Elicitation of sluicing and pied-piping

This thesis investigates and documents the existence of preposition stranding in a dialect of Canadian French. The French spoken in the small Franco-Ontarian town of Lafontaine (LFF) allows prepositions to be stranded (i.e. without a following overt complement) in various scenarios. Taking bona fide P-stranding to be derivable only via leftward movement of prepositional complements, I show that LFF has true P-stranding equivalent to that observed in English. I argue that although LFF parallels Standard French in having orphan prepositions–where this phenomenon is best analyzed as non-movement derived P-stranding with the gap following the preposition being the instantiation of a null pronoun (Authier 2016; Zribi-Hertz 1984)–it is incontrovertible that P-stranding takes place under syntactic movement in LFF (e.g. wh-movement). Following Abels (2003b, 2012), I assume that prepositions constitute phase heads and their complements cannot be extracted without violating the principle of anti-locality. My central argument in this thesis is that in order to void violations of anti-locality, PPs in P-stranding languages must contain an extra layer of structure between prepositions and their complements in order to allow extraction. Evidence for this extra layer of structure is found in LFF in the form of the invariant morpheme de-nwhich appears on the prepositions dans, sur and sous when these are used in stranding constructions (e.g. dedans). Again, following Abels (2012), I label the de- element that appears on these prepositions under stranding as a ‘DR-morpheme’; this morpheme constitutes the head of a DRP which intervenes between prepositions and their complements, allowing extraction. I further show that evidence for the existence of bona fide P-stranding in LFF comes in the form of the ability to strand prepositions under ellipsis in this dialect. LFF, like English, allows prepositions to be stranded in swiping constructions, where swiping is a sub form of sluicing wherein a prepositions and its wh-complement surface in inverse order (e.g. `who from’/qui de) as the sole remnants of ellipsis. Given the existence of swiping in LFF, I discuss certain ramifications this has for current theories of sluicing and swiping, ultimately arguing that swiping in LFF is best analyzed as being derived via deleting prosodically redundant material between a wh-phrase which has moved to the left periphery, and its selecting preposition which has been left stranded in its base position.

[pt] Esta dissertação aborda um fenômeno pouco estudado no Português Brasileiro (PB): o sluicing, fenômeno no qual o sintagma de tempo (TP) de uma estrutura encabeçada por um elemento –QU é elidido, deixando explícito apenas o elemento –QU. Merchant (2001) argumenta que o sluicing envolve movimento –QU e apagamento do TP, e que disso segue a generalização, segundo a qual uma língua permitirá encalhamento de preposição no sluicing se o permite em sentenças simples. Almeida & Yoshida (2007) argumentam que o PB falseia essa generalização por permitir encalhamento de preposição em sluicing, mas não em sentenças simples. Rodrigues et al. (2009), todavia, propõe que existem duas raízes para o sluicing no PB: sluicing regular e pseudosluicing, sendo que o encalhamento de preposição ocorreria apenas nessas estruturas. A presente dissertação investiga a proposta de Rodrigues et al. (2009), por meio de experimento de juízo de gramaticalidade e metodologia experimental, para verificar relações entre apagamento de preposição e tipo de estrutura. Os resultados corroboram a proposta de Rodrigues et al. (2009), e apontam para uma restrição de identidade de ordem semântica entre o constituinte elidido e seu antecedente. Nossa conclusão sugere que: os dados PB não falseiam a generalização de Merchant; identidade semântica é suficiente para licenciar processos de elisão. Esse fenômeno é investigado à luz de uma proposta de integração entre a teoria linguística de vertente gerativista e a psicolinguística, proposta que tem caracterizado as pesquisas desenvolvidas no Laboratório de Psicolinguística e Aquisição da Linguagem (LAPAL) da PUC-Rio. / [en] This dissertation discusses an understudied phenomenon in Brazilian Portuguese (BP): sluicing, a phenomenon in which the tense phrase (TP) of a structure headed by an interrogative pronoun (-QU) is elided, leaving only the explicit -QU. Merchant (2001) argues that sluicing involves –wh movement and deletion in the phonological form of TP, and proposes the following generalization: a language L will allow preposition stranding in sentences with sluicing iff L allows this stranding in simple sentences. Almeida and Yoshida (2007) argue that the Brazilian Portuguese distorts this generalization as it allows preposition stranding in sluicing, but not in simple sentences. In contrast, Rodrigues et al. (2009) proposes that there are two processes of sluicing in Brazilian Portuguese: regular sluicing and pseudosluicing, with preposition stranding occurring only in these structures. This dissertation investigates the proposal of Rodrigues et al. (2009), leading a grammaticality judgment experiment and using experimental methodology in order to verify deletion relations between preposition and type of structure. The results support the proposal of Rodrigues et al. (2009), and point to a semantic identity between the elided constituent and its antecedent. Our findings suggest that: the Brazilian Portuguese data does not distort Merchant s generalization; and, semantic identity is sufficient for licensing elision processes. This phenomenon is investigated in light of an integrated proposal between generative linguistic theory and psycholinguistics, a proposal that has characterized the research being developed at the Laboratory of Psycholinguistics and Language Acquisition (LAPAL) at PUC-Rio.

Orientador: Ariadne Maria Brito Rizzoni Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T05:36:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maduro_RalphMoreira_M.pdf: 3052079 bytes, checksum: 7bcf8b7d5af90727147cfcd484598cbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esta dissertação tem por objetivo investigar o fenômeno lingüístico da elipse. Nós acreditamos que alguns tipos de elipse podem ser resolvidos com conhecimento sintático, visto que estão sujeitos a esse tipo de restrição. Nós tratamos cinco tipos de elipse encontrados na língua portuguesa: despojamento, elipse do sintagma verbal, elipse lacunar, escoamento e anáfora de complemento nulo. Usamos as Restrições de Ilha para decidir sobre a gramaticalidade da oração. Finalmente, desenvolvemos e implementamos um sistema baseado em sintaxe, que recupera o constituinte elidido e reconstrói a cláusula elíptica, quando permitido pelas restrições sintáticas. Os dados obtidos com este trabalho são relativos ao português, mas nós acreditamos que possam ser aplicados para outras línguas, como por exemplo inglês e espanhol / Abstract: This work is intended as an investigation into elliptical phenomena in natural language. We believe that some types of ellipsis can be resolved at the syntactic leveI since they are subject to syntactic constraints. We have dealt with five of the major types of ellipsis I faund in Portuguese, namely: Null VP, Gapping, Stripping, Sluicing and Null Complement Anaphora. We have used Island Constraints in order to decide on the grammaticality at the sentence. Finally, we have developed and implemented a syntactically-based algorithm that recovers the elided constituents and reconstructs the elliptical clause, when applicable. The linguistic data in this work is drawn primarily from Portuguese, but we believe that the results can also be applied to other languages, such as English / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

In this research we aimed to analyze which features are determining to identify and legitimate Sluicing in Portuguese namely, ellipsis of interrogative phrases or WhP Ellipsis. Interrogative phrases or wh-phrases are those always legitimated and headed by a interrogative pronoun or wh-pronoun and their ellipsis are featured by a remaining of a subordinate wh-phrase. Indeed, that phenomenon has hardly ever been studied in Portuguese, lacking a determination of which features are essentials to configure WhP ellipsis in our language. Therefore through compared syntax we looked for examples in English, which has already many studies about the subject as well as other languages as German, Greek, Hebrew, only to mention a few ones. Our result shows up that similar to English, Portuguese as well is a language that allows two essential features to identify and legitimate WhP ellipsis, [+wh], that legitimate the elided structure, and [+focus] that mostly brings up a new attribute to approaches which justify that WhP ellipsis is resulted by moving operations. As a final point, the study of a last feature, E-feature, uniform in every language which allows Slucing, reveals itself as a highly determinant feature of the emptiness left by ellipsis, once [+wh] and [+focus] are features that typify the remaining of wh-phrase after deletion and on the other hand E is a feature that typifies the elided structure. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Nosso objetivo nesta pesquisa foi analisar quais traços são determinantes para a identificação e o licenciamento de truncamentos em português a saber, elipses de frases interrogadas ou elipses em WhP. As frases interrogadas ou frases-wh são aquelas sempre legitimadas e encabeçadas por um pronome interrogativo ou pronome-wh e cujas elipse é caracterizada pelo resquício de uma frase-wh encaixada. O fato é que o fenômeno tem sido ainda pouco estudado em português, faltando determinar que traços são fundamentais para a definição dessas elipses em nossa língua. Para tanto, buscamos também através da sintaxe comparada exemplos em línguas como o inglês, que já acumula estudos exaustivos sobre o fenômeno sintático, além de outras línguas como alemão, grego, hebraico, só para citar algumas. O resultado de nossa análise revela que semelhante ao inglês, o português é uma língua que admite dois traços essenciais para o licenciamento e identificação de elipses em WhP, [+wh] que licencia a estrutura elidida, e [+foco] que sobretudo dá uma nova configuração às abordagens que justificam que a elipse em WhP é resultante de operações de movimento. Por fim, a análise de um último traço, o traço-E, uniforme em toda língua que admite truncamentos, se revela como um traço especificamente característico do vazio deixado pela elipse, já que, por um lado, [+wh] e [+foco] são traços que caracterizam o resquício da frase-wh restante após a operação de apagamento, e por outro, E é um traço que caracteriza a estrutura elidida.

