Thesis (Electrical Engineer and M.S. in Electrical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2009. / Thesis Advisor(s): Tummala, Murali ; McEachen, John C. "March 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 23, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Wireless Sensor Network, Direction of Arrival, DOA, Random Arrays, Smart Antennas, Time Difference of Arrival, TDOA, Multipath Propagation, Source Localization. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-92). Also available in print.

This dissertation reports results of an investigation into the performance of adaptive beamforming and diversity combining using antenna arrays that can be mounted on handheld radios. Handheld arrays show great promise for improving the coverage, capacity, and power efficiency of wireless communication systems. Diversity experiments using a handheld antenna array testbed (HAAT) are reported here. These experiments indicate that signals received by the antennas in two-element handheld antenna arrays with spacing of 0.15 wavelength or greater can be combined to provide 7-9 dB diversity gain against fading at the 99% reliability level in non line-of-sight multipath channels. Thus, peer-to-peer systems of handheld transceivers that use antenna arrays can achieve reliability comparable to systems of single-antenna handheld units, with only one-fifth the transmitter power, resulting in lower overall power consumption and increased battery life. Similar gains were observed for spatial, polarization, and pattern diversity. Adaptive beamforming with single- and multi-polarized four-element arrays of closely spaced elements was investigated by experiment using the HAAT, and by computer simulation using a polarization-sensitive vector multipath propagation simulator developed for this purpose. Small and handheld adaptive arrays were shown to provide 25 to 40 dB or more of interference rejection in the presence of a single interferer in rural, suburban, and urban channels including line-of-sight and non line-of-sight cases. In multipath channels, these performance levels were achieved even when there was no separation between the transmitters in azimuth angle as seen from the receiver, and no difference in the orientations of the two transmitting antennas. This interference rejection capability potentially allows two separate spatial channels to coexist in the same time/frequency channel, doubling system capacity. / Ph. D.

No description available.

ITC/USA 2010 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Sixth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 25-28, 2010 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / Direct spatial antenna modulation (DSAM) is a new approach to phased array control that opens up new "smart antenna" architecture possibilities. The DSAM technique leverages the inherent spatial differences of excitation in an antenna in a novel way to achieve the equivalent of conventional modulation and beam control effects. Smart antenna techniques are of potentially increasing importance to test range operations given a trend toward more flexible, internetworked, and autonomous test activities. The DSAM technique has been demonstrated through several generations of analysis, simulation, and prototyping, but has previously only been applied to narrowband antenna designs. Furthermore, the IQ DSAM approach in particular has not been previously implemented in hardware. This paper details the application of IQ DSAM to achieve wideband phase control using a commercial off the shelf (COTS) antenna. The phase control performance of IQ DSAM over a range of 1.5 GHz to 4 GHz is measured across relative field control angles of +/- 45 degrees. The measured IQ DSAM performance is compared to what could be expected from a conventional phased array element control architecture.

ITC/USA 2009 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fifth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2009 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / New technologies are sought to meet the requirements of evolving telemetry capabilities such as new operating bands, increased test article and ground segment collaboration, and on-the-fly quality of service (QOS) management. Smart antennas may contribute to this evolution by directing signal energy where and when it is needed. Direct spatial antenna modulation (DSAM) represents a new approach to cost-effective smart antennas potentially offering benefits such as post-amplifier modulation, polarization reconfigurability, phase-shifterless phased arrays, oscillator-less frequency conversion, and pre-receiver processing gain. The basic DSAM approach has recently been proven through analysis, simulation, and prototyping, with significant implications for future capabilities.

