Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:23:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Batagini Balieiro Miraldo.pdf: 2751068 bytes, checksum: 3395ea6dd30bbce550dc58c76b956f03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-01 / This work studies the Vila Mariana slums, analyzing this physical cut well-defined through a broad segment of time. After a brief overview of the world situation, shows the relationships of the history of the city of Sao Paulo with the formation of slums in Vila Mariana and it growth in later decades. It discusses some concepts of slums and then submit the slums of Vila Mariana, resuming his story, based on old entries of slums and reports of other municipal administrations. It also displays the current status of these slums and presents a forecast for its future through information of the current system of registration of slums in the city. Three case studies are done configuring the analysis closer to the slums of Vila Mariana. Finally, discusses the results presented correlating information from previous sections and concludes with some considerations. / Este trabalho estuda as favelas da subprefeitura Vila Mariana, analisando este recorte físico bem definido através de um amplo recorte temporal. Após uma breve exposição do panorama mundial, apresentam-se as relações da história da cidade de São Paulo com a formação das favelas na Vila Mariana e seu crescimento nas décadas seguintes. Discorre sobre alguns conceitos de favelas para então apresentar as favelas da subprefeitura Vila Mariana, retomando sua história, baseado em antigos cadastros de favelas e relatórios de outras gestões municipais. Exibe também a situação atual destas favelas e expõe uma projeção para seu futuro através de informações do sistema atual de cadastro de favelas da prefeitura. Três estudos de caso são realizados configurando a análise mais próxima das favelas da Vila Mariana. Por fim, discute os resultados apresentados estabelecendo relações entre informações de seções anteriores e termina com algumas considerações

Este trabalho procura destacar o desenvolvimento urbano de São Paulo, levantando as principais normas e eventos - além dos mecanismos de financiamento das infraestruturas - que condicionaram a formação da metrópole. O início da regulação urbanística do município ocorre no final do período imperial, quando são introduzidas as primeiras normas e políticas de segregação da pobreza. A partir de então a cidade se estrutura mediante arranjo institucional que relaciona norma e finança, como os institutos de aposentadorias, o sistema BNH, sem, no entanto, obedecer um planejamento específico. Somente no governo militar, em 1975, o Estado divulga a elaboração de um documento para direcionar desenvolvimento das cidades, cujo abandono poucos anos após sua publicação ampliou a precarização da cidade, aliada à crise econômica na década de 1980. A reforma normativa da Constituição de 1988 revigora o orçamento municipal e estabelece regras para as políticas urbanas, mas o avanço concomitante do neoliberalismo traz forças que entrecruzam as leis nacionais e municipais e durante toda a década de 1990 são reduzidos os investimentos públicos em desenvolvimento, habitação e urbanização. Somente em 2003, com a criação do Ministério das Cidades, a política urbana se estrutura em bases territoriais articuladas, pensando o espaço público das metrópoles a partir dos instrumentos ativos de cidadania, articulando os entes federados e a principal instituição financeira pública do país, a Caixa Econômica Federal. Para colocar em relevo tais propostas, será analisado o programa de urbanização de favelas em São Paulo, no sentido de realizar uma interpretação dessa interlocução, procurando entender em que medida os projetos de desenvolvimento urbano podem agir para recuperar os traços de cidadania perdidos nas normas, planos e projetos. / This work seeks to highlight the urban development of São Paulo, emphasizing the main rules and events, in addition to infrastructure financing mechanisms that conditioned the formation of the metropolis. The joint between urban regulation and political rules starts at the end of the imperial period, when was introduced the firsts acts of segregation of poverty. Since then, the city has been structured by institutional arrangements relating rules and finance, such as embedded on the institutes of retirements and the BNH system, regardless of any specific planning whatsoever. During the military government, in 1975, the state discloses a document to guide the urban development, whose abandonment few years after its publication increased casualization of the city, coupled with the economic crises in the 1980s. The regulatory reform of the 1988 Constitution strengthens the municipal budget and establishes new rules for urban policy, but with the advance of neoliberal ideas comes forces that intersect national and local laws throughout the 1990s. On these bases, the government reduces public investment in development, housing and urbanization. Nevertheless, in 2003, through the Ministry of Cities, urban policy tends to be articulated on territorial bases, considering the public space of the metropolis from the instruments of active citizenship, articulating the federated entities and the main public financial institution in the country, the Caixa Economica Federal. It is important to highlight such proposals, using the slum upgrading program in São Paulo, in order to conduct an analysis of this dialogue, trying to understand the extent to which urban development may take action, in order to recover the lost traces of citizenship standards, plans and projects.

