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As trocas de calor entre o piso e o solo de edificações térreas é um dos aspectos mais influentes em seu desempenho térmico e energético. No entanto, devido à complexidade dos métodos de cálculo e à escassez de estudos nessa área, há ainda um grande número de incertezas quanto à sua modelagem em programas de simulação computacional. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é identificar a forma mais correta para a modelagem das trocas de calor entre o piso e o solo de edificações térreas no programa de simulação de desempenho EnergyPlus, com o uso do pré-processador Slab. A metodologia consiste na verificação do impacto de distintas alternativas de modelagem e na comparação entre as temperaturas da interface piso e solo medidas em célula-teste e simuladas com o Slab. Com a verificação do impacto das alternativas de modelagem foi possível identificar a forma mais correta de modelagem do Slab e os parâmetros de entrada com maior impacto no desempenho térmico de uma habitação de interesse social. Já a medição em célula-teste permitiu analisar a relação entre a evolução das temperaturas da célula-teste e do solo. Verificou-se que a temperatura externa do ar (média mensal) apresenta valores bastante próximos à temperatura do solo, sugerindo que utilizar a temperatura externa pode ser uma alternativa quando não há dados do solo. Com esses dados, foi possível desenvolver simulações paramétricas com diferentes combinações de parâmetros de entrada e comparar a temperatura da interface piso e solo simulada pelo Slab com a medida. Os resultados indicaram que o Slab funciona corretamente e que gera valores de temperatura da interface piso e solo muito próximos da realidade quando este utiliza parâmetros de entrada adequados. Foi verificado também o alto potencial de impacto dos parâmetros de entrada: evapotranspiração, albedo e as propriedades do solo nos resultados do Slab. Além disso verificou-se que, o uso de outras alternativas de modelagem, no lugar do Slab, gera uma diferença muito significativa, com variação de -26,2 a -55,2% nos graus-hora de desconforto totais de uma edificação. Por fim, como síntese dessa pesquisa, foi elaborado um Manual do Slab com o objetivo de auxiliar e incentivar o uso do pré-processador / The heat exchanges between the floor and the ground of a single-story slab-on-grade building is one of the most influential aspects in its thermal and energy performance. However, due to the calculation methods complexity and the scarcity of studies in this area, there are still a great number of uncertainties regarding its modeling in computer simulation programs. The main objective of this research is to identify the most correct way to model heat exchanges between the floor and the ground of a single-story slab-on-grade building in the EnergyPlus performance simulation program using the Slab preprocessor. The methodology consists of verifying the impact of different modeling alternatives and comparing the temperature of the ground and floor interface measured in test cells and simulated with Slab. With the impact verification of the modeling alternatives, it was possible to identify the most correct way of Slab modeling and the input parameters with the greatest impact on the thermal performance of a social housing. The test-cell measurement has allowed analyzing the relationship between the evolution of test-cell and soil temperatures. It was verified that the external air temperature (monthly average) presents very close values to the soil temperature, suggesting that using the external temperature can be an alternative when there is no soil data. With these data, it was possible to develop parametric simulations with different input parameters combinations and to compare the temperature of the ground and floor interface simulated by Slab with the measurement. The results indicated that Slab works correctly and generates values of temperature of the ground and floor interface very close to reality when it uses appropriate input parameters. It was also verified the high impact potential of the input parameters: evapotranspiration, albedo and soil properties in the Slab results. In addition, it was verified that the use of other modeling alternatives, in place of Slab, generates a very significant difference, varying from -26.2 to -55.2% in the total discomfort degrees of a building. Finally, as a synthesis of this research, a Slab Manual was developed with the purpose to assist and encourage the preprocessor use

