PhD - Science / The relationships between densification and microstructure, and between microstructure and mechanical and electrical properties of liquid phase sintered silicon carbide were studied in detail using hot pressing, gas pressure sintering and ultra–high pressure sintering techniques. Silicon carbide was sintered with 10 mass-% addition of the Y2O3-Al2O3 system, with various molar ratios. Hot pressing was carried out at 1925oC under 30 MPa, in argon, for half an hour. Materials were gas pressure sintered at 1925oC, under a final gas pressure of 80 bars (8MPa), in argon, for an hour. Ultra-high pressure sintering was done at ca. 1550oC, under 5.5 GPa pressure, for 15 minutes. The hot pressed and gas pressure sintered materials were subsequently heat treated at 1925oC and 1975oC. Most of the silicon carbide materials were sintered to a density around 99% of theoretical density. The heat treatment of the hot pressed materials resulted in an increase in density not changing the porosity. The densities of the heat treated hot pressed materials corresponded to the density of the gas pressure sintered materials. This resulted from the difference in composition of grain boundary phases – yttrium silicates in the hot pressed materials and yttrium aluminates in the gas pressure sintered and heat treated materials. The average silicon carbide grain size in the materials strongly depended on the densification method. In gas pressure sintered and heat treated materials the mean grain size was up to three times higher than that in the hot pressed materials. Grain growth appeared to be higher in the highest alumina-content materials. The heat treatment at 1975 °C resulted in more pronounced anisotropic grain growth. The ratio of the silicon carbide polytypes of sintered materials and materials heat treated materials at 1925oC, did not change significantly. In the materials heat treated at 1975oC Rietveld analysis revealed a decrease in SiC-6H polytype and an increase in amount of 4H and 15R polytypes, compared to the materials heat treated at 1925oC. This can be attributed to the increase in diffusion rates of aluminium into the SiC lattice at 1975oC. Segregation patterns were observed in the high yttria content materials, with Y2O3:Al2O3 molar ratios greater than or equal to two, after gas pressure sintering and heat treatments. This was suggested to be due to he poor wetting of the silicon carbide grains by the yttria-rich grain boundary phase. On heat treatment, the Vickers hardness of hot pressed materials was found to be increased from 20 to 26 GPa and elastic modulus from 318 to 338 GPa. In addition, the log of the electrical conductivity of liquid phase sintered silicon carbide (measured at 330oC) ranged from 10-8 to 10-3 with the changes in grain boundary phases observed after the heat treatments. The grain boundary phase composition also influenced the strength of the materials, The highest strength, 657 + 50 MPa, was measured for the hot pressed material containing the YAG phase. Indentation fracture toughness was mostly influenced by the SiC grain growth during heat treatments. The most significant increase in fracture toughness, the largest being from 3.7 MPa.m1/2 up to 5.6 MPa.m1/2, was observed in the higher alumina content materials after heat treatment at 1975oC. The increase in fracture toughness was attributed to the presence of a higher amount of platelet-like SiC grains within a broader grain size distribution. These elongated grains increased fracture toughness by increasing crack path deflection and crack bridging. The electrical properties were evaluated by Impedance Spectroscopy measurements between room temperature and 330oC. The LPS SiC materials can be classified into three groups with different electrical properties. This classification could be related to the grain boundary phases present in the materials. The materials with the lowest conductivity were all hot pressed materials, containing crystalline silicates and amorphous grain boundary phases. The materials with intermediate conductivity include gas pressure sintered materials and a hot pressed material, which contained crystalline aluminates (Y3Al5O12, YAlO3 and Y4Al2O9) in their grain boundaries. The materials with the highest conductivity only contained the aluminates, YAlO3 and Y4Al2O9. A pseudopercolation model of conduction was proposed, in which electrons move along a path which goes through the thinner intergranular layers, with largest nearest neighbour contact. The temperature dependence of the log of the conductivity of hot pressed and gas pressure sintered materials showed that the conduction mechanism in these liquid-phase sintered silicon carbide materials was variable range hopping conduction of electrons between defect sites. The non-Arrhenius behaviour, together with the observed wide range of peak frequencies, led to the conclusion that the effect of silicon carbide itself was not observed in the impedance spectra. The 1/T0.25 log conductivity dependence showed that the Cole-Cole arcs are due to insulating grain boundary phases rather than semiconducting SiC. In the Cole-Cole plots of the hot pressed and heat treated hot pressed materials only the effect of one phase could be observed. In the gas pressure sintered materials and the hot pressed material containing mainly YAG phase, the effects of two phases were seen in the frequency range measured. Ultra-high pressure liquid-phase sintered silicon carbide materials showed ultra-fine SiC grains, which were highly inter-grown. Segregated grain boundary “core-rim” structures, consisting of an inner core of nonequilibrium yttria and outer rim of equilibrium yttrium silicate were observed in materials containing 4 mass-% to 15 mass-% sintering additives. The hardness of ultra-high pressure sintered 10 mass-% materials increased with alumina-content, from 20 GPa – 22 GPa, and increased with decrease in sintering additive, up to 23 GPa (for the 4 mass-% material).

No description available.

No description available.

Since the early 1970's there have been a number of investigations into the preparation of dense sintered hydroxyapatite for medical applications. However, there have been few studies reporting the production of sintered carbonate apatite, which resembles more closely the composition of human bone mineral. This work has studied the precipitation, processing and sintering of carbonate apatites. Crystallisation variables such as temperature and bicarbonate ion concentration have been investigated in order to determine some effects on the size, morphology and composition of carbonate apatite precipitates. By employing the correct conditions, nanoscale precipitates have been produced that have enabled the use of a colloidal filtration route in processing. The effect of sintering atmosphere, green density, and carbonate content were investigated isochronally over a range of temperatures. Isothermal experiments demonstrated the evolution of microstructure and changes in density with time. Results from this study indicated that translucent 99.9% relative density carbonated hydroxyapatite could be produced by sintering in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide and water. Water was found to enhance densification in carbon dioxide furnace atmospheres. The temperature at which maximum densification occurred decreased with carbonate content. Bloating was found to be related to carbonate content as larger expansions were observed in higher carbonate content materials. The partial pressure of water did not effect the composition of the carbonate apatite, whereas the green composition did, contrary to the findings of other workers.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:43:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06524.pdf: 8257672 bytes, checksum: 5ce38439feecbdfcd503c691b69d9a29 (MD5) / Mestrado (Dissertacao) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:30:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01295.pdf: 6434226 bytes, checksum: 81f58fd3bb40d215570a2db20b9d206d (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IEA/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:43:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06524.pdf: 8257672 bytes, checksum: 5ce38439feecbdfcd503c691b69d9a29 (MD5) / Mestrado (Dissertacao) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:30:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01295.pdf: 6434226 bytes, checksum: 81f58fd3bb40d215570a2db20b9d206d (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IEA/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP