgestelde 2C assosiasie skema bestaan uit een bipolêre assosiasie sone en een negatiewe elektron skenker sone en is ʼn kombinasie van die 1A en 2B/3B assosiasie skemas. Die modellering van 1-alkohole met die 2C skema in sPC-SAFT lei tot 'n verbetering in damp-vloeistof ewewig (VLE) voorspellings van alkohol/water en alkohol/alkohol sisteme, maar vir alkohol/alkaan sisteme is minder akkurate voorspellings verkry in vergelyking met die 2B en 3B assosiasie skemas. sPC-SAFT-JC en sPC-SAFT-GV lewer beter VLE voorspellings van mengsels met nie-assosiërende polêre komponente in vergelyking met sPC-SAFT. Die VLE van polêre/alkaan en polêre/polêre stelsels kan akkuraat beskryf word deur beide modelle wanneer geen of baie klein binêre interaksie parameters (BIPs) gebruik word. CPA-JC en CPA-GV lewer ook verbeterde VLE voorspellings van polêre/alkaan en polêre/polêre mengsels in vergelyking met CPA. sPC-SAFT-GV en sPC-SAFT-JC is ook toegepas op verskeie assosiërende mengsels, insluitend: alkohol/alkaan, alkohol/alkohol en alkohol/water stelsels. Nuwe alkohol parameters is vir beide sPC-SAFT-GV en sPC-SAFT-JC bepaal gebaseer op die 2C, 2B en 3B assosiasie skemas. Die voorspellings van sPCSAFT- GV en sPC-SAFT-JC, gebaseer op enigeen van die drie assosiasie skemas, lewer soortgelyke alkohol/alkaan en alkohol/alkohol VLE voorspellings, maar die beste fase-ewewig voorspellings vir water/alkohol sisteme is verkry wanneer alkohole gemodelleer word met die 2C assosiasie skema. Die nuwe ‘universele’ kruis-assosiasie benadering is gedemonstreer met beide sPC-SAFT-GV en sPC-SAFT-JC. Die filosofie agter die nuwe benadering is om die assosiasie volume waarde van die solverende komponent gelyk te stel aan die kruis-assosiasie volume waarde van die 1-alkohol met dieselfde molekulêre massa. Die assosiasie energie waarde word dan bepaal vanaf binêre VLE data. Hierdie benadering poog om die solverende gedrag van die kruis-assosiërende komponent meer akkuraat te karakteriseer. Voorlopige resultate met mengsels van asetoon, propiel formaat en etiel asetaat dui aan dat merkwaardige verbeterings in VLE voorspellings gekry word. Ander termodinamiese eienskappe, soos oortollige entalpie en oortollige volume, is ook ondersoek met die nuwe polêre sPC-SAFT en CPA-modelle. In meeste gevalle word verbeterde resultate gekry in vergelyking met die oorspronklike sPC-SAFT en CPA modelle, maar groot BIPs word steeds benodig om aanvaarbare korrelasies te kry. Hierdie BIPs kan egter nie gebruik word vir fase-ewewig voorspellings nie en is eienskap-spesifiek. Om op te som: deur die ontwikkeling van die 2C skema, en insluiting van die polêre terme in die sPC-SAFT model struktuur, is merkwaardige verbeterings in die VLE voorspellings van polêre/alkaan, alkohol/alkaan, alkohol/water en polêre/alkohol sisteme gekry in vergelyking met die oorspronklike sPC-SAFT EOS. Die navorsing voorgelê in hierdie tesis het dus gelei tot die volgende nuwe bydraes: a) Die sistematiese evaluering van die vermoë van sPC-SAFT en CPA om termodinamiese eienskappe te voorspel. b) Die ontwikkeling van die nuwe 2C assosiasie skema vir 1-alkohole soos gepubliseer in Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 8711–8725. c) Die uitbreiding van sPC-SAFT met die polêre teorieë van JC en GV soos gepubliseer in Fluid Phase Equilib. 2011, 305, 174–184. d) Die uitbreiding van CPA met die polêre teorieë van JC en GV soos gepubliseer in Fluid Phase Equilib. 2011, 312, 66–78. e) Die toepassing van hierdie nuwe modelle op assosiërende komponente, insluitend resultate met die nuwe 2C skema. f) Die ontwikkeling van ʼn nuwe kruis-assosiasie benadering.