Byggnadstaktenav flerbostadshus i Sverige ligger på en hög nivå och ökar. Detta medför kravpå en snabb byggprocess. En lösning för att snabba på byggprocessen äranvändandet av prefabricerade delar. Författarnas uppgift, i samarbete med WSPSverige AB, är att utveckla ett hjälpmedel för konstruktörer som jämför fyraolika bjälklag, varav ett i korslimmat trä, två prefabricerade betongelementoch en platsgjuten konstruktion. Målet är att framställa en tabell som beaktarfaktorer som påverkar valet av stomsystem och som presenterar vilket avbjälklagen som är mest kostnadseffektivt. Rapporten sammanställdes under 10veckor och avgränsades till bjälklag i flerbostadshus upplagda på två stöd somuppfyller relevanta krav för dimensionering, beaktar torktid med fastaförutsättningar, leveranstid avseende produktionstid hos de prefabriceradeelementen och miljöpåverkan avseende CO2-ekvivalenta utsläpp iproduktionsskedet. Studiens resultat grundar sig på litteraturstudier ochintervjuer, kalkylhjälpmedel och beräkningsprogram som är vanliga i branschen.Resultatet visar att: · trä genererar lägst koldioxidutsläpp avbjälklagsalternativen · betong är, ur ett brand- och ljudperspektiv, detlämpligaste materialet · korslimmade träbjälklaget får den högsta byggnadshöjdenoch den högsta kostnaden per kvadratmeter · håldäcksbjälklag har den kortaste leveranstiden · det slakarmerade plattbärlag samt det platsgjutnabetongbjälklaget har längst torktid · den platsgjutna bjälklagskonstruktionen är detmest kostnadseffektiva bjälklaget av de fyra som har jämförts. / The building pace of multi apartment houses in Sweden is at a high leveland is increasing. This induces demands of a quick building process. Onesolution to quicken the building process is the use of prefabricated elements.The authors’ task, in collaboration with WSP Sverige AB, is to develop anaiding tool for engineers who compare different slabs, one cross laminatedwood, two precast concrete components and one construction cast in-place. Thegoal is to produce a table that considers factors that affects the choice ofstructure and presents which of the slabs that is most cost effective. Thepaper was compiled over a period of 10 weeks and limited to slabs inmulti-apartment buildings supported on two sides that meet relevantrequirements for dimensioning, consider hydration time with set conditions,delivery time regarding production time for the precast components andenvironmental effects considering CO2-equivalent emissions in the productionstage. The results of the study are founded on literature and interviews,calculation-aids and computational programs that are common in the industry.The outcome shows that: · woodgenerates the least amount of carbondioxide emissions of the slab alternatives · concrete is, from a fire- and acoustic perspective, the most suitable material · thecross laminated slab renders the highest cross-section and the highest cost persquare meter · hollow core slabs has the shortest delivery time · theconventionally reinforced precast slabs and the in-situ cast floor slabs havethe longest hydration times · thein situ slab is the most cost effective slab of the four that have beencompared. / <p>Betyg 170707, H14.</p>

As trocas de calor entre o piso e o solo de edificações térreas é um dos aspectos mais influentes em seu desempenho térmico e energético. No entanto, devido à complexidade dos métodos de cálculo e à escassez de estudos nessa área, há ainda um grande número de incertezas quanto à sua modelagem em programas de simulação computacional. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é identificar a forma mais correta para a modelagem das trocas de calor entre o piso e o solo de edificações térreas no programa de simulação de desempenho EnergyPlus, com o uso do pré-processador Slab. A metodologia consiste na verificação do impacto de distintas alternativas de modelagem e na comparação entre as temperaturas da interface piso e solo medidas em célula-teste e simuladas com o Slab. Com a verificação do impacto das alternativas de modelagem foi possível identificar a forma mais correta de modelagem do Slab e os parâmetros de entrada com maior impacto no desempenho térmico de uma habitação de interesse social. Já a medição em célula-teste permitiu analisar a relação entre a evolução das temperaturas da célula-teste e do solo. Verificou-se que a temperatura externa do ar (média mensal) apresenta valores bastante próximos à temperatura do solo, sugerindo que utilizar a temperatura externa pode ser uma alternativa quando não há dados do solo. Com esses dados, foi possível desenvolver simulações paramétricas com diferentes combinações de parâmetros de entrada e comparar a temperatura da interface piso e solo simulada pelo Slab com a medida. Os resultados indicaram que o Slab funciona corretamente e que gera valores de temperatura da interface piso e solo muito próximos da realidade quando este utiliza parâmetros de entrada adequados. Foi verificado também o alto