Notou-se, nos últimos anos, um aumento considerável de novos núcleos de favelas que diferem, principalmente em grau de precariedade, das favelas mais antigas. No entanto, não há dados oficiais em escala metropolitana que possam mensurar e analisar territorialmente essas transformações que vêm ocorrendo no meio urbano. Desse modo, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral contribuir com informações relacionadas à precariedade e à territorialidade de favelas surgidas após 2010, data do último censo demográfico, nas regiões periféricas da metrópole de São Paulo. Esses novos espaços de moradia estão sendo denominados nesta pesquisa de \"favelas recentes\". Por meio da comparação de imagens de satélites de diferentes anos, foi possível detectar padrões temporais de crescimento, contabilizar o número de novos aglomerados formados e estimar o total de construções que surgiram entre os anos de 2010 e 2017. Buscou-se, também, compreender as causas de surgimento dessas favelas, em que, além da relação com a crise econômica, foi analisada a inserção delas nos zoneamentos municipais. Comprovou-se, por meio de análise cartográfica, que o processo de revisão do Plano Diretor de São Paulo, em 2014, teve influência em dinâmicas de surgimento de novos assentamentos em determinadas áreas. Por fim, a partir de quatro estudos de caso, foram exploradas as principais características socioespaciais, destacando a extrema precariedade das favelas recentes. / In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in the number of new slums that differ, mainly in the degree of precariousness, from the older slums. However, there are no official data in metropolitan scale that can measure and territorially analyze transformations that have been taking place in urban areas. Thus, the present work aims to contribute with information related to the precariousness and territoriality of the slums that emerged in the peripheral regions of the metropolis of São Paulo after 2010, year of the last demographic census. This study calls these spaces \"recent slums\". By comparing satellite images from different years, it was possible to detect temporal patterns of growth, to count the number of new slums and to estimate the total number of buildings that emerged in these slums between 2010 and 2017. The reflections were aimed at understanding the causes of the emergence of these slums, beyond the relation with the macroeconomic crisis, and analyzing their insertion in the municipal zoning. The analysis of cartographic information proved that the review process of São Paulo\'s Master Plan, in 2014, influenced the dynamics of new slums in some areas of the city. Finally, four case studies were analyzed according to their main socio-spatial characteristics were explored, highlighting the extreme precariousness of the recent slums.

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Progressive spatial segregation of Whites from other ethnic races in South Africa started in 1886. Apartheid rulers evicted three and a half million Blacks, Coloureds and Indians from white urban and residential areas between 1904 and 1994. Apartheid planners used natural, mining, industrial, and infrastructural buffer zones to spatially enforce segregation. They based their apartheid spatial governance on separation and control and not on urban development. Today remnants of apartheid remain deeply embedded in the urban framework, where large buffer zones continue to enforce segregation and disrupt economic growth. Victims of apartheid legislation believed the eradication of apartheid in 1994 meant the right to live in the city and the end of forced evictions. Since then the post-Apartheid government has conducted 2 million evictions, reminiscent of the 3.5 million evictions during the apartheid years. In an attempt to make Johannesburg a `world class city`, the municipality forcefully removed the poor from the city, and relocated them to rural locations where their livelihoods are severely challenged. To many, a new ``apartheid` has been born; one that segregates the rich and the poor. The government has released several strategies to provide land for the poor near the city, but the high cost of land in urban areas has disrupted implementation. The thesis proposes a three-fold strategic design intervention to provide land for the poor near the city and dissolve the apartheid-designed buffer zone between Soweto and Johannesburg. The site, a landmark from the apartheid spatial legacy and part of the Witwatersrand gold mining belt, separates Soweto, home to four million Blacks, from the city of Johannesburg. About one and a half million people commute to the city each day passing by the 14 km stretch of this toxic mining land. The thesis proposes three urban design strategies to transform the site into a community, which the local people would build: Remediation strategies to address the toxic mining landscape, infrastructural strategies to provide basic services and economic strategies to promote economic growth. These strategies operate in a codependent structure. Co-op centres implement these strategies, transfering strategy technologies to the local community.

