Bacterial infections are again becoming difficult to treat because the microbes are growing increasingly resistant to the antibiotics in use today. The need for novel antimicrobial compounds is urgent and to achieve this new targets are crucial. In this thesis we present a strategy for identification of such targets via a bioinformatics approach. In our first study we compared proteins with unknown and hypothetical function of the spirochete Treponema pallidum to five other pathogens also causing chronic or persistent infections in humans (Yersinia pestis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Helicobacter pylori, Borrelia burgdorferi and Streptococcus pneumoniae). T. pallidum was used as a starting point for the comparisons since this organism has a condensed genome (1.1 Mb). As we aimed at identifying conserved proteins important for in vivo survival or virulence of the pathogens we reasoned that T. pallidum would have deleted genes not important in the human host. This comparison yielded 17 ORFs conserved in all six pathogens, these were deleted in our model organism, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and the virulence of these mutant strains was evaluated in a mouse model of infection. Five genes were found to be essential for virulence and thus constitute possible antimicrobial drug targets. We have studied one of these virulence associated genes (vags), vagH, in more detail. Functional and phenotypic analysis revealed that VagH is an S-adenosyl-methionine dependent methyltransferase targeting Release factor 1 and 2 (RF1 and RF2). The analysis also showed that very few genes and proteins were differentially expressed in the vagH mutant compared to wild-type Yersinia. One major finding was that expression of the Type III secretion system effectors, the Yops, were down regulated in a vagH mutant. We dissected this phenotype further and found that the down regulation was due to lowered amounts of the positive regulator LcrF. This can be suppressed either by a deletion of yopD or by over expression of the Ribosomal Recycling Factor (RRF). These results indicate that YopD in addition to its role in translational regulation of the Yops also plays a part in the regulation of LcrF translation. We suggest also that the translation of LcrF is particularly sensitive to the amount of translation competent ribosomes and that one effect of a vagH mutation in Y. pseudotuberculosis is that the number of free ribosomes is reduced; this in turn reduces the amount of LcrF produced thereby causing a down regulation of the T3SS. This down regulation is likely the cause of the attenuated virulence of the vagH mutant. Finally, we set up a high throughput screening assay to screen a library of small molecules for compounds with inhibiting the VagH methyltransferase activity. Five such compounds were identified and two were found to inhibit VagH also in bacterial culture. Furthermore, analogues to one of the compounds showed improved inhibitory properties and inhibited the T3SS-dependent cytotoxic response induced by Y. pseudotuberculosis on HeLa cells. We have successfully identified five novel targets for antimicrobial compounds and in addition we have discovered a new class of molecules with antimicrobial properties.

Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde die Verwendung von Präkursor microRNA-21(pre-miR21)-spezifischen Peptidnukleinsäure(PNA)-Sonden zur Inhibierung der Dicer-vermittelnden miRNA-Reifung untersucht. Im Gegensatz zur Arbeitshypothese wurde bei der Behandlung von Zellen mit den pre-miR21-spezifischen PNA-Sonden jedoch keine Änderung des miR-21 Niveau beobachtet. Um die Hybridisierung der Sonde an die Zielsequenz nachzuweisen, wurden fluorogene Hybridisierungssonden zur erzwungenen Interkalation (FIT-Sonden), unter Verwendung des Interkalationsfarbstoffes Thiazolorange (TO), entwickelt. Wie vorläufige Ergebnisse zeigen, könnte die TO-PNA Sonde für die Unterscheidung von Zellen mit hohem miR-21-Gehalt nützlich sein, aber eine weitere Verbesserung der Sonde ist noch erforderlich. Im nächsten Teil der Arbeit wurden neuartige FIT-Sonden für die Analyse der Dicer-vermittelnden miR-21-Reifung entwickelt. Um die gleichzeitige Detektion der entstehenden pre-miR21 und der antisense miR-21 (as-miR21) in Echtzeit zu ermöglichen, wurden die Verwendung von spektral unterscheidbaren FIT-Sonden auf Quinolinblau(QB)-und TO-Basis getestet. Das entwickelte Sonden-Paar ermöglichte die Analyse der rhDicer-Reaktion. Dabei wurde entdeckt, dass die rhDicer-Reaktion an der in vitro transkribierten pre-miR21 unspezifisch spaltet. Zusätzlich wies die kürze as-miR21 spezifische TO-Sonde (7nt) eine Sensitivität gegenüber der Anwesenheit des Ago-2 Proteins auf. In der Zukunft könnten die entwickelten Sonden für schnelle in vitro Screenings neuer Dicer-und Ago-2-Inhibitoren angewendet werden. Im zweiten Teil der Dissertation wurde die Verwendung von niedermolekularen Inhibitoren (small molecular inhibitors, SMIs) getestet. Zusammenfassend könnten die zwei identifizierten SMIs für die Inhibierung der miR-122-Reifung genutzt werden, allerdings bleibt die Spezifität der SMIs fraglich und mögliche off-target-Effekte können nicht ausgeschlossen werden. / MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent small non-coding RNA molecules that mostly negatively regulate gene expression. To yield mature miRNAs, primary miRNA precursors go through two consequent cleavages by Drosha and Dicer RNAse. This work describes the development of tools for inhibition und monitoring the dicer-mediated miRNA processing. Here, peptide nucleic acid (PNA) based probes, targeting the precursor miR-21 (pre-miR21), were designed for inhibition the dicer-mediated miR-21 maturation. In contrast, no change in miR-21 level was observed after cell treatment with the pre-miR21 specific PNA probes. To detect the probe/target hybridization state, the fluorogenic forced intercalation (FIT) PNA probes, bearing thiazole orange dye (TO), were developed. As preliminary results show, the FIT PNA probe might be useful for discrimination of high miR-21 abundant cells, but further probe improvement is still required. To monitor the pre-miR21 cleavage, the combination of the two spectrally distinguishable FIT PNA probes, bearing quinoline blue (QB) and TO fluorophore, was developed to allow the rapid and simultaneous detection of pre-miR21 and antisense mature miR-21 (as-miR21). The probe set was successfully used for detection of the modelled dicer reaction. However, the monitoring of rhDicer reaction have revealed that rhDicer cleaves the in vitro transcribed pre-miR21 nonspecifically. Additionally, the short as-miR21 specific TO PNA probe (7nt) was responsive to the presence of Ago-2 protein. In future, the developed probes can be applied for the fast in vitro screening of new Dicer and Ago-2 inhibitors. In the second part of this work, an alternative approach, small molecular inhibitors (SMIs), was tested. Two identified pre-miR122-targeting SMIs might be used for inhibition of the miR-122 maturation, although, a specificity of these SMIs remains questionable and possible off target effects cannot be excluded.