potencial de impacto dos parâmetros de entrada: evapotranspiração, albedo e as propriedades do solo nos resultados do Slab. Além disso verificou-se que, o uso de outras alternativas de modelagem, no lugar do Slab, gera uma diferença muito significativa, com variação de -26,2 a -55,2% nos graus-hora de desconforto totais de uma edificação. Por fim, como síntese dessa pesquisa, foi elaborado um Manual do Slab com o objetivo de auxiliar e incentivar o uso do pré-processador / The heat exchanges between the floor and the ground of a single-story slab-on-grade building is one of the most influential aspects in its thermal and energy performance. However, due to the calculation methods complexity and the scarcity of studies in this area, there are still a great number of uncertainties regarding its modeling in computer simulation programs. The main objective of this research is to identify the most correct way to model heat exchanges between the floor and the ground of a single-story slab-on-grade building in the EnergyPlus performance simulation program using the Slab preprocessor. The methodology consists of verifying the impact of different modeling alternatives and comparing the temperature of the ground and floor interface measured in test cells and simulated with Slab. With the impact verification of the modeling alternatives, it was possible to identify the most correct way of Slab modeling and the input parameters with the greatest impact on the thermal performance of a social housing. The test-cell measurement has allowed analyzing the relationship between the evolution of test-cell and soil temperatures. It was verified that the external air temperature (monthly average) presents very close values to the soil temperature, suggesting that using the external temperature can be an alternative when there is no soil data. With these data, it was possible to develop parametric simulations with different input parameters combinations and to compare the temperature of the ground and floor interface simulated by Slab with the measurement. The results indicated that Slab works correctly and generates values of temperature of the ground and floor interface very close to reality when it uses appropriate input parameters. It was also verified the high impact potential of the input parameters: evapotranspiration, albedo and soil properties in the Slab results. In addition, it was verified that the use of other modeling alternatives, in place of Slab, generates a very significant difference, varying from -26.2 to -55.2% in the total discomfort degrees of a building. Finally, as a synthesis of this research, a Slab Manual was developed with the purpose to assist and encourage the preprocessor use

This subject of this thesis is an apartment building with a garage in basement and three levels located in the part of Praha called Stodůlky. In this thesis are solved certain parts of reinforced concrete structures: foundation slab, slab above basement floor, column, stairway, cantilever slab and wall. Static behaviour of the object is analysed in the programme SCIA Engineer. The drawings of the reinforcements are made in the system programme AutoCAD and the superstructural programme for AutoCAD Recoc

O presente trabalho se propôs a estudar os esquemas estruturais alternativos para pontes esconsas e avaliar as modelagens matemáticas possíveis através de softwares especializados, como o SAP2000 e STRAP2010, a fim de identificar as melhores soluções e modelos para cada caso. O objetivo foi o de aprimorar os modelos de cálculo, especialmente no que diz respeito à previsão das reações de apoio e das forças cortantes, ponto mais delicado de obras esconsas. O estudo baseou-se em soluções de superestrutura em laje e em grelha, com ou sem transversinas, com esconsidade variável entre zero e sessenta graus, eixo longitudinal reto, modeladas por barras e elementos finitos. Não foi objeto deste estudo a influência da meso e da infraestrutura dessas pontes nos esforços na superestrutura. / The present work is proposed to study alternative structural schemes for skew bridges and to evaluate possible mathematical modeling through specialized software, such as SAP 2000 and STRAP2010, in order to identify the best solutions and models for each case. The aim was to improve the calculation models, especially with regard to the prediction of the support reactions and shear forces, most delicate point in skew bridges. The study was based on slab or grid, with or without transversal beams, superstructure solutions, with variable skew between zero and sixty degrees, straight longitudinal axis, modeled through bars and shell elements. It was not purpose of this study the influence of meso and infrastructure of the bridge on its superstructure.

