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In organic photovoltaics (OPVs) the key processes relevant to device operation such as exciton dissociation and free carriers recombination occur at the donor-acceptor (D-A) interface. OPV devices require the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) architecture to function efficiently. In these BHJs, D-A interfaces are arranged in three dimensions, which makes molecular arrangements at these interfaces ill defined and hard to characterize. In addition, molecular materials used in OPVs are inherently disordered and may exhibit variable degrees of structural order in the same BHJ. Yet, D-A molecular arrangements and structure are crucial because they shape the energy landscape and photovoltaic (PV) performance in OPVs. Studies that use well-defined model systems to look in details at the interfacial molecular structure in OPVs and link it to interfacial energy landscape and device operation are critically lacking. We have used in situ photoelectron spectroscopy and ex situ x-ray scattering to study D-A interfaces in tailored bilayers and BHJs based on small molecule donors. We show preferential miscibility at the D-A interface depending on molecular conformation in zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc)/ C60 bilayers and we derive implications for exciton dissociation. Using sexithiophene (6T), a crystalline donor, we show that the energy landscape at the D-A interface varies markedly depending on the molecular composition of the BHJ. Both the ionization energies of sexithiophene and C60 shift by over ~0.4 eV while the energy of the charge transfer state shifts by ~0.5 eV depending on composition. Such shifts create a downward energy landscape that helps interfacial excitons to overcome their binding energies. Finally, we demonstrate that when both disordered and ordered phases of D coexist at the interface, low-lying energy states form in ordered phases and significantly limit the Voc in devices. Overall our work underlines the importance of the aggregation and conformation states of molecular materials at and near the D-A interface in determining the operation and performance of OPV devices. This work shows that the role of D-A interfaces in complex BHJ devices can be unraveled through careful experimental design and by in depth characterization of planar heterojunction bilayer devices recreating model interfaces.

Les microARN (miARN) constituent une classe de petits ARN non-codants qui jouent un rôle clé dans la régulation de l’expression des gènes au niveau post-transcriptionnel. De nombreuses études ont démontré que la surexpression de certains miARN est liée au développement de plusieurs types de cancer. C’est pour cette raison les miARN représentent une nouvelle classe de cibles thérapeutiques à haute potentielle. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de mon travail de thèse était la découverte de nouveaux inhibiteurs de la production de miARN oncogène. Dans ce but, j’ai suivi deux approches, différentes mais complémentaires : (i) le criblage d’une petite librairie de composés et (ii) la conception et la synthèse de nouveaux conjugués en tant que ligands de précurseurs de miARN (pré-miARN). En particulier, nous avons ciblé les miARN-372 et -373 qui sont oncogènes dans plusieurs cancers, tels que le cancer gastrique. Nous avons ainsi démontré que certains des composés criblés ou synthétisés sont capables de se lier efficacement à la structure secondaire en tige-boucle de pré-miARN avec une haute affinité, conduisant à l’inhibition de la production des miARNs correspondants. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que certains composés possèdent une activité anti-proliférative spécifique pour les cellules de cancer gastrique et que cette activité est directement liée à une diminution de la production de miARN ciblés et au rétablissement de la traduction de ARN messenger / MicroRNAs (miRs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that act as regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Increasing evidence has indicated that the deregulation of miR expression is linked to various human cancers and therefore, miRs represent a new class of potential drug targets. In this context, my PhD project focused on the discovery of new inhibitors of oncogenic miRs production. Toward this aim, two different but complementary approaches were followed: (i) the screening of small libraries of compounds and (ii) the design and synthesis of new classes of conjugates as binders of miRNA precursors (pre-miRs). In particular, we focused our attention on miR-372 and miR-373, two oncogenic miRs overexpressed in various cancers, such as gastric cancer. We showed that some of the screened or of the newly synthesized compounds are able to efficiently bind to stem-loop structured precursors of the targeted miRs with high affinity, thus inhibiting the production of their corresponding mature miRs at the level of Dicer cleavage. Moreover, we found compounds bearing a specific anti-proliferative activity in gastric cancer cells overexpressing targeted miRs and this activity is directly linked to a decrease in the production of oncogenic miR-372 and -373 and to the restoration of normal mRNA translation.