Vehicle manufactures have adopted different strategies for improving the environmental performance of their fleet including lightweight design and alternative drivetrains such as EVs. Both strategies reduce energy during use but may result in a relative increase of the impact during other stages. To address this, a lifecycle approach is needed when vehicle design strategies are developed. The thesis explores the extent that such a lifecycle approach is adopted today and assesses the potential of these strategies to reduce the lifecycle impact of vehicles. Moreover it aims to contribute to method development for lifecycle considerations during product development and material selection. Current practices were explored in an empirical study with four vehicle manufacturers. The availability of tools for identifying, monitoring and assessing design strategies was explored in a literature review. The results of the empirical study showed that environmental considerations during product development often lack a lifecycle perspective. Regarding the use of tools a limited number of such tools were utilized systematically by the studied companies despite the numerous tools available in literature. The influence of new design strategies on the lifecycle environmental performance of vehicles was assessed in three case studies; two looking into lightweight design and one at EVs. Both strategies resulted in energy and GHG emissions savings though the impact during manufacturing increases due to the advanced materials used. Assumptions relating to the operating conditions of the vehicle e.g. lifetime distance or for EVs the carbon intensity of the energy mix, influence the level of this tradeoff. Despite its low share in terms of environmental impact EOL is important in the overall performance of vehicles. The thesis contributed to method development by suggesting a systematic approach for material selection. The approach combines material and environmental analysis tools thus increases the possibilities for lifecycle improvements while minimizing risk for sub-optimizations. / <p>QC 20160920</p>

L'objectif de cette thèse a été de mettre au point un capteur dédié à la métrologie des feux de forêts. Ce capteur mesure le flux thermique émit par la flamme car c'est le seul paramètre global mesurable. Le modèle de flamme mince qui lui est associé permet d'obtenir une information riche (flux volumique, positions avant ou arrière du front de flamme, longueur de flamme). Ce capteur a été prévu pour servir comme un outil de calibration et de validation du modèle de propagation présenté au chapitre 1. Cependant la calibration requiert la minimisation de l’écart entre le flux thermique mesuré et calculé, elle fait donc intervenir la position du front de flamme, ce qui ajoute beaucoup de paramètres à la fonction objectif. Mon travail dans cette thèse a été de remédier à ce problème en ajoutant au système de mesure une partie optique. Les données optiques obtenues à l'aide d'une caméra visuelle ont permis d'extraire le contour au sol de la flamme et d'en déduire sa position. Le système développé dans ce travail est unique et représente l’unité d’un réseau de capteurs pour la métrologie des feux de végétation, ou des feux à grande échelle. / The main purpose of this thesis is to design a sensor for forest fire metrology. This sensor measures the radiative heat flux emitted by the flame because it is the only global accessible. The thin flame model associated provides useful information (volume heat flux, forward and backward fire front positions, flame length…). This sensor has been designed to calibrate and validate a fire propagation model presented in chapter 1. Nevertheless, the calibration process requires the minimization of the gap between the measured and the computed heat flux, so fire front positions are involved which leads to add a lot of parameters to the objective function. My work was to solve this problem by incorporating optical measurements. Optical data obtained through a visual camera allow to extract fire front positions. The sensor developed in this work is unique and is the unit of a sensor network for forest fire metrology.

