Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser. Även tryckt utgåva.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 1994. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-80).

For coaches to qualitatively analyze the performance of sport skills as executed by their students, they must possess an internal image of the desired skill against which to make comparisons (Hoffman, 1983; Pinheiro & Simon, 1992). Leas and Chi (1993) have indicated that there are differences between novice and expert swimming coaches in the internal image of the freestyle stroke. They further reported group differences in their ability to diagnose errors in movement form. Study 1 extended that investigation to include a beginning and advanced skill in downhill snow skiing. Two groups of downhill ski instructors (n=8) certified at Level II (n=4) and Examiner status (n=4) were compared on their knowledge of the prototypical versions of the wedge and open parallel turns. They were subsequently tested on their ability to diagnose errors in incorrectly performed videotape versions of those turns. Two Level H instructors internalized the skill similarly to the level of the Examiners on their knowledge of the prototypical skills, while the other two instructors did not appear to have constructed the same type of prototypical model. On the wedge turn diagnostic task, Level II instructors misdiagnosed 50% of the primary errors in student performance compared to a perfect performance by Examiners. On the open parallel diagnostic task, performance across groups was similar for the primary error. It was suggested that the open parallel level of skiing is similar to the skiing ability of Level II instructors, which may have enhanced their ability to better diagnose the errors associated with that skill compared to the wedge turn. In Study 2, participants prescribed exercises for the errors identified in Study 1. Results indicated that exercises primarily addressed errors in the same order as they were prioritized. The lesson plans of Level II participants, however, attempted to address 35% more errors than Examiners. The use of part-task teaching methods, used by seven of eight participants, was subsequently addressed and theoretical implications were discussed. A possible theory of expertise explaining group differences was described. / Graduation date: 1999

Thesis (MS )--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2008. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Daniel P. Heil. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-51).

Downhill skiing is associated with recreation, youth, speed, aerials and crowded courses which carry increased risk of injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate downhill sport injuries in a Swedish ski resort. Material and methodsIn a case-control study ongoing 1989/90–2006/07, 3,696 injured skiers were registered. After informed consent the injured were assessed by a physician and asked to answer a questionnaire concerning skier, skiing and injury. ResultsAfter three years 481 injured skiers (41% females, mean age 23) were assessed. The injury rate was 1.13/1,000 skier days. Knee injury was most common (28%), followed by head/neck (13%) and lower leg (11%). Fractures were less common (23%) than sprains (44%). Among skiers below the age of 20, fractures outnumbered sprains. Helmet usage was high among children (<10 years; 83%), but very rare in adults. The injured skiers rarely tested positive for alcohol (1.1%, uninjured 5.0%) and no effect on skiing or injury rates were registered.A one-year follow-up about the ski injury outcome shows that the mean sick leave was 40 days and that 29% still had symptoms.94 injured telemark skiers were assessed over 11 years (females 36%, mean age 28). The ankle was the most common injury location (28%), followed by knee injury (19%) and injuries of head/neck (17%). Beginners suffered most ankle injuries (37%). The use of high-shafted boots increased (24% to 67%), while injuries to the ankle/foot diminished from 35% to 22%.568 snowboard injured were studied over 10 years (females 34%, mean age 19). Snowboard riding increased strongly during the period (<5% to 26%). The injury rate was 3/1,000 skier days. Injuries were mostly located in the upper extremities (54%). Head/neck accounted for 17%. Wrist fracture was the most common diagnosis (20%). Beginners had a higher incidence of lower arm/wrist injuries while advanced riders had more head/neck injuries.1,833 injured alpine skiers were evaluated over 16 years (females 45%, mean age 24). The injury rate was the lowest of all downhill ski sports (1.1/1,000 skier days). The lower extremity was the most common injury location (51%), the knee being the most commonly injured body part. Knee injuries affected females (39%) more often than males (23%). Head/neck injury came second (12%). Lower leg injury was most frequent in children (<10 y; 32%). Sprains were more common (43%) than fractures (22%). Beginners took fewer risks, had more falls and were injured relatively often. Helmet usage increased (25% to 58%). Helmet users reduced their risk of head injury. The severity of injury (AIS 3–6) decreased (3,4% to 1,6%).The over all results (18 years) showed similar injury incidences to the separate studies but a few specific diagnoses, e.g. knee injuries showed variations. ConclusionThe injury rate was highest in snowboarding and lowest in alpine skiing. Knee injury, especially in females, was the most common injury, the upper extremity in snowboarding and the lower extremity in telemark skiing. Helmet usage increased rapidly. Helmets have a protective effect. Ski safety work should focus on risk groups. Lift owners need to take the responsibility for ski safety work.

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The concept of ‘risk’ has become one of the main ontological, existential, and epistemological categories in the modern Western world. People are continually confronted with considerable amounts of information concerning what constitutes risks and how they are to be mediated and avoided. Along side this growing concern with risk and risk avoidance, a large segment of the population continues to seek out risk itself. Although substantial sociological research has been undertaken to try and understand why people engage with risk, these theories and subsequent research falls short in ontological, existential, and epistemological breadth. As a response, this thesis presents a new avenue to understanding risk-taking that is based upon Nietzschean aesthetic theory and its conceptualization of the ‘Apollonian’ and ‘Dionysian’ drives that structure human existence. The world of high-risk skiing is the focal point upon which Nietzsche’s theory is applied, with the hope of not only understanding this specific area of social life, but also to demonstrate the importance that risk can play as an ontological, existential, and epistemological emancipatory category. Chapter two provides an overview of the historical inception of the concept of risk and the popular theoretical perspectives used to understand its place within the social whole. Following this, chapter three reviews the dominant theories used within the sociology of sport to understand risk-taking within the world of sport. Finally, chapter four engages Nietzsche’s theory showing how the high-risk skiing community is analogous to pre-Socratic Greek tragedy, in that it enables adherents to properly balance both Apollonian and Dionysian drives allowing them to escape the ‘reactive nihilism’ that defines the modern Western world. It is concluded that such a perspective not only provides researchers with new tools that are based around the social importance of art and aesthetics, but also that risk is an important ontological, existential, and epistemological category that allows risk-takers to experience a more complete level of existence based upon an understanding of life that celebrates both its positive and negative aspects. / Thesis (Master, Sociology) -- Queen's University, 2009-10-29 19:14:15.441

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