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Armed violence and rural livelihoodsMwaura, C., Cliffe, L. January 2004 (has links)
This briefing paper examines relationships between armed violence affecting rural communities and efforts to maintain, restore and promote already fragile livelihoods. It is one of a series of briefings addressing issues surrounding the interaction between armed violence and poverty-reducing development. This paper seeks to provide an introduction for the staff of the UK government¿s Department for International Development (DFID) and other donor agencies to some of the issues raised in trying to make this connection and to stimulate thinking on these questions in analysis and policy. Some of the key questions to be addressed are:
¿ How can DFID¿s current sustainable rural livelihoods framework be applied to contexts of armed violence?
¿ What are the implications of these relationships for planning and programming rural development?
¿ Conversely, how might development interventions tackle the prevalence and spread of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) and other factors fostering violence that affect livelihoods
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Report on the Implementation of UN Programme of Action on SALW; 3 volumes - 2003, 2005, 2006.Greene, Owen J., Kirkham, E., Bourne, Mike, Godnick, William H. January 2006 (has links)
No / Biting the Bullet prepared a series of briefing papers on key issues for international agreement which fed into the July 2001 UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All its Aspects. At this conference, UN member states agreed a Programme of Action which is the primary global framework for tackling the proliferation of SALW. Biting the Bullet is currently engaged in two major areas of activity related to the implementation and further development of the Programme of Action.
. Biting the Bullet, in partnership with the International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA), produced a report monitoring states implementation of the programme of action for the 2003 Biennial Meeting of States (BMS) 'Implementing the Programme of Action 2003, followed by 2005 and 2006.
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The Control of Air Transportation of Small Arms and Light Weapons and Munitions: A Comparative Study of National Systems Utilised in the European UnionGreene, Owen J. 03 1900 (has links)
No / A major original research project, commissioned by France (Ministry of Defence), to contribute to an EU (and also an international), policy process to prevent and combat illegal SALW transfers during transit. Greene was co-director and a core researcher for this project, playing a leading role in its design, field work, and analysis. Involved substantial interviews and engagement with EU and Eastern European governments, customs, air transport control and other authorities; presented at a cross-governmental workshop for the French Government and for European Commission, and extensively used in the subsequent policy process.
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The demand for small arms and light weapons in SenegalChang, Patty January 2009 (has links)
Most scholarly research and international policy initiatives on small arms control (SALW) tend to focus exclusively on the supply side of arms control, while the demand side for small arms remains relatively unexplored. The general assumption is that by regulating the international and regional supply of SALW, and by preventing and tracking the illicit flow that drift into the open markets, armed violence can be reduced. However, empirical evidence suggests that attempts to control and reduce the supply of weapons through sanctions, embargoes, and regional commitments alone have hardly stopped or mitigated armed conflict. In looking at the global arms trade, one sees that often countries subjected to supply side restrictions have managed to acquire arms through finding willing sellers, black market acquisitions, and/or domestic production. This dissertation examines the factors that drive the demand for SALW in weak states by identifying the important gaps in literature on demand, providing a consistent and systematic framework to address these gaps, and applying the framework to a single country case study. The main argument in this study is that in order to understand group arming behaviour, its relationship to the dynamics of armed conflict, and the kind of incentives integral to the design of interventions that seek to influence behaviours associated with arms acquisitions during post-conflict arms management, there needs to be a better understanding of the independent variables shaping the demand for SALW. Too often, analysts conflate the reasons why groups acquire SALW with the reasons why groups go to war. However, if the act of acquiring SALW occurs at a different point in time from the process of organising and planning armed conflict, the two events need to be analysed separately. This study uses a human security analytical approach to understand sources of threats to security at the household level. It employs a nationally representative rapid household survey (n=1200) on SALW ownership, acquisition and attitudes, and focus group discussions (n=77) implemented in select locations to unpack responses which have not been thoroughly addressed during the survey. In-depth interviews with key informants, civilian firearm permit records, and public health data were also collected to supplement primary data. The design is applied to a single case study, the Casamance in Senegal. This study illustrates that an increased level of weapons accumulation does not always necessitate an automatic rise in SALW related violence or local level arms races at the outset of armed conflict. This works contributes to the growing body of literature on SALW by advancing an analytically applicable concept of demand to increase our understanding of what motivates the choices groups make in acquiring and using small arms. Lastly, this study develops a replicable template that can be applied to further research on SALW demand in conflict-ridden regions.
