Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 4287365 bytes, checksum: 18558059e0d3a15699d22055cf998b7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study investigates the risks to mass movements on slopes in the region of Viçosa - MG, in representative areas previously classified as high potential natural hazards. Searching up to it, diagnose the slopes in the urban area of the city in various scenarios and analyze its stability from its own geological and geotechnical characteristics of the terrain. For this to occur , the research made use of the Pressuremeter Ménard field test - PMT, due to its versatility and reliability in obtaining the parameters of soil strength in depth, detailing what each meter, allowing the identification of failure mechanisms by analysis. The research was based on risk rating maps to mass movements, surveys, field tests and simulations to determine the degree of instability of these areas and their respective safety factor. With this in hand, has become an important base which allows the municipality to create and plan appropriate public policies to each type of Field geological and geotechnical information. / O estudo investiga os riscos aos movimentos de massa em taludes da região de Viçosa-MG, em áreas representativas classificadas previamente como de grande potencial a acidentes naturais. Buscando-se, para isso, diagnosticar os taludes na área urbana do município e analisar em diversos cenários a sua estabilidade a partir de suas características geológicas e geotécnicas próprias do terreno. Para isso ocorrer, nos trabalhos de investigação fez-se uso do ensaio de campo pressiométrico de Ménard PMT, devido a sua versatilidade e confiabilidade na obtenção dos parâmetros de resistência do solo em profundidade, detalhando-o a cada metro, permitindo a identificação dos mecanismos de ruptura por meio de análise. A pesquisa se baseou em mapas de classificação de risco aos movimentos de massa, ensaios de campo tipo PMT e simulações para se conhecer o grau de instabilidade destas áreas e o seu respectivo fator de segurança. Com isso em mãos, tem-se uma base de informações geológico-geotécnica importante e que permite ao município criar e planejar politicas públicas adequadas a ocupação de cada tipo de área.

The Stephens Creek Watershed in southwest Portland, Oregon was chosen by the city as a pilot project for urban stream restoration efforts, and the infiltration of stormwater was identified as a potential restoration strategy. The Stephens Creek Watershed has historically been known to be unstable during high precipitation events (Burns, 1996), and the need to address the response of slope stability to anthropogenically-driven changing groundwater conditions is the focus of this study. Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and geotechnical data from the City of Portland were employed to create a high resolution (0.84 m2) physics-based probabilistic slope stability model for this watershed, using the map-based probabilistic infinite slope analysis program PISA-m (Haneberg, 2007). Best and worst case models were run using fully dry and fully saturated soil conditions, respectively. Model results indicate that 96.3% of the watershed area had a probability [less than or equal to] 0.25 that the slope factor of safety (FOS) was [less than or equal to] 1 for fully dry conditions, compared to 76.4% for fully saturated conditions. Areas that had a probability [greater than or equal to] 0.25 that the slope factor of safety (FOS) was [less than or equal to] 1 were found to occur mainly along cut/fill slopes as well as within the deeply incised canyons of Stephens Creek and its tributaries. An infiltration avoidance map was derived to define areas that appear to be unsuitable for infiltration. Based on these results, it is recommended that stormwater continues to be directed to existing sewer infrastructure and that the "storm water disconnect" restoration approach not be used by the city.

Landslide hazard assessment of densely forested, remote, and difficult to access areas can be rapidly accomplished with airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) data. An evaluation of geomorphic change by lidar-derived digital elevation models (DEMs) coupled with geotechnical soils analysis, aerial photographs, ground measurements, precipitation data, and numerical modeling can provide valuable insight to the reactivation process of unstable landslides. A landslide was selected based on previous work by Mickleson (2011) and Burns et al. (2010) that identified the Madrone Landslide with significant volumetric changes. This study expands on previous work though an evaluation of the timing and causation of slope failure of the Madrone Landslide. The purpose of this study was to evaluate landslide morphology, precipitation data, historical aerial photographs, ground crack measurements, geotechnical properties of soil, numerical modeling, and elevation data (with multi-temporal lidar data), to determine the conditions associated with failure of the Madrone Landslide. To evaluate the processes involved and timing of slope failure events, a deep seated potentially unstable landslide, situated near the contact of Eocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks, was selected for a detailed analysis. The Madrone Landslide (45.298383/-123.338796) is located in Yamhill County, about 12 kilometers west of Carlton, Oregon. Site elevation ranges from 206 meters (m) North American Vertical Datum (NAVD-88) near the head scarp to 152 m at the toe. The landslide is composed of two parts, an upper more recent rotational slump landslide and a lower much older earth flow landslide. The upper slide has an area of 2,700 m2 with a head scarp of 5-7 m and a volume of 15,700 m3. The lower earth flow has an area of 2300 m2, a head scarp of 15 m, and a volume of 287,500 m3. Analysis of aerial photographs indicates the lower slide probably originated between 1956 and 1963. The landslide is located at a geologic unit contact of Eocene deep marine sedimentary rock and intrusive volcanic rock. The landslide was instrumented with 20 crack monitors established across ground cracks and measured periodically. Field measurements did not detect ground crack displacement over a 15 month period. Soil samples indicate the soil is an MH soil with a unit weight of 12 kN/m3 and residual friction angle of 28φ'r which were both used as input for slope stability modeling. Differential DEMs from lidar data were calculated to generate a DEM of Difference (DoD) raster to identify and quantify elevation changes. Historical aerial photograph review, differential lidar analysis, and precipitation data suggest the upper portion of the landslide failed as a result of the December 2007 storm.

The heavy precipitation event of November 3-8, 2006 dropped over 60 cm of rain onto the bare southern slopes of Mount St. Helens and generated debris flows in eight of the sixteen drainages outside the 1980 debris avalanche zone. Debris flows occurred on the upper catchments of the Muddy River, Shoestring Glacier, Pine Creek, June Lake, Butte Camp Dome, Blue Lake, Sheep Creek, and South Fork Toutle River. Debris flows were clustered on the west and south-east sides of the mountain. Of the eight debris flows, three were initiated by landslides, while five were initiated by headward or channel erosion. Six debris flows were initiated in deposits mapped as Holocene volcaniclastic deposits, while two were in 1980 pyroclastics on andesite flows. The largest (~975,000 m2) and longest (~8,900 m) debris flow was initiated by landslides in the upper South Fork Toutle River Drainage. The average debris flow initiation zone elevation was 1,750 m, with clusters around 1,700 m and 2,000 m elevation. The lower cluster is associated with basins that host modern or historic glaciers, while the upper is possibly associated with recent pyroclastic deposits. Upper drainages with debris flows averaged 41% slopes steeper than 33 degrees, while those without debris flows averaged 34%. The upper basins with debris flows averaged 6% snow and ice cover, 21% consolidated bedrock, and 74% unconsolidated deposits. Basins without debris flows averaged 3% snow and ice cover, 27% bedrock, and 67% unconsolidated deposits. Drainages with debris flows averaged an 89% loss of glacier area between 1998 and 2009, while those without debris flows lost 68%. Further comparing glacier coverage during that period found that only five of ten glaciers still existed in 2009. On average, the glaciers had reduced in area by 67%, decreased in length by 36%, and retreated by an average of 471 m during that period. Basin attributes were measured or calculated in order to construct a predictive debris flow model based on that of Pirot (2010) using multiple logistic regression. The most significant factors were the percentage of slopes steeper than 33 degrees, unconsolidated deposits in the upper basin, and average annual rainfall. These factors predicted the 2006 debris flows with an accuracy of 94% in a debris flow susceptibility map for Mount St. Helens.