This thesis represents the first effort to catalogue extant timber slab houses of 19th century Canberra and its outlying regions. From an archaeological viewpoint, it looks at slab houses as above-ground artefacts that possess ingrained information about the culture that built them and analyses them as material culture through an investigation of their: history, material, construction, function and design. It is inspired by the work of folk historian, Henry Glassie, and focuses on form and pattern, through a comparison of floor plans, in order to understand the needs, minds and behaviours of early Canberrans. The thesis also draws on the historic documentary record of a similar local group of houses, those resumed by the Commonwealth in 1912-13.

Innovative new flooring systems utilising lightweight fibre reinforced polymer composite materials may have the significant potential to offer both economic and performance benefits for infrastructure asset owners compared to conventional concrete and steel systems. Over recent years, a range of prototype floor systems using fibre reinforced polymer composites have been developed by researchers at the University of Southern Queensland. However before such structural systems can be widely adopted by industries, fundamental understanding of their behaviour must be improved. Such work will allow for the development of new design and analysis procedures which will enable engineers to efficiently and accurately design and analyse such structures. This dissertation presents an investigation into a new two-way fibre reinforced composite floor slab system. The proposed new two-way slab system is, in essence, a sandwich structure with an innovative hollow core made from a castable particulate filled resin system. The key focus of this dissertation is the development of a new analysis tool to analyse the two-way fibre reinforced composite slab and facilitate subsequent parametric studies into slab configurations for concept refinement. The detailed 3D finite element analyses and experimental investigations are performed to verify the new analysis tool, and provide more detailed insight into the structural behaviour of this new two-way fibre reinforced composite slab. Comparisons with detailed 3D FEA and experiments illustrate that the simplified analysis tool is capable of providing sufficient accuracy for the preliminary analysis of a slab structure. Moreover, the 3D finite element analyses agree well with the experiments, and it is concluded that the behavioural responses of the proposed new slab structure can be reliably predicted. The experimental results show that this new slab concept exhibits quite a robust static behaviour and is likely to have a robust fatigue performance.

This thesis investigates the performance of diamond-shaped dowel joints in concrete slabs on ground under static loads. Diamond-shaped dowels have been in common use in concrete slab construction since 1996. A comprehensive literature review revealed that published studies regarding laboratory tests and finite element modelling of diamond-shaped dowel performance were limited to primary experiments and simple numerical analysis. Importantly, the limited finite element modelling has not been verified against test data, and the scant published test data lacks clarity. The results were inconclusive, unclear and there exists different recommendations for joint stability. Some recommended design data are not based on any testing, but on inferred or extrapolated data from smaller slabs with smaller dowel thicknesses. Hence, this research provides the opportunity to enlighten the design community with real data on the performance of diamond-shaped dowel joint behaviour. The research program includes experimental, numerical modelling and parametric evaluations. In the experimental investigation, testing facilities were designed and developed in the course of this research. A total of one trial and six cast-in-place slabs encompassing two slab thicknesses, two diamond-shaped dowel thicknesses, and two dowel spacing, were tested in the structures laboratory of the Division of Civil Engineering at the University of Queensland. Joint gaps of 10 or 15 mm were used to simulate typical slab contraction causing by the shrinkage of concrete slabs. All tests were subjected to static loading to failure. This enabled slab joint response to be evaluated in terms of relative deflection, load transfer efficiency, load transfer, ultimate load and crack geometry. In addition to the experiments, numerical models were developed using the LUSAS finite element program. The model dimensions corresponded to those of the laboratory test specimens. The concrete slabs were modelled using a “multi-crack concrete model 94”. The test rig, diamond-shaped dowels and other materials were modelled as elastic materials. Results from the laboratory experiments were compared to the finite element results in order to validate the model. These models were then used to undertake a preliminary parametric study of diamond-shaped dowel performance. Criteria such as joint gap widths, dowel spacing, concrete property reduction, and dowel and slab thickness were investigated. The three main sections of this work - comprising laboratory testing, finite element modelling and parametric study evaluating have been combined to provide a betterinformed understanding of the performance of concrete slabs using diamond-shaped dowels.