Les retenues de barrage sont l’objet d’enjeux sociétaux, économiques et environnementaux. Leur présence affecte le transit naturel de l’eau et de la charge sédimentaire associée. Selon les cycles hydrologiques et leur exploitation, la remobilisation des sédiments accumulés et des contaminants associés est plus ou moins marquée. Dans ce contexte, cette étude a pour principal objectif de déterminer l’évolution des teneurs, flux et spéciation des éléments métalliques au cours des phases d’accumulation et de remobilisation sédimentaire naturelles et influencées. Pour ce faire, une étude de terrain de 19 mois à l’amont et à l’aval de l’ouvrage a été effectuée en conditions courantes et événementielles d’exploitation. Le suivi de deux opérations de chasses d’hydrocurage, destinées à l’évacuation des sédiments de la retenue par ouverture des vannes de fond du barrage en période de hautes eaux, a notamment été réalisé. L’impact des différents paramètres physicochimiques (ratio solide/liquide, pH, potentiel redox, séchage) sur le devenir et la spéciation des éléments métalliques ainsi que les différents mécanismes associés ont quant à eux été évalués à l’aide d’expériences de laboratoire, d’études statistiques et de modélisation. Les résultats ont montré qu’en période d’exploitation courante, la présence de l’ouvrage induit une discontinuité amont/aval des teneurs, flux et partition des éléments métalliques, amplifiant notamment l’influence du pH sur leur spéciation et mobilité du fait de l’artificialisation des conditions d’écoulement. Lors des opérations d’exploitation événementielle par chasse d’hydrocurage, la modification des conditions de pH, d’oxydoréduction et de ratio S/L au sein du cours d’eau aval lors du passage de la charge sédimentaire augmente les teneurs en As, Fe et Mn solubilisés via des phénomènes de désorption et de dissolution des oxydes métalliques. Néanmoins, étant donné la faible mobilité des éléments métalliques et la stabilité des phases porteuses, les flux dissous restent minoritaires par rapport aux flux particulaires. La réalisation fréquente des opérations de chasse permet de minimiser les flux sédimentaire et métallique mis en jeu au cours du temps, limitant par conséquent son impact sur le cours d’eau aval. / Dam reservoir contexts concentrate social, economic and environmental issues. Their presence modifies both natural water and sediments continuity. Water level can be stable or fluctuate according to hydrological cycles and exploitation, leading to more or less pronounced sediments and associated contaminants remobilization. In such context, this work aims at studying spatio-temporal changes in concentrations, fluxes as well as speciation of metallic elements during natural and anthropologically-driven sediments accumulation and resuspension phases. For this purpose, a 19 months field survey was performed upstream and downstream from the dam during both routine and exceptional exploitation. The water and sediments quality during two sluicing events, performed in order to re-erode deposited reservoir sediments and flush them downstream through the bottom valves of the dam during high flows, were notably monitored. As for the influence of the main physicochemical parameters (i.e., solid/liquid ratio, pH, redox potential, drying) on metallic elements fate and speciation as well as the different processes involved, they were studied through laboratory experiments, statistical analyses and modeling. Results highlighted that during routine exploitation, dam presence leads to a significant discontinuity in metallic element dissolved concentrations, fluxes and speciation, mainly through pH changes magnified by water flow artificial lowering. During sluicing management, the high local pH, redox and S/L changes of the downstream water, mainly following maximum sediments release, enhance As, Fe and Mn solubilization through desorption or metallic oxydes dissolution. Nevertheless, given the overall low mobility of the metallic elements and bearing phases stability, dissolved fluxes remain far lower than particular ones. Recurrent sluicing management permits to minimize sediments and metallic fluxes, limiting toxicity towards aquatic biota.

The thesis describes a period of the government of Leopold II Grand Duke of Tuscany and his affiliation to the swampy territory along the Tuscany coastline called Maremma and its bonification. He was able to change fundamentally the most underdeveloped areas of his country during thirty years of his government. He succeeded even though political changes during the revolutionary years of 1847-1849, and though his government was finished by the unification of Italy and the incorporation of Tuscany into the newly established Kingdom of Italy, which was the goal of Italian risorgimento. This work further describes biography of Leopold II in short, his policy focused on overall development of Tuscany, and last but not least life fates and the principal works of his three closest collaborators - personalities with major influence at the realisation of the bonification works - Vittorio Fossombroni, Gaetano Giorgini and Alessandro Manetti. The thesis describes the bonification works in Maremma themselves, their organisation and results achieved. Part of the bonification overall plans of Leopold II was construction of the road network as well, with necessity of numerous bridges over canals and regulated watercourses. It was also necessary to solve the health problems in the region, especially malaria, where...

The thesis describes a period of the government of Leopold II Grand Duke of Tuscany and his affiliation to the swampy territory along the Tuscany coastline called Maremma and its bonification. He was able to change fundamentally the most underdeveloped areas of his country during thirty years of his government. He succeeded even though political changes during the revolutionary years of 1847-1849, and though his government was finished by the unification of Italy and the incorporation of Tuscany into the newly established Kingdom of Italy, which was the goal of Italian risorgimento. This work further describes biography of Leopold II in short, his policy focused on overall development of Tuscany, and last but not least life fates and the principal works of his three closest collaborators - personalities with major influence at the realisation of the bonification works - Vittorio Fossombroni, Gaetano Giorgini and Alessandro Manetti. The thesis describes the bonification works in Maremma themselves, their organisation and results achieved. Part of the bonification overall plans of Leopold II was construction of the road network as well, with necessity of numerous bridges over canals and regulated watercourses. It was also necessary to solve the health problems in the region, especially malaria, where...