Resumé The diploma thesis is entitled The Comparison of taxation of income of individuals - employees and entrepreneurs. Basically it is divided into three main parts. The main goal of the diploma thesis is to find out whether there is a difference between the taxation of employees` income and entrepreneurs` income. If the difference exists then find out why and whether it should be eliminated. The thesis distinguishes two main comparisons - one that is focused on the employees or entrepreneurs as a group and other which concentrates on taxation of concrete individuals of each group. In the end some proposals of changes are given. The thesis is structured into three parts. The first one is trying to define essential terms of the thesis such as - a tax, an employee or an entrepreneur. As for the tax the thesis marks the social security and health insurance contributions as a part of taxation too because they are very similar to traditional meaning of a tax. When there is spoken of an employee the thesis is trying to suggest the difference between its meaning in labor law and financial law. The next chapter describes a tax base and how it is created for an employee or entrepreneur. The standard procedure is mentioned but mainly it is focused on the essential differences between the taxpayers when the tax base...

Le soudage multipasse est mis en œuvre pour recharger des tuyauteries présentant localement des sous-épaisseurs. La simulation numérique facilite le choix des nombreux paramètres de soudage. La réduction des modèles permet d'accélérer ces choix. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés aux cas pour lesquelles il est difficile de réaliser intégralement la simulation du soudage, faute de temps ou par manque de moyens de calcul. Ce sont des simulations hors d'atteintes. Or, les prévisions manquantes ne permettent pas la mise en œuvre d'une méthode de décomposition orthogonale aux valeurs propres pour extraire une base réduite de modes empiriques à partir des données produites par simulation numérique. Nous proposons donc soit un modèle directionnel bien adapté au soudage, soit une étape d'extrapolation des données de simulations par décalage spatial des prévisions calculées. Ces deux approches sont complémentaires de la méthode d'hyper-réduction, dans laquelle les équations de bilan sont restreintes à un maillage réduit. Ces méthodes permettent de démarrer une simulation numérique du soudage avec un modèle éléments finis, puis de poursuivre cette simulation par un modèle hyper-réduit. Cela évite d'avoir à réaliser de nombreuses études paramétriques et permet de traiter des simulations qui sont hors d'atteintes. Ce mémoire se termine par un chapitre traitant du cas de rechargement d'un tube, pour lequel EDF a mis en œuvre un essai instrumenté. / Multi-pass welding is used to recharge pipes with local sub-thickness. Numerical simulation facilitates the selection of many welding parameters. Reducing the order of models speeds up these choices. In this work, we were interested in cases where it is difficult to carry out the entire welding simulation due to time constraints or lack of calculation means. These computations are called out of reach simulations. However, the missing forecasts do not allow the implementation of a orthogonal decomposition method to extract a reduced basis of empirical modes from the data produced by numerical simulations. To overcome this difficulty, we propose either a directional model well adapted to welding, or a step of extrapolation of the simulation data by spatial shift of the already calculated forecasts. These two approaches are complementary to the hyper-reduction method, in which the balance equations are restricted to a reduced mesh size. These methods allow to start a numerical simulation of welding with a finite element model, then to continue this simulation with a hyper-reduced model. This avoids the need for numerous preliminary parametric studies and allows simulations that are out of reach. This manuscript ends with a chapter dealing with the case of reloading a tube, for which EDF has carried out an instrumented test.

