Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gilmar_goncalves_brito.pdf: 3439629 bytes, checksum: ed230adf1f2ca149aa0edf61c1997996 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-16 / Landslides occur around the world, in various conditions of weather and terrain, costing billions of dollars, causing thousands of deaths and worsening environmental, economic and political problems. A serious question associated with landslides is the disordered of human occupation - characterizing a geopolitical and economic issue. Actions to mitigate the problems arising from this phenomenon include environmental monitoring of the areas of greatest susceptibility for managing the higher risk population. The monitoring processes consist of recognizing soil dynamics and climatic factors, responsible for causing destabilization and landslides. In the Brazilian context, there is a strong relationship between heavy rains and landslides, since the phenomenon of runoff water infiltrated the soil and produces erosion. Therefore, a predictive monitoring of the first soil layers is an important feature for detecting areas of imminent risk of slippage. Several approaches for monitoring were presented internationally, they are based on different technologies, such as acoustic waves in the soil; detectors of relative humidity and rainfall selective analysis. All these approaches are anchored in the paradigm of remote sensing and smartsensor networks. Based on that, this paper proposes a model to estimate the imminence of of landslides risk. The proposed model is built on four pillars: (i) proposing a physics simulation environment, from the creation of a laboratory scale test environments, (ii) recognizing the technology and refinement of pre-existing models, (iv) developing of multiparametric smart sensor and (v) developing of a peer-to-peer network of sensors. This study aggregates to the scientific and technical contribution a framework for monitoring, useful for studying of landslides dynamics. Such framework is crucial for prototyping monitoring networks to be used by civil defense. / Fenômenos de deslizamentos de encostas ocorrem em todo o mundo em diversas condições climáticas e de terrenos, custando bilhões de dólares e produzindo milhares de mortes, agravando problemas ambientais, econômicos e políticos. Um problema sério que se associa à questão dos deslizamentos de encostas é o crescimento populacional e a ocupação desordenada das encostas, caracterizando os deslizamentos como uma questão geopolítica e econômica. Ações para mitigar os problemas decorrentes desses fenômenos de deslizamentos incluem o Monitoramento Ambiental das áreas de maior susceptibilidade e o Manejo da População, quando submetidas a elevado risco de deslizamento. Os processos de monitoração consistem na coleta de um conjunto de sinais e parâmetros, provenientes do solo das encostas, que possam ser usados para o reconhecimento das dinâmicas dos solos. Combinando os sinais provenientes do solo e parâmetros que reflitam os fatores climáticos e antrópicos, causadores de desestabilizações e deslizamentos, torna-se possível utilizar estes dados combinados em modelos de avaliação de risco para realizar a Predição de Deslizamentos. No Contexto Brasileiro, existe uma forte relação entre chuvas intensas e deslizamentos de encostas, devido aos fenômenos de escoamento de águas infiltradas no solo e na erosão decorrente, sendo, portanto, o monitoramento preditivo das primeiras camadas do solo um importante recurso para a detecção das áreas de eminente risco de deslizamento. Diversas abordagens para a monitoração dos solos foram apresentadas internacionalmente, sendo estas abordagens baseadas em diversas tecnologias, como exemplos podem ser citadas as técnicas de ondas acústicas no solo, detectores de umidade relativa e pluviometria seletiva. Essas abordagens podem tirar proveito do recente paradigma de Redes Sensores, baseados em dispositivos computacionais móveis de baixo consumo, movidos a baterias, que podem formar redes de trocas de dados baseadas em redes sem fio, permitindo a conexão de diversos sensores de solo, espalhados ao longo das encostas, formando um sistema de coleta destes dados de sensores em tempo real para posterior processamento e avaliação de riscos. Frente ao exposto, este trabalho propõe um sistema de monitoramento baseado em rede sensores, capaz de estimar o risco eminente de deslizamento. O sistema proposto considerou quatro dimensões do problema de desenvolvimento e prototipação do sistema de monitoramento: (1) Proposição de um Ambiente de Simulação Física, a partir da criação de um ambiente de testes em laboratório utilizando escala reduzida; (2) Reconhecimento tecnológico e refinamento de propostas de sistemas pré-existentes, que tenham a mesma finalidade, já descritos na literatura, sejam eles projetos acadêmicos ou sistemas já comercialmente disponíveis; (3) Desenvolvimento de um Sensor Inteligente Multiparamétrico; (5) desenvolvimento de uma Rede de Monitoramento para coleta de dados vindos da encosta e processamento local. Este trabalho apresenta, como contribuição técnico-científica principal, um ambiente de simulação e monitoração, sendo este ambiente relevante para estudos das dinâmicas dos deslizamentos, bem como para a prototipação de redes de monitoração para aplicações em ambientes reais, para geração de informação sobre os riscos de deslizamento, uteis para as atividades de contingenciamento dos defeitos de deslizamento por parte da Defesa Civil.