The research presented in this thesis focuses on the accuracy of predicting deflections and cambers in partially prestressed suspended slabs. Precision in predicting this behaviour accurately is complex due to the large number of variables which affect the behaviour of suspended prestressed slabs. This level of complexity is particularly relevant for post tensioned slabs due to the numerous on site construction steps. Many of the variables are hard to determine accurately due to their tendency to be unique for each construction site. Variables such as ambient temperatures, concrete material properties, stressing times, applied loads, loading times, prop movement and humidity are all examples of these properties. Hence, when predicting the behaviour of post tensioned suspended slabs of a multi storey building there always remains a degree of uncertainty. The research presented in this thesis addresses crucial areas of this topic and ultimately aims to supply reinforced concrete designers and constructors with additional confidence when predicting this behaviour. The requirement for this project surfaced during the design stages of 151 Pirie, a multistorey building constructed in Adelaide, Australia. The design project for 151 Pirie was particularly complex due to a very ambitious construction timeline. The strict construction timeline was imposed due to the contractual agreement of early occupancy of the top three floors (of a 9 storey building). The client purchasing the top floors required functioning office space within a matter of months. This contract created a construction priority of erecting the bare structural requirements up to and including the top three floors in the shortest possible time. Fittings and services to the top three floors was then the secondary priority. Fitting and services to the lower floors (which would usually be achieved before the upper floors) would be performed at a later date. Excessive deflection limits of the slabs due to the accelerated construction were a major concern for the client. The effect on the deformation performance due to the accelerated construction was difficult to predict for the designer. Therefore, this project was born to help supply confidence to the designer and concrete supplier for this construction scenario. This research project was designed to assist in the close monitoring and recording of the construction process of 151 Pirie. Due to the nature of data collection, data from this construction site would be limited in its benefits for the current construction. However, the data obtained would be vital for future projects by providing a log of onsite slab performance data as well as explanations of delays or other general outcomes with the construction process. Therefore, the aim of this research is to present the issues that were faced, the methods used to overcome these issues as well as displaying the vast amounts of site specific data documented within this project for future reference. In this research a wide range of concrete material properties were collected and monitored closely on site as well as in the laboratory. The experimental testing created large detailed database of concrete material properties as well as other relevant factors such as surveyed deflections and construction timing. Concrete material properties were the primary focus of this research due to their direct effect on member performance. The database was sufficiently large to allow a meaningful statistical data analysis to be performed on the compressive strength (f’[subscript]c), modulus of elasticity (E[subscript]c) and tensile strength (f’[subscript] t) of the concrete samples. This analysis supplied a detailed understanding of the statistical relationship between different concrete material properties. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed, with multiple deflection and camber models, to create a statistical distribution of predicted deflections and cambers from the statistical distribution of concrete material properties. This statistical output is then critically analysed and compared to the surveyed data. Proposed improvements to the process of predicting deflections and cambers have been outlined. These improvements have then been utilised in the construction of a finite element style program. Finally, the multiple predictions of column strip and mid panel deformation are compared to the short term surveyed deflections. It is summarised that the improvements suggested and implemented in the finite style analysis yield results with a higher degree of accuracy. The accuracy and benefits of the suggested improvements has been justified and proven by the application of multiple examples and a parametric study. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1366459 / Thesis (M.Eng.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, 2009