Les contraintes résiduelles, introduites lors de la fabrication des pièces mécaniques, influent sur leur durée de vie en fatigue et doivent donc être prises en compte. Ce travail vise à développer une méthode de dimensionnement rapide en fatigue oligocyclique permettant leur prise en compte, aussi bien sous chargement de traction que de compression. L’idée principale est de calculer analytiquement le cycle stabilisé uniquement au point critique de la structure à l’aide d’une méthode simplifiée en plasticité confinée. Cette dernière est basée sur une loi de localisation, qui étend les méthodes énergétiques de type Neuber au cas général multiaxial. La loi de localisation permet de relier le chargement appliqué à la structure à celui observé localement au point critique. Elle est calibrée à l’aide d’une simulation éléments finis sous chargement monotone de la structure. Pour cela, le comportement élasto-plastique du matériau est d’abord caractérisé à partir d’un essai de traction avec charges-décharges. A l’aide de ce seul essai, la loi de comportement est identifiée de manière séquentielle, en utilisant des écrouissages cinématique et isotrope à seuil. Ce seuil permet d’améliorer la prévision de la contrainte moyenne stabilisée, utilisée dans le critère de fatigue proposé. Ce dernier a été identifié sur des essais purement alterné (Rε=-1), puis validé pour des chargements de traction alternée (Rε>-1) et de compression alternée (Rε<-1). L’application de la démarche en plasticité confinée est réalisée sur des éprouvettes à double encoche présentant initialement différents états de contraintes résiduelles. L’évolution des contraintes locales sous chargement cyclique nominal de traction répétée (Rσ=0) ou de compression répétée (Rσ=-∞) est mesurée. Cette évolution est ensuite comparée aux prévisions numériques et analytiques obtenues à l’aide de la loi de comportement et de la méthode simplifiée. L’application du critère de fatigue aux données stabilisées prévues par les modèles a permis d’obtenir des durées de vie avec un conservatisme indépendant du rapport de charge et de l’état initial. Enfin, une application de la démarche complète sur des joints soudés en T est réalisée afin d’élargir le spectre d’application de la méthode. / Residual stresses are inherent to the manufacturing processes and can have a strong effect on the fatigue life of structures. Therefore, they shall be taken into account in fatigue design. In this PhD thesis, a fast design method is developed to take residual stresses into account in low cycle fatigue, either under tensile or compressive loadings. The main idea is to calculate analytically the stabilised stress-strain curve, at the critical point, by using a simplified method for confined plasticity. This method is based on a localisation law that extends energetic methods like Neuber to general multiaxial stress states. The localization law links the applied load to the local load at the critical point. It has to be identified on a finite element analysis of the structure under monotonic load. For this purpose, the elasto-plastic behaviour of the material is characterised from one single tensile test with loadings-unloadings. The behaviour law, identified sequentially, includes isotropic and kinematic hardenings with thresholds. This improves the stabilised mean stress prediction, which is used in the proposed fatigue criterion to represent the influence of the load ratio on the fatigue life. This criterion is identified on purely alternated tests (Rε=-1), and then validated under various tensile load ratios (Rε>-1) as well as compressive load ratios (Rε<-1). The methodology is validated on plate specimens with two semi-circular notches, which initially present different residual stresses states. The experimental evolution of local stresses during cyclic compressive (Rσ=-∞) and tensile (Rσ=0) repeated applied loads have been studied experimentally and compared to the numerical and analytical predictions. The same work has been achieved on the fatigue lives predictions. It shows that a slight conservatism, independent from the load ratio and the initial state, is obtained. Finally, an application of the method on T-Joints is realised to enlarge the scope of the method.

Realiza-se o estudo dos efeitos globais causados pela interação solo-estrutura em edifícios de paredes de concreto moldadas no local sobre fundações profundas. Propõe-se um modelo simplificado para a análise estrutural elástica linear de edifícios de paredes de concreto com a utilização exclusiva de elementos finitos de barra. O modelo proposto contempla a influência da deformabilidade das fundações e o efeito arco que ocorre nas paredes de concreto suportadas por pavimentos de transição ou elementos de fundação. O efeito da interação solo-estrutura é simulado por meio da aplicação de coeficientes de rigidez nos apoios da estrutura, calculados por uma ferramenta computacional desenvolvida neste trabalho. O desempenho do modelo proposto é avaliado por meio da comparação com modelo de referência mais refinado que utiliza elementos finitos de casca para discretizar a estrutura por completo. Realizam-se estudos de caso de edifícios de paredes de concreto de múltiplos pavimentos, com estruturas de transição e fundações deformáveis sujeitos ao carregamento vertical. O modelo simplificado proposto se mostrou adequado para a análise estrutural dos edifícios de paredes de concreto moldadas no local com carregamento vertical estudados neste trabalho. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a interação solo-estrutura altera o fluxo de tensões nos edifícios de maneira significativa, causando importante redistribuição de esforços nos elementos estruturais e não deve ser desprezada no dimensionamento da estrutura. Observou-se, também, a redução dos valores de recalques máximos e, principalmente dos recalques diferenciais dos apoios dos edifícios estudados. / This work aims at the investigation of the global effects caused by soil-structure interaction in reinforced concrete wall buildings on deep foundations. A simplified model is proposed for the linear structural analysis of reinforced concrete wall buildings with the exclusive use of beam finite elements. The proposed model includes the influence of the foundations deformability and the arch effect that occurs in concrete walls supported by beams or foundation elements. The effect of soil-structure interaction is simulated by applying stiffness coefficients in the supports of the structure. The stiffness coefficients are calculated by a computational tool developed in this work using an iterative process. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated by comparison of the results with a reference model that uses refined shell finite elements to represent the whole structure. Three reinforced concrete wall multi-story buildings subject to vertical loading were used as case studies in order to evaluate the influence of the soil-structure interaction in the structural behavior. The study concludes that the proposed simplified model is adequate to the structural analysis of reinforced concrete wall buildings with vertical loads studied in this work. The results indicate that the soil-structure interaction significantly modifies the stress flow in the buildings, causing significant redistribution of internal forces and should not be neglected in the design of the structure. It was also observed a reduction of the maximum values of settlements, and especially the differential settlements of the supports of the analyzed buildings.

O Ecodesign Maturity Model (EcoM2) destina-se a auxiliar as empresas na gestão e aplicação do ecodesign, a partir da seleção de práticas gerenciais a serem incorporadas no PDP e processos relacionados. Esta seleção deriva dos resultados da primeira etapa do seu método de aplicação, o diagnóstico do perfil atual de maturidade em ecodesign. Este diagnóstico caracteriza detalhadamente a empresa em relação a sua capacidade na aplicação das práticas e embasa a criação dos projetos de melhoria, sendo a única forma de avaliação existente no modelo. Outros modelos de maturidade apresentam, além de um diagnóstico detalhado, uma avaliação simplificada. Diagnósticos simplificados elaboram um perfil em alto nível das práticas existentes na empresa em pouco tempo, direcionando investigações detalhadas futuras. Neste trabalho, buscou-se explorar estas vantagens e elaborar um método de diagnóstico simplificado. A abordagem metodológica Design Research Methodology direcionou o desenvolvimento do método, com o emprego dos procedimentos revisão bibliográfica e estudo de caso para identificação de seus demais requisitos. Os procedimentos/instrumentos de coleta de dados e os elementos construtivos do método, relacionados à avaliação da situação atual no contexto de modelos de maturidade, foram identificados em revisões bibliográficas. Para seleção do procedimento/instrumento de coleta de dados, foi realizada uma análise de seus pontos positivos e negativos, em relação aos requisitos levantados, com o auxílio de duas matrizes morfológicas. A avaliação da utilidade e facilidade de uso do método de diagnóstico simplificado e o seu alinhamento com o EcoM2 foi realizada em um estudo de caso, na mesma empresa do primeiro. Os requisitos identificados para a construção do método foram: avaliar a situação atual da empresa em um tempo menor do que o método tradicional do EcoM2, e em alto nível; envolver apenas um funcionário na avaliação; ser conduzido por um agente externo; atuar como uma etapa de pré-diagnóstico; e evitar o uso de termos técnicos nos itens de avaliação. Eles foram utilizados para analisar 4 procedimentos de coleta de dados &#8211; análise documental, observação, entrevistas e workshops &#8211; e 3 instrumentos &#8211; questionários, matrizes e pro-formulários. Como resultado, questionário e entrevista foram selecionados. A construção do método considerou os elementos de um modelo conceitual de modelos de maturidade referentes à avaliação da empresa e as etapas de condução de diagnóstico organizacional. No estudo de caso para teste, o método recebeu notas máximas nos critérios de avaliação tanto para a dimensão utilidade quanto para facilidade do uso. Os resultados apontam que o diagnóstico simplificado corresponde aos seus requisitos, já que não há necessidade do envolvimento de outros funcionários, é simples, claro e rápido. Quanto ao alinhamento com o modelo, a comparação entre os dois perfis, após conversões de escala, mostraram que 93,94% das respostas dos dois diagnósticos foram semelhantes. Os resultados deste trabalho permitem a expansão do atual método de diagnóstico para uma avaliação simplificada da realidade da empresa, através da elaboração de um perfil em alto nível