At the northern extent of the Cascadia subduction zone, the subducting Explorer and Juan de Fuca plates interact across a translational deformation zone, known as the Nootka fault zone. The Seafloor Earthquake Array Japan-Canada Cascadia Experiment (SeaJade) was designed to study this region. In two parts (SeaJade I and II, deployed from July – September 2010 and January – September 2014), seismic data from the SeaJade project has led to several important discoveries. Hypocenter distributions from SeaJade I and II indicate primary and secondary conjugate faults within the Nootka fault zone. Converted phase analysis and jointly determined seismic tomography with double-difference relocated hypocenters provide evidence to several velocity-contrasting interfaces seaward of the Cascadia subduction front at depths of ~4-6 km, ~6-9 km, ~11-14 km, and ~14-18 km, which have been interpreted as the top of the oceanic crust, upper/lower crust boundary, oceanic Moho, and the base of the highly fractured and seawater/mineral enriched veins within oceanic mantle. During SeaJade II, a MW 6.4 mainshock and subsequent aftershocks, known as the Nootka Sequence, highlighted a previously unidentified fault within the subducted Explorer plate. This fault reflects the geometry of the subducting plate, showing downward bending of the plate toward the northwest. This plate bend can be attributed to negative buoyancy from margin parallel mantle flow induced by intraslab tearing further northwest. Seismic tomography reinforces the conclusions drawn from the Nootka Sequence hypocenter distribution. Earthquakes from the entire SeaJade II catalogue reveal possible rotated paleo-faults, identifying the former extent of the Nootka fault zone from ~3.5 Ma. / Graduate