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The UN 2001 Conference: Setting the Agenda: Framework Briefing.Greene, Owen J., Clegg, E., Meek, S., O'Callaghan, G. January 2001 (has links)
yes / The United Nations will convene the `UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and
Light Weapons in All Its Aspects¿ in June/July 2001. The `2001 Conference¿ is now the primary
focus for international efforts to strengthen and develop co-ordinated and comprehensive global
action to prevent and reduce the proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons.
A powerful international coalition of States, international organisations and civil society groups
is uniting to promote effective global action. Expectations for the 2001 Conference are high and
public awareness of the opportunities it offers is growing. It is critical that the 2001 Conference
is a success.
The 2001 Conference must achieve agreement on an effective International Action Programme
to prevent and reduce small arms and light weapons proliferation and combat illicit trafficking
in such weapons. This International Action Programme should reinforce, co-ordinate and
extend measures being taken at local, national and regional levels. In addition to establishing
an appropriate set of international norms and standards, the 2001 Conference should achieve
agreement on specific international action on the problems associated with small arms and
light weapons.
The specific objectives of the 2001 Conference are currently undecided. This paper, the first
in a series of briefings, outlines a proposed scope for the Conference. It further proposes
concrete objectives and practical agreements which could be achieved during the Conference.
It is hoped that the proposals and recommendations presented will contribute to efforts to secure
a comprehensive and progressive framework for the Conference.
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Regional initiatives and the UN 2001 Conference: Building Mutual Support and Complementarity.Clegg, E., Greene, Owen J., Meek, S., O'Callaghan, G. January 2001 (has links)
yes / As the agenda for the United Nations (UN) 2001 Conference on The Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects takes shape, governments should begin to identify a set
of standards, mechanisms and specific agreements that will help consolidate, reinforce and
co-ordinate regional and national measures to address the problem of the proliferation and
misuse of small arms. An important element of this approach will be to build upon the wealth
of regional and national experiences and perspectives that illustrate the different contexts
in which efforts to combat the proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons have
occurred. At the same time, agreements reached at the UN 2001 Conference should be
substantial, establishing an agreed comprehensive `international action programme¿ f o r
sustained global effort on this complex problem. However there remain issues and concerns
that are common to all regions: these should be identified and addressed internationally
within the context of the UN 2001 Conference.
This briefing, the second in the Biting the Bullet series, reviews some of the current regional
e fforts on small arms and light weapons. It identifies common approaches that have been used
in different regions to counter the proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons,
these include: law enforcement and crime control; supplier restraint and transparency; national
legislation and regulation of arms; and arms reduction and control. The briefing analyses
initiatives using these approaches that are moving forward in West Africa, Eastern and
Southern Africa, the European Union (EU), and the development of cooperation between
EU Member States and other countries and regional organizations, including Cambodia
and the Southern African Development Community. The briefing identifies the impact and
priorities of these initiatives, suggesting ways in which the UN 2001 Conference is both
relevant to the region and what the region can contribute to the outcomes of the Conference.
The briefing concludes with recommendations on the ways in which regional processes can be
reinforced and further developed by the international community, focusing especially on the
contribution of the UN 2001 Conference. Experience is showing that much of what happens
nationally and regionally needs reinforcement and further development with assistance from
the international community. The UN 2001 Conference comes at an important time for providing
the framework ¿ through the international action programme ¿ to develop, reinforce and
c o-ordinate these national and regional processes, through developing appropriate international
norms, standards, programmes and mechanisms. Using the illustration of combating illicit arms
trafficking, this briefing outlines some of the processes that could be taken forward through
the UN 2001 Conference which would build upon and strengthen national and regional eff o r t s .
The briefing contains an annex, which provides background information on many current
regional and international initiatives, including those in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe
and inter-regionally, such as the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe and
the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.
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Stockpiling Security and Reducing Surplus Weapons.Greene, Owen J. January 2001 (has links)
yes / Measures to enhance the security and management of legal stocks of small arms and
to reduce `surplus¿ weapons are clearly essential components of an effective international
action programme to combat illicit trafficking and prevent and reduce the proliferation
of small arms. Many of the weapons of concern are lost from official stockpiles through theft,
corruption or neglect. Moreover, the existence of large quantities of `surplus¿ small arms
is a major factor in the excessive availability and flows of these weapons.
The primary responsibility for measures to address these problems lies with governments.
Regional and international organisations involved in any way with managing and disposing
of small arms also have important responsibilities to take action. Nevertheless, this is a global
issue, and the entire international community should play a role in developing policies on the
management of stockpiles and the disposal or destruction of surplus weapons. This briefing
outlines the dimensions of the issues, drawing on recent experience, and identifies ways
in which an international action programme could usefully be developed to address them.
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The UN firearms protocol: considerations for the UN 2001 conference.O'Callaghan, G., Meek, S. January 2001 (has links)
yes / Since April 1998, the Vienna-based UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Commission
on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice has been negotiating the draft Protocol Against the
Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition
(hereafter referred to as the Firearms Protocol). This Protocol will be the first global measure
regulating international transfers of small arms and light weapons, and should have a tremendous
impact on both the legal and the illicit manufacture and trade in firearms.
The draft agreement seeks to combat and criminalise trafficking in firearms, through the
development of harmonised international standards governing the manufacture, possession
and transfer of commercial shipments of these weapons. While the final outcome of the
Protocol relies on the outcome of negotiations in February 2001, the draft agreement contains
provisions which commit states, among other things, to:
l Adopt legislative measures to criminalise the illicit manufacture, trafficking, possession
and use of firearms;
l Maintain detailed records on the import, export and in-transit movements of firearms;
l Adopt an international system for marking firearms at the time of manufacture and each
time they are imported;
l Establish a harmonised licensing system governing the import, export, in-transit
movement and re-export of firearms;
l Exchange information regarding authorised producers, dealers, importers and exporters,
the routes used by illicit traffickers, best practice in combating trafficking in order to
enhance states ability to prevent, detect and investigate illicit trafficking;
l Co-operate at the bilateral, regional and international level to prevent, combat and
eradicate the illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in firearms; and
l Consider developing systems to require arms brokers, traders and forwarders
to register and obtain licences for their transactions.
The Protocol places a premium on international co-operation, information exchange and
transparency. The provisions in the Firearms Protocol are an important complement to those
being developed for the UN 2001 Conference. Issues such as improving the ability to trace
small arms and light weapons through effective marking systems, regulating the activities
of arms brokers and building international norms on the responsible disposal of surplus small
arms are common to both initiatives.
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Enhancing traceability of small arms and light weapons flows: developing an international marking and tracing regime.Greene, Owen J. January 2001 (has links)
yes / Efforts to combat and prevent illicit trafficking and proliferation of small arms and light weaponsEfforts to combat and prevent illicit trafficking and proliferation of small arms and light weapons
(SALW) are obstructed by lack of capacity to trace sources and lines of supply for arms. Such
efforts are necessary in order to identify points of diversion or loss of responsible control so that
actions can be taken to tackle the problems. This hampers efforts to prevent future loss and
diversion, for example, or to close down unauthorised or destabilising arms supply networks.
Measures to enable tracing of sources and lines of supply of SALW are therefore a priority.
Because of the international scope of the flows of SALW, such measures need to be taken by
all states and all other relevant members of the international community. International standards
and mechanisms to enable tracing need to be established and developed as a priority.
An effective international system to enable tracing of sources and flows of SALW requires
three essential elements: adequate marking to uniquely identify each weapon; detailed and
accessible record-keeping; and mechanisms for international co-operation in tracing sources
and lines of supply of SALW. At present there are substantial weaknesses and problems in
each of these three areas.
(SALW) are obstructed by lack of capacity to trace sources and lines of supply for arms. Such
efforts are necessary in order to identify points of diversion or loss of responsible control so that
actions can be taken to tackle the problems. This hampers efforts to prevent future loss and
diversion, for example, or to close down unauthorised or destabilising arms supply networks.
Measures to enable tracing of sources and lines of supply of SALW are therefore a priority.
Because of the international scope of the flows of SALW, such measures need to be taken by
all states and all other relevant members of the international community. International standards
and mechanisms to enable tracing need to be established and developed as a priority.
An effective international system to enable tracing of sources and flows of SALW requires
three essential elements: adequate marking to uniquely identify each weapon; detailed and
accessible record-keeping; and mechanisms for international co-operation in tracing sources
and lines of supply of SALW. At present there are substantial weaknesses and problems in
each of these three areas.
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Combating the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons: Enhancing Controls on Legal Transfers.Saferworld January 2001 (has links)
yes / A prerequisite for effective international action to prevent and combat the illicit trade in small
arms and light weapons (SALW) is that states develop a common understanding of what
constitutes the ¿legal¿ trade and therefore what is ¿illicit¿. At the same time, failure to exert
e ffective control over the legal trade in SALW opens up possibilities for diversion to illicit markets
and end-users and blurs the lines between the legal and illicit trade. All governments are
potential suppliers of SALW, since even those with no manufacturing capacity will have the
potential to export surplus weapons once owned by their police and/or armed forces. A major
concern for the UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its
Aspects should thus be to define clear parameters for and to agree on a comprehensive
mechanism for controlling the legal trade in these weapons. / British American Security Information Council (BASIC), International Alert
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