dos processos formais relacionados ao ecodesign que ela realiza. / Ecodesign Maturity Model (EcoM2) is intended to help companies in the management and application of ecodesign, from the selection of management practices to be incorporated into the PDP and related processes. This selection is derived from the first stage\'s results of the model\'s method application, the \"diagnosis of the current profile of maturity in ecodesign\". This diagnosis characterizes in detail the company in relation to their ability to apply these practices and underlies improvement projects creation, being the only assessment method in the model. Other maturity models have, in addition to a detailed diagnosis, a simplified evaluation. Simplified diagnosis draws a high level profile of existing practices within the company in a short time, guiding future investigations. This study sought to explore these advantages and develop a simplified diagnosis method. The methodological approach Design Research Methodology steered this method development, with use of literature review and case study to identify its other requirements. The data collection procedures/instruments and the building blocks of the method related with the current situation in the maturity models context have been identified in the literature. To select the data collection procedure/instrument, an analysis of their strengths and weaknesses was conducted in relation to raised requirements, with the aid of two morphological matrices. This evaluation of the usefulness and ease of use of the simplified diagnostic method and its alignment with the EcoM2 was held in a case study at the same enterprise where the EcoM2 was applied. The identified requirements for the construction of the method were (a) assess the current situation of the company in a shorter time than the traditional method of EcoM2 at a high level; (b) involve only one employee at the evaluation; (c) be conducted by an external agent; (d) act as a pre-diagnosis step; and (e) avoid using technical terms at the evaluation. They were used to analyze four data collection procedures - document analysis, observation, interviews and workshops - and three instruments - questionnaires, matrices and pro-forms. As a result, questionnaire and interview were selected. The method construction considered the elements of a meta-model from maturity models developed to assess the company and driving steps of organizational diagnosis. In the test case study, the method received top marks in the assessment criteria for both the utility and ease of use. The results show that the simplified diagnosis meets its requirements, since its simple, clear, fast, and there is no need for the involvement of other employees. For alignment with the original model, the comparison between the two resulting profiles, after conversion scale, showed that 93.94% of the responses of the two diagnoses were similar. These results allow the current diagnostic method expansion for a simplified assessment of the companys reality, by drawing up a profile at a high level of formal processes related to performed ecodesign within the company.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-12-09T12:16:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GARIBALDI TEIXEIRA NETO.pdf: 1516545 bytes, checksum: 23fcb900cca46f3b3b38e4e063d2454e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-09T12:16:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GARIBALDI TEIXEIRA NETO.pdf: 1516545 bytes, checksum: 23fcb900cca46f3b3b38e4e063d2454e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-23 / This study presents a computer simulation model based on the theory of constraints, the simplified drum-lung-string method and system production to availability. The goal is to use these concepts to build a model of the production system of the searched company, replicate it on a simulation software, and perform interventions in resources with restraint in order to increase its capacity if the system does not meet the demand. The object of this study was a plant in the food industry, data collection related to the production system, was carried out from June 2012 to December 2013, and the simulation process was generated by the end of 2015. The results were reproduction of each of the production areas as well as the RRC and bottlenecks encountered in the production system. Still, interventions applied in the simulated model, were subsequently applied by the company. / Este trabalho apresenta um modelo de simulação computacional baseado na teoria das restrições, no método tambor-pulmão-corda simplificado e no sistema produção para disponibilidade. O objetivo é utilizar estes conceitos para construir um modelo do sistema produtivo da empresa pesquisada, replicá-lo em um software de simulação, e, realizar intervenções nos recursos com restrição afim de aumentar suas capacidades, caso o sistema não atenda à demanda. O objeto deste estudo foi uma fábrica do ramo alimentício, a coleta dos dados relacionadas ao sistema produtivo, foi realizada no período de junho de 2012 a dezembro de 2013, e o processo de simulação foi gerado até o final de 2015. Os resultados obtidos foram a reprodução de cada uma das áreas produtivas, bem como dos gargalos e RRC encontrados no sistema produtivo. Ainda, as intervenções aplicadas no modelo simulado, foram posteriormente aplicadas pela empresa.