De nombreuses études montrent que les transferts de contrainte co- et postsismiques jouent un rôle majeur dans l’occurrence des séquences de séismes. Cependant, la grande majorité de ces études implique des systèmes de failles à la configuration géométrique simple (e.g. failles parallèles ou colinéaires). Dans cette thèse, nous étudions une séquence de séismes s’étant produite au sein d’un système de failles à la configuration géométrique plus complexe (i.e. failles conjuguées), la séquence du NE Lut (1939-1997, NE Iran), afin d’évaluer (1) si les transferts de contrainte favorisent la succession de séismes de la séquence et (2) s’ils permettent sur le long-terme de synchroniser les ruptures des failles du système. Pour cela, nous mesurons d’abord les déformations de surface produites par la séquence afin de mieux contraindre par la suite la modélisation des transferts de contrainte. A partir de la technique de corrélation subpixel d'images optiques, nous mesurons les champs de déplacements de surface horizontaux produits par les séismes de Khuli-Boniabad (Mw 7.1, 1979) et de Zirkuh (Mw 7.2, 1997). Nous montrons que ces séismes sont caractérisés par la rupture de plusieurs segments dont les limites sont corrélées avec les complexités géométriques des failles. Nous interprétons les différences de leurs caractéristiques de rupture (longueur de rupture, glissement moyen, nombre de segments rompus) comme étant dues à des différences de maturité des failles de Dasht-e-Bayaz et d’Abiz. Nous détectons également les déplacements produits par un séisme historique modéré, le séisme de Korizan (Mw 6.6, 1979). C’est la première fois que les déplacements produits par un séisme historique de si petite taille sont mesurés par corrélation d’images optiques. Ensuite, en combinant le champ de déplacements InSAR déjà publié avec les données optiques proche-faille précédemment acquises, nous estimons un nouveau modèle de source pour le séisme de Zirkuh (Mw 7.2, 1997). Nous montrons que les données proche-faille sont essentielles pour mieux contraindre la géométrie de la rupture et la distribution du glissement en profondeur. Le modèle estimé montre que le séisme de Zirkuh a rompu trois aspérités séparées par des barrières géométriques où les répliques du séisme se localisent. Seul le segment central de la faille présente un déficit de glissement en surface que nous interprétons comme étant dû à de la déformation distribuée dans des dépôts quaternaires non consolidés. Enfin, à partir des informations précédemment acquises, nous modélisons les transferts de contrainte au cours de la séquence du NE Lut. Nous montrons que ceux-ci ont favorisé l’occurrence de 7 des 11 séismes de la séquence et que modéliser précisément la géométrie des ruptures est essentiel à une estimation robuste des transferts de contrainte. De plus, nous montrons que l’occurrence du séisme de Zirkuh (Mw 7.2, 1992) est principalement favorisée par les séismes modérés de la séquence. Pour finir, la simulation d’une multitude de cycles sismiques sur les failles du NE Lut montre que les transferts de contrainte, en particulier les transferts postsismiques liés à la relaxation viscoélastique de la lithosphère, sont le principal processus permettant la mise en place répétée de séquences de séismes sur les failles du NE Lut. Enfin, d'après les simulations réalisées, l'ordre dans lequel se sont produits les séismes majeurs durant la séquence du NE Lut est assez exceptionnel. / Many studies show that static and postseismic stress transfers play an important role in the occurrence of seismic sequences. However, a large majority of these studies involves seismic sequences that occurred within fault systems having simple geometric configurations (e.g. collinear or parallel fault system). In this thesis, we study a seismic sequence that occurred within a complex fault system (i.e. conjugate fault system), the NE Lut seismic sequence (1939-1997, NE Iran), in order to assess if (1) stress transfers can explain the succession of earthquakes in the sequence and (2) stress transfers can lead to the synchronization of the NE Lut faults over multiple seismic cycles. To this end, we first measure the surface displacement field produced by the sequence in order to precisely constrain the stress transfer modeling afterwards. We use optical correlation technique to measure the surface displacement fields of the Khuli-Boniabad (Mw 7.1, 1979) and Zirkuh earthquake (Mw 7.2, 1997). We find that these earthquakes broke several segments limited by geometrical complexities of the faults. We interpret the differences in failure style of these earthquakes (i.e. rupture length, mean slip and number of broken segments) as being due to different level of structural maturity of the Dasht-e-Bayaz and Abiz faults. Furthermore, we succeed to detect offsets produced by the 1979 Mw 6.6 Korizan earthquake. It is the first time that surface displacements for such a small historical earthquake have been measured using optical correlation. Then, combining previously published intermediate-field InSAR data and our near-field optical data, we estimate a new source model for the Zirkuh earthquake (Mw 7.2, 1997). We show that near-field data are crucial to better constrain the fault geometry and the slip distribution at depth. According to our source model, the Zirkuh earthquake broke three asperities separated by geometrical barriers where aftershocks are located. No shallow slip deficit is found for the overall rupture except on the central segment where it could be due to off-fault deformation in quaternary deposits. Finally, we use the information acquired in the first parts of this work to model the stress transfers within the NE Lut sequence. We find that 7 out of 11 earthquakes are triggered by the previous ones and that the precise modeling of the rupture geometry is crucial to robustly estimate the stress transfers. We also show that the Zirkuh earthquake is mainly triggered by the moderate earthquakes of the NE Lut sequence. Lastly, the simulation of multiple seismic cycles on the NE Lut fault system shows that stress transfers, in particular postseismic stress transfers due to viscoelastic relaxation, enhance the number of seismic sequences and synchronize the rupture of the faults. The simulations also show that the order in which the Mw>7 earthquakes occurred during the NE Lut sequence is quite exceptional.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Ergebnisse von mechanischen, elektronenmikroskopischen und rasterkraft-mikroskopischen Untersuchungen an mittelorientierten Nickeleinkristallen dargestellt, die bei 77 K bis in den Bereich der Stabilisierung der mechanischen Eigenschaften zyklisch verformt worden sind. Im Zentrum des Interesses steht neben der Analyse der stabilisierten Versetzungsstruktur auf makroskopischer, mesoskopischer und mikroskopischer Maßstabsskala das Studium der Gleitlokalisationsphänomene bei tiefen Temperaturen. Nach Verformung bei 77 K ergibt sich sowohl hinsichtlich des mechanischen Verhaltens und der Oberflächengleiterscheinungen als auch bezüglich der Versetzungsanordnungen auf mesoskopischem Strukturniveau (Strukturlängen in der Größenordnung 1 µm) prinzipiell ein ähnliches Erscheinungsbild wie bei höheren Verformungstemperaturen: Die zyklische Spannungs-Dehnungs-Kurve ist in drei Bereiche gegliedert, sie weist ein Plateaugebiet auf; es treten Grobgleitspuren auf der Probenoberfläche auf, die eine Lokalisation der Gleitung anzeigen; es kommt zur Ausbildung einer mesoskopisch heterogenen Versetzungsstruktur. Die Tendenz, daß mit sinkender Verformungstemperatur die Strukturlängen auf den unterschiedlichen Maßstabsniveaus kleiner werden, setzt sich bei der Wechselplastizierung bei 77 K fort. Die detaillierten quantitativen Untersuchungen zur Gleitlokalisation bei 77 K haben zu neuen Erkenntnissen geführt, deren Konsequenzen nicht nur die zyklische Plastizität bei tiefen Temperaturen betreffen. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich in folgenden Punkten zusammenfassen: Nach Halbzyklusverformung existiert ein weites Spektrum von lokalen Abgleitamplituden, das von 0,5 % bis 30 % reicht; die mittlere plastische Dehnung der Gleitbänder ist intrinsisch; das aktive Gleitvolumen im Halbzyklus beträgt nur 30 % des Volumens, in dem Gleitlokalisation nach einer hinreichend großen Zyklenzahl beobachtet wird; die Abgleitung in den aktiven Gleitbändern liegt um ungefähr einen Faktor drei über der oberen Plateaugrenzdehnung der zyklischen Spannungs-Dehnungs-Kurve. Die Meßergebnisse zum aktiven Gleitvolumen führen zu dem Schluß, daß in den Gleitbändern zeitlich gestaffelt Phasen hoher und niedriger Gleitaktivität auftreten. Die Diskussion der experimentellen Befunde zeigt, daß die Kerngedanken des WINTER-Modells bezüglich der Eigenschaften der Gleitbänder gültig bleiben, wenn man die Aussagen des Modells auf das mittlere räumliche und mittlere zeitliche Verhalten der Gleitbänder bezieht. Anhaltspunkte für die physikalischen Ursachen der Existenz eines Abgleitungsspektrums ergeben sich zum einen aus einer Modifikation des phänomenologischen WINTER-Modells nach ZAISER und zum anderen durch die Annahme von Spektren des Verfestigungskoeffizienten und/oder der effektiven Spannung.