Longtemps la chimie des lanthanides divalents a été limitée par le nombre et la qualité des précurseurs disponibles. Ce travail s'intéresse donc à la préparation de nouveaux précurseurs et à leur application en activation de petites molécules dans l'optique de préparer de nouveaux matériaux.Des précurseurs peu encombrés de type triflates ont ainsi été préparés et leur comportement en solution a été étudié. L'anion triflate présentant l'avantage de favoriser les assemblages en raison de ses différents modes de coordination.Un autre type de précurseur a été synthétisé et étudié : il s'agit des lanthanidocènes. Alors que la chimie organométallique des lanthanides se heurte souvent à un contrôle difficile des symétries, un ligand à neuf chaînons a permis d'isoler les premiers ytterbocènes et samarocènes divalents.La synthèse de ces nouveaux précurseurs pose la question de leurs propriétés électroniques. Ces-dernières ont donc été étudiées sur plusieurs précurseurs de thulium divalents illustrant ainsi l'influence de la symétrie des complexes. Un choix judicieux de chimie de coordination a notamment permis d'isoler les premières molécules-aimants de lanthanides divalents.Enfin, dans un troisième temps, la réactivité vis-à-vis de petites molécules des précurseurs préparés a été étudiée montrant ainsi qu'il était possible de construire des assemblages variés par réactivité des lanthanides divalents. L'accessibilité d'un assemblage Sm/S présentant des molécules coordinées échangeables a permis de progressivement passer de la molécule au matériau par de la chimie supramoléculaire. / Divalent lanthanide chemistry has long been hampered by the lack of adapted precursors. This work is therefore focussing on the preparation of new divalent lanthanides precursors and their use in small molecule activation for building new materials.Triflate precursors were prepared and their solution properties were studied. ith their multiple coordination modes, triflate anions were shown to favour assemblies growth.Another type of precursor was also prepared: the lanthanidocene. Although organometallic chemistry of lanthanide is often known for the poor control of the complexes symmetry, a 9-membered ligand allowed the preparation of the "true" divalent ytterbocene and samarocene.The electronic properties of divalent lanthanides complexes are poorly known. The prepared thulium (II) precursors were therefore extensively studied. The influence of the symmetry on electronic properties was caracterised and a well-chosen set of ligands was proven to enable interesting magnetic properties such as single-molecule-magnet behaviour.The last part of this work focused on the reactivity of these precursors towards small molecules. Assemblies were grown from the reactivity of divalent samarium with carbon dioxide or yellow sulfur. On one of the obtained assemblies, supramolecular chemistry was carried out, progressively bridging the gap between molecules and materials.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The over-accumulation of glycogen appears as a hallmark in various glycogen storage diseases (GSDs), including Pompe, Cori, Andersen, and Lafora disease. Glycogen synthase (GS) is the rate-limiting enzyme for glycogen synthesis. Recent evidence suggests that suppression of glycogen accumulation represents a potential therapeutic approach for treating these diseases. Herein, we describe the discovery, characterization, and development of small molecule inhibitors of GS through a multicomponent study including biochemical, biophysical, and cellular assays. Adopting an affinity-based fluorescence polarization assay, we identified a substituted imidazole molecule (H23), as a first-in-class inhibitor of yeast glycogen synthase 2 (yGsy2) from the 50,000 ChemBridge DIVERSet library. Structural data derived from X-ray crystallography at 2.85 Å, and enzyme kinetic data, revealed that H23 bound within the uridine diphosphate glucose binding pocket of yGsy2. Medicinal chemistry efforts examining over 500 H23 analogs produced structure-activity relationship (SAR) profiles that led to the identification of potent pyrazole and isoflavone compounds with low micromolar potency against human glycogen synthase 1 (hGYS1). Notably, several of the isoflavones demonstrated cellular efficacy toward suppressing glycogen accumulation. In an alternative effort to screen inhibitors directly against human GS, an activity-based assay was designed using a two-step colorimetric approach. This assay led to the identification of compounds with submicromolar potency to hGYS1 from a chemical library comprised of 10,000 compounds. One of the hit molecules, hexachlorophene, was crystallized bound to the active site of yGsy2. The structure was determined to 3.15 Å. Additional kinetic, mutagenic, and SAR studies validated the binding of hexachlorophene in the catalytic pocket and its non-competitive mode of inhibition. In summary, these two novel assays provided feasible biochemical platforms for large-scale screening of small molecule modulators of GS. The newly-developed, potent analogs possess diverse promising scaffolds for drug development efforts targeting GS activity in GSDs associated with excess glycogen accumulation. / 2021-07-01

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Understanding structure-property relationship of molecules is imperative for designing efficient materials for organic semiconductors. Organic semiconductors are based on π-conjugated molecules, either small molecules or macromolecules such as dendrimers or polymers. Charge transport through organic materials is one of the most important processes that drive organic electronic devices. We have investigated the charge transport properties in various molecular designs based on dendrons, dendron-rod-coil molecular triads, and conjugated oligomers. The charge transport properties were studied using bottom contact field effect transistors, in which the material was deposited by spin coating. In case of dendrons, their generation and density of charge transporting functionalities were found to play a significant role in influencing the charge transport properties. In case of macromolecules such as dendron-rod-coil molecules, the solid state morphology plays a significant role in influencing the charge transport properties. While these molecules exhibit only electron transporting behavior in field-effect transistor measurements, ambipolar charge transport is observed in the diode configuration. Short conjugated oligomers, based on donor-acceptor-donor design, provide model systems for conjugated polymers. Effect of varying the donor functionality on optoelectronic and charge transport properties was studied in short donor-acceptor-donor molecules. While donor-acceptor-donor molecules are well known in the literature, the effect of molecular composition on the charge transport properties is not well understood. We designed molecules with 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole as the acceptor and thiophene based donor functionalities. These molecules exhibit a reduced bandgap, good solution processability and charge mobility making them interesting systems for application in organic photovoltaics. Cyclopentadithiophene (CPD) based materials have been widely utilized as organic semiconductors due to their planar nature which favors intermolecular charge transport. While most CPD based materials are hole transporting, incorporation of electron withdrawing fluorinated substituents imparts n-type behavior to these molecules. This change in charge transport properties has often been attributed to the lowering of the LUMO energy level due to the increased electron affinity in the molecule. We designed CPD based semiconductors in which the bridgehead position was functionalized with electron withdrawing ketone or dicyanomethylene group and the -positions were substituted with phenyl or pentafluorophenyl groups. Both the phenyl substituted molecules are p-type materials, even though the dicyanomethylene group lowers the LUMO by 500 meV as compared to the carbonyl compound. The pentafluorophenyl substituted molecules are n-type materials even as their LUMO energy levels are about 300 meV higher than the corresponding phenyl substituted molecules. This indicates that charge transport behavior is not an exclusive function of the frontier orbital energy levels.

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