Face à la nécessité de réduire les consommations énergétiques ainsi que les émissions de CO2 dans le secteur du bâtiment, nous voyons se succéder des réglementations thermiques de plus en plus strictes. Ainsi, en 2020, tous les bâtiments neufs devront être à énergie positive. Le recours à des stratégies passives, exploitant les ressources de l'environnement, est un point clé pour atteindre cet objectif.En climat méditerranéen, caractérisé des étés chauds et secs, la ventilation naturelle peut apporter un confort thermique acceptable si celle-ci est utilisée intelligemment. Son efficacité est cependant très dépendante des conditions météorologiques locales et peut varier grandement d'un site à l'autre. Malgré la simplicité de ce type de système, sa gestion peut également s'avérer complexe si l'utilisateur ne dispose pas d'informations suffisantes et n'est pas présent en permanence dans le bâtiment. Cela met en avant l'intérêt de disposer d'outils adaptés à son étude, ainsi que de proposer un pilotage simple et optimisé du bâtiment, basé sur le confort de l'occupant.Afin d'évaluer le potentiel de la ventilation naturelle sans avoir recours à une lourde campagne expérimentale ou à une phase de modélisation complexe, nous proposons tout d'abord des indicateurs climatiques permettant d'obtenir une première vue du site étudié.À partir d'une approche expérimentale et numérique en conditions réelles, nous nous intéressons ensuite à la problématique de la mesure dans les bâtiments ventilés naturellement et notamment à celle du débit d'air. L'instrumentation d'un bâtiment résidentiel de l'IESC, situé sur le site de l'Université de Corse et du CNRS, permet le développement et le test de différents modèles simplifiés et adaptés au cas d'étude. La partie aéraulique est traitée à l'aide d'outils statistiques tandis la partie thermique repose sur une modélisation par analogie électrique. Un cas d'application du modèle thermo-aéraulique ainsi développé est finalement proposé pour illustrer ses possibilités d'utilisation sur différents modes de gestion de la ventilation naturelle. / The need to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions in buildings leads to more and more stringent thermal regulations succeeding one another. In 2020, all new buildings should be positive energy buildings producing more energy than they use. Passive strategies, exploiting the resources of the environment, are a key point to meet this objective.In Mediterranean climate, characterized by hot and dry summers, natural ventilation can provide thermal comfort when used wisely. However, its efficiency is highly dependent on local weather conditions and can vary greatly from one site to another. Despite the simplicity of this type of system, its operation can be complex if the user does not have sufficient information and is not always present in the building. This shows the interest of developing appropriate tools for its study and implementing a simple and optimized control on the building, based on occupant comfort.To assess the potential of natural ventilation without the need of complex experimental measurement or modelling, we propose first of all several climate indicators which can give a first view of a site.Then, based on full-scale experimentations and numerical studies, we focus on the problem of measurement in naturally ventilated buildings with particular attention to the airflow rate. The instrumentation of a residential building at IESC (University of Corsica and CNRS) allows to develop and to test simplified models adapted to the case study. The airflow rate is obtained by statistical tools and the thermal model is based on an electrical analogy. Finally, an application of the coupled thermal and airflow model is proposed to highlight its possibilities on different natural ventilation control modes.