Thesis deals with the analysis of the sliding contact in the ring mill. It focuses on the assessment of the effect of the current load on the sliding contact, the assessment of the signal transmission quality from the static to the rotara part of the ring contact slide contact.

This thesis deals with computational modeling of curve squeal noise phenomena which occurs during cornering tight curves by trams. Lateral creep between rail and wheel and slip-stick phenomena leads to self-excited vibrations of the wheel which, therefore, emits unpleasant high-pitched noise. Two FEM models in frequency domain are carried out. First model is based on prestressed modal analysis. Due to unsymmetric stiffness matrix, unstable eigenvalues can occur. It is assumed that self-excited vibrations occurs on frequencies corresponding to that eigenvalues. Second model uses harmonic response analysis. It examines vibrations of the wheel excited by lateral creep force acting in contact region. This force is obtained externally by simple time-domain model. Results from harmonic response are used consequently for noise radiation computation.

This diploma thesis “Analysis of powertrain impact on pull power capacity of a tractor” is focused on evaluation of measured data gained from performance testing of tractors Claas Arion 640 for two different types of transmission. There are also discussed the measuring methods and there is detailed described the function of measured transmissions.

The master’s thesis deals with ways of controlling starting clutches of cars, especially of DQ200 gearbox, which contains dry disc clutches. The introduction describes basic principles of torque transfer and amount of clutch force. Then the description of construction of starting clutches and ways of controlling clutch types mentioned beforehand is given. In the next part of the thesis, wide spectrum of control methods is measured, from which a certain part is selected. This is followed by driving tests and based on driving data, one method of the clutch control is chosen. Then those control methods from narrow selection are tested for acoustic impact in the cabin of the car. In the end the best way of clutch control is selected. The selection based on driving data and acoustic measurement.

Byl studován kontakt mezi koulí a deskou pod tangenciálním zatížením ve vodě. Jako zdroj střižných kmitů byl použit akustický rezonátor (křemíkové mikrováhy – QCM). Kontakt koule s povrchem resonátoru indukuje změnu resonanční frekvence a šířky pásma. Byla měřena změna frekvence f a změna šířky pásma v závislosti na amplitudě oscilací. S rostoucí amplitudou docházelo k poklesu f a růstem , což je chování typické pro parciální skluz. Díky aplikaci Cattaneo-Mindlinova modelu byl vypočítán kontaktní poloměr a třecí koeficient. Kontaktní poloměr při nízké amplitudě stoupal při zvětšujícím se normálovým zatížením. Tato závislost se dobře shodovala s JKR modelem. Třecí koeficient se nacházel v odpovídajícím rozsahu. Při zvyšování externí normálové síly, docházelo k nepatrnému snižování hodnoty třecího koeficientu. Toto chování je vysvětleno příspěvkem adhezivních sil k totální normálové síle. Výpočtem byly získány dva typy třecích koeficientů, první ze změny frekvence f a druhý ze změny šířky pásma . Tyto dvě hodnoty se spolu shodovaly z ± 20 % pro měření prováděná ve vodě, zatímco pro dvě měření prováděných na hydrofilním povrchu ve vzduchu se lišila. Tento nesoulad poukazuje na nedostatek Cattaneo Mindlinovy teorie a mohl by být vysvětlen přítomností kapilárních sil.

This thesis deals with the asynchronous engines, describes their structure, principles, properties, use, and briefly describes the design of three-phase asynchronous motor. The first section describes the most common three-phase induction motor, the emergence of the rotating magnetic field and the basic relationships. The second part deals with asynchronous motors for specific applications, their design and features. The next section is an analysis engine borrowed from the electric company ATAS Náchod, and The last section lists ways to improve the basic parameters of induction motors designed and optimized engine.