In this study 18 sediment samples were collected from the upper continental slope across the coast of the state of Sergipe in January 2007. The composition and distribution pattern of recent foraminifera were studied. For each sample, 300 foraminifera shells were identified, reaching 5400 different specimens. The samples were treated initially with the division by quartering, washed with water, weighed to 1 g and finally screened. The study shows 4504 specimens from benthic and 896 planktonic foraminifera. A total of 167 taxa were identified, with 84 genera and 157 benthic taxa. The benthic species most frequent were Amphistegina sp, Cassidulina laevigata, Siphonina pulchra and Peneroplis carinatus. Benthic and planktonic foraminifera appeared in all samples. For seven genera of planktonic foraminifera, an amount of 10 species could be identified. Planktonic species most frequent were Globigerinoides conglobatus, G. ruber, G. trilobus, Globorotalia menardii e Globigerina bulloides. The 18 sampling sites in the study area are predominantly located in bioclastic environments, except for two points that are located near of the São Francisco canyon, which is a siliciclastic environment. These results are completely new and they will allow extending the composition of foraminifera that occur along the studied area. The data are consistent with those found by other authors in different regions of the northeastern Brazilian coast. Taxonomic changes observed on this study at the generic and specific level of the studied foraminifera agree with literature data. / Neste trabalho foram analisadas 18 amostras de sedimento provenientes do talude continental superior do Estado de Sergipe, coletadas em janeiro de 2007. Os objetivos do trabalho foram analisar a composição e o padrão de distribuição dos foraminíferos recentes ao longo do talude continental superior de Sergipe e correlacioná-los aos fatores abióticos, como granulometria, teor de matéria orgânica e carbonato de cálcio. Foram triadas 300 carapaças de foraminíferos de cada amostra, totalizando 5400 exemplares. As amostras de sedimento foram quarteadas, em seguida foram lavadas, pesadas (1g de sedimento) e triadas para análise dos foraminíferos. Foram identificados 4.504 exemplares de foraminíferos bentônicos e 896 exemplares de planctônicos, com um total de 167 táxons. Tanto os foraminíferos bentônicos quanto os planctônicos estiveram presentes em todas as amostras analisadas. Foram identificados 84 gêneros de foraminíferos bentônicos representados por 157 táxons. Os bentônicos que apresentaram maior frequência relativa foram Amphistegina sp, Cassidulina laevigata, Siphonina pulchra e Peneroplis carinatus. Em relação aos planctônicos foram identificados sete gêneros representados por 10 espécies. As espécies planctônicas com maior frequência foram Globigerinoides conglobatus, G. ruber, G. trilobus, Globorotalia menardii e Globigerina bulloides. Os 18 pontos de amostragem da área de estudo estão predominantemente localizados em ambientes bioclásticos, com exceção de dois pontos que estão localizados próximos ao canyon do rio São Francisco, que é um ambiente siliciclástico. Em relação ao índice de equitatividade, os táxons identificados em cada uma das amostras apresentam uma tendência à homogeneidade nas 18 amostras. Os resultados obtidos trazem o conhecimento inédito sobre a composição dos foraminíferos que ocorrem ao longo do talude continental superior da costa do Estado de Sergipe. Os dados são compatíveis aos encontrados por outros autores em diferentes regiões da costa do nordeste brasileiro. Foi possível revisar, a partir de diversas literaturas, algumas mudanças taxonômicas dos foraminíferos a nível genérico e específico.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gilmar_goncalves_brito.pdf: 3439629 bytes, checksum: ed230adf1f2ca149aa0edf61c1997996 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-16 / Landslides occur around the world, in various conditions of weather and terrain, costing billions of dollars, causing thousands of deaths and worsening environmental, economic and political problems. A serious question associated with landslides is the disordered of human occupation - characterizing a geopolitical and economic issue. Actions to mitigate the problems arising from this phenomenon include environmental monitoring of the areas of greatest susceptibility for managing the higher risk population. The monitoring processes consist of recognizing soil dynamics and climatic factors, responsible for causing destabilization and landslides. In the Brazilian context, there is a strong relationship between heavy rains and landslides, since the phenomenon of runoff water infiltrated the soil and produces erosion. Therefore, a predictive monitoring of the first soil layers is an important feature for detecting areas of imminent risk of slippage. Several approaches for monitoring were presented internationally, they are based on different technologies, such as acoustic waves in the soil; detectors of relative humidity and rainfall selective analysis. All these approaches are anchored in the paradigm of remote sensing and smartsensor networks. Based on that, this paper proposes a model to estimate the imminence of of landslides risk. The proposed model is built on four pillars: (i) proposing a physics simulation environment, from the creation of a laboratory scale test environments, (ii) recognizing the technology and refinement of pre-existing models, (iv) developing of multiparametric smart sensor and (v) developing of a peer-to-peer network of sensors. This study aggregates to the scientific and technical contribution a framework for monitoring, useful for studying of landslides dynamics. Such framework is crucial for prototyping monitoring networks to be used by civil defense. / Fenômenos de deslizamentos de encostas ocorrem em todo o mundo em diversas condições climáticas e de terrenos, custando bilhões de dólares e produzindo milhares de mortes, agravando problemas ambientais, econômicos e políticos. Um problema sério que se associa à questão dos deslizamentos de encostas é o crescimento populacional e a ocupação desordenada das encostas, caracterizando os deslizamentos como uma questão geopolítica e econômica. Ações para mitigar os problemas decorrentes desses fenômenos de deslizamentos incluem o Monitoramento Ambiental das áreas de maior susceptibilidade e o Manejo da População, quando submetidas a elevado risco de deslizamento. Os processos de monitoração consistem na coleta de um conjunto de sinais e parâmetros, provenientes do solo das encostas, que possam ser usados para o reconhecimento das dinâmicas dos solos. Combinando os sinais provenientes do solo e parâmetros que reflitam os fatores climáticos e antrópicos, causadores de desestabilizações e deslizamentos, torna-se possível utilizar estes dados combinados em modelos de avaliação de risco para realizar a Predição de Deslizamentos. No Contexto Brasileiro, existe uma forte relação entre chuvas intensas e deslizamentos de encostas, devido aos fenômenos de escoamento de águas infiltradas no solo e na erosão decorrente, sendo, portanto, o monitoramento preditivo das primeiras camadas do solo um importante recurso para a detecção das áreas de eminente risco de deslizamento. Diversas abordagens para a monitoração dos solos foram apresentadas internacionalmente, sendo estas abordagens baseadas em diversas tecnologias, como exemplos podem ser citadas as técnicas de ondas acústicas no solo, detectores de umidade relativa e pluviometria seletiva. Essas abordagens podem tirar proveito do recente paradigma de Redes Sensores, baseados em dispositivos computacionais móveis de baixo consumo, movidos a baterias, que podem formar redes de trocas de dados baseadas em redes sem fio, permitindo a conexão de diversos sensores de solo, espalhados ao longo das encostas, formando um sistema de coleta destes dados de sensores em tempo real para posterior processamento e avaliação de riscos. Frente ao exposto, este trabalho propõe um sistema de monitoramento baseado em rede sensores, capaz de estimar o risco eminente de deslizamento. O sistema proposto considerou quatro dimensões do problema de desenvolvimento e prototipação do sistema de monitoramento: (1) Proposição de um Ambiente de Simulação Física, a partir da criação de um ambiente de testes em laboratório utilizando escala reduzida; (2) Reconhecimento tecnológico e refinamento de propostas de sistemas pré-existentes, que tenham a mesma finalidade, já descritos na literatura, sejam eles projetos acadêmicos ou sistemas já comercialmente disponíveis; (3) Desenvolvimento de um Sensor Inteligente Multiparamétrico; (5) desenvolvimento de uma Rede de Monitoramento para coleta de dados vindos da encosta e processamento local. Este trabalho apresenta, como contribuição técnico-científica principal, um ambiente de simulação e monitoração, sendo este ambiente relevante para estudos das dinâmicas dos deslizamentos, bem como para a prototipação de redes de monitoração para aplicações em ambientes reais, para geração de informação sobre os riscos de deslizamento, uteis para as atividades de contingenciamento dos defeitos de deslizamento por parte da Defesa Civil.

Nesta dissertação é apresentado o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional para o processamento de pares de imagens estereoscópicas obtidos por câmeras aéreas métricas e não métricas. O programa foi desenvolvido na linguagem C++ e foi utilizado a biblioteca OpenGL. O resultado obtido é uma imagem tridimensional de onde pode ser extraídas cotas de altura e formas de terreno. Estas imagens poderão ser usadas no estudo de áreas de risco em encostas. / In this dissertation is presented the development of a computational tool for the processing of pairs of images estereoscópicas obtained by metric and not metric aerial cameras. The program was developed in the program language C++ and the library was used OpenGL. The result of the program is a three-dimensional image from where it can be extracted height quotas and land forms. These images can be used in the study of risk areas on slopes.

Nesta dissertação é apresentado o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional para o processamento de pares de imagens estereoscópicas obtidos por câmeras aéreas métricas e não métricas. O programa foi desenvolvido na linguagem C++ e foi utilizado a biblioteca OpenGL. O resultado obtido é uma imagem tridimensional de onde pode ser extraídas cotas de altura e formas de terreno. Estas imagens poderão ser usadas no estudo de áreas de risco em encostas. / In this dissertation is presented the development of a computational tool for the processing of pairs of images estereoscópicas obtained by metric and not metric aerial cameras. The program was developed in the program language C++ and the library was used OpenGL. The result of the program is a three-dimensional image from where it can be extracted height quotas and land forms. These images can be used in the study of risk areas on slopes.