The dissertation explores how distinctive institutional factors related to property rights determine urban development patterns and housing tenure modalities in a developing economy context. The first part proposes a choice-theoretic model that explains the existence of the Antichresis contractual arrangement as a way to temporarily divide property rights. The model explains why the Antichresis contract dominates the Periodic-Rent contract in terms of landlord profits for certain types of property in which the gains in expected profits from solving the problem of adverse selection of tenants offset the loss of expected profits created by the moral hazard in landlords investments. The empirical section of the dissertation provides evidence in support of the model. Using data from Bolivia, I find that property types that require less landlord maintenance investment have higher capitalization rates under Antichresis contracts than they would under Monthly-Rent contracts and vice-versa. Additionally, the model shows that the Antichresis contract has limited capacity for helping the poor as suggested by recent literature. On the contrary, it can be hurtful for the poor in markets were landlords have limited information about tenants, in markets with inefficient court systems, or in markets with tenant-friendly regulations. The second part of the dissertation explores the issue of squatter settlements in the developing world. The theoretical model presented in this part explains how the landlord squatter strategies based on credible threats drive capital investment incentives and ultimately shape urban land development in areas with pervasive squatting. The model predicts that squatter settlements develop with higher structural densities than formal sector development. This prediction explains why property owners of housing that originated in squatter settlements take longer periods of time to upgrade than comparable property owners who built in the formal sector even after they receive titles to their property. The higher original structural density increases the marginal benefit of waiting in the redeveloping decision creating a legacy effect of high-density low-quality housing in these types of settlements. Geo-coded data from Cochabamba, Bolivia, support the hypotheses proposed by the theoretical model and raise questions about the unintended consequences of current policies affecting informal development.

This thesis examines whether urbanization affects GDP per capita positively in Sub-Saharan Africa. Further investigations are done to study how the size of the prime city affects GDP per capita, as well as how the prime city as a percentage of urban population interacts with GDP per capita. The results show that urbaization and GDP per capita interact positively - that is, increase in urbaization increases GDP per capita. We also find that size of the prime city as a percentage of total population is insignificant, though we do see that when the degree of centrality ( measured by prime city as a percentage of urban population) increases there is a negative impact on GDP per capita. This would suggest that while urbaization is economically positive for the region, concentrated urbaization can dampen the effect.

The world has witnessed a transformation process associated with the drastic changes in social, political and economic spheres under the constraints of neo-liberalism with opening up new challenges for humanity. At that context, as a global problem, poverty has been aggravating at the world-wide and now urban areas are more exposed to risks of poverty. In this regard, reforms of that restructuring process have centered on the requirement of local administrations at poverty struggle. The purpose of this study is to explore local policy initiatives of local administrations at combating urban poverty with also taking into consideration the central government practices. By the help of the GEKA provinces of Denizli, Aydin, and Mugla cases, urban poverty struggle has been examined in detail by a method covering survey application to the impoverished and the in-depth interview method with local and central government officials. At the study, it is seen that in each case study, local administrations have different institutional, political and social service based contingency variables. Local authorities of case provinces cannot produce systematic, standardized, equal and general poverty alleviation policies and services because of the inherent nature of local government tied to uneven development and contingent local variation. Thus, within the limitation of the study, urban poverty struggle have been searched in specific cases, but it is not possible to determine the results of the research to other cases in Turkey. Even though the research covers up few cases at the urban level, the results will be worthwhile and shed light on other future studies.

No description available.

For the past five decades, the provision of adequate housing for the urban poor has been an elusive exercise in Kenya, as in most developing countries. Several years before Kenya’s independence in 1963, concerns over the proliferation of slums and informal settlements began to emerge. Various intervention strategies have been attempted without any significant success. This study examines the historical manifestations of policies adopted by the Kenyan government to address the issue of slums from its independence to date. Since then, the Government of Kenya has recently shifted its approach from slum demolition to slum upgrading initiatives as an intervention measure. This study focuses on the case study of public housing project in Kibera Soweto East in Nairobi, an initiative conceived under the Kenya Slums Upgrading Programme (KENSUP), courtesy of a partnership between Government of Kenya and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) which began in 2002. Despite the timely intervention of KENSUP, various challenges encounter its implementation initiatives. This study aims to understand this complexity by uncovering the underlying KENSUP’s implementation challenges and suggest some recommendations to enhance the efficiency of government in providing its poor with decent and affordable housing. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc. )-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.