Abstract Because of the rapid development of mobile communications, the bandwidth efficiency and the communication quality have become interesting issues for researchers. Multipath fading and multiple-access interference (MAI) are the main barriers of performance improvement. Fortunately, spread spectrum techniques have an inherent ability of anti-interference and anti-multipath. Thus, the commercialized CDMA systems are developed on the basis of spread spectrum techniques. Recently, smart antennas using adaptive array techniques have been applied in CDMA communications. There are two different approaches to realize smart antenna systems: one is named as ¡¥switching-beam arrays¡¦; the other is called ¡¥tracking-beam arrays¡¦. Switching-beam arrays use a number of fixed beams at an antenna site. The mobiles select the beam that offers the best signal enhancement and interference reduction. On the other hand, tracking-beam arrays can adjust their pattern to track desired signals, reduce interference, and collect correlated multipath power. In this thesis, several smart antenna systems based on tracking-beam arrays in DS-CDMA systems are developed. The proposed smart antennas comprise two main structures, i.e., the direction-of-arrival (DOA) tracking and the dynamic beamforming. The improved recursively updated method and the Kalman filter algorithm are employed to track the mobiles¡¦ DOAs. By referring to the estimated DOA, the minimum- variance-distortionless-response (MVDR) dynamic beamformer produces a main beam to target on a certain mobile and simultaneously, interferences from other mobiles are suppressed. Therefore, the MAI in DS-CDMA systems can be suppressed properly at all times. Besides, the inherent processing gain in DS-CDMA systems is utilized to break through the limit that the number of mobiles must be smaller than that of sensors. The proposed smart antennas work properly even the number of mobiles exceeds that of sensor. Simulation results show that the advantages of the proposed technique over the conventional tracking-beam arrays.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται το θέμα των έξυπνων κεραιών. Οι έξυπνες κεραίες αποτελούν μια τεχνολογία αιχμής στον κόσμο των κινητών και προσωπικών τηλεπικοινωνιών. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο δίνονται κάποια εισαγωγικά στοιχεία για τις έξυπνες κεραίες και επιχειρείται να εξηγηθεί ποιο κενό καλύπτουν και πως. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο γίνεται αναφορά στη θεωρία κεραιών, η οποία είναι απαραίτητη για να κατανοήσουμε την λειτουργία των έξυπνων κεραιών. Δίνεται έμφαση στη θεωρία των στοιχειοκεραιών. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται σύντομη αναφορά στη θεωρία της κινητής τηλεφωνίας. Η αναφορά αυτή κρίνεται σκόπιμη καθώς σε αυτό το τομέα μελετούμε την εφαρμογή της τεχνολογίας των έξυπνων κεραιών. Έπειτα στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο εμβαθύνουμε θεωρητικά και μελετούμε θέματα πάνω στις έξυπνες κεραίες. Πως ένα απλό σύστημα κεραιών γίνεται εν τέλει «έξυπνο». Δίνεται ιδιαίτερη έμφαση στους αλγόριθμους εκείνους κρίσιμους για την λειτουργία ενός τέτοιου συστήματος. Στο πέμπτο και στο έκτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζουμε την προσομοίωση που έγινε στα πλαίσια της εργασίας. Ειδικότερα στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζουμε μια μελέτη πάνω στις συστοιχίες κεραιών για να αποφανθούμε ποια συστοιχία θα μπορούσε να λειτουργήσει σ ένα σύστημα έξυπνων κεραιών. Τέλος, στο έκτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται μια προσομοίωση ενός πολύ απλού έξυπνου συστήματος και γίνεται μια απλή επίδειξη για το πώς θα μπορούσε να λειτουργήσει. Ολόκληρος ο κώδικας που χρησιμοποιήθηκε δίνεται στο παράρτημα. / This thesis deals with the subject of smart antennas. Smart antennas are a cutting edge technology in the field of mobile and personal telecommunications. In the first chapter we give introductory information about smart antennas and we attempt to answer why this technology is vital to the progress of telecommunication technology. In the second chapter we analyze antenna theory and emphasize on antenna arrays. This analysis is needed to understand the basics of smart antenna operation. In the third chapter we make a brief reference on mobile communications theory to understand why an advancement is needed on the field. In the fourth chapter we delve deeper into theoretical analysis of smart antennas. We make an attempt to understand what makes this system “smart” and emphasize on the algorithms that are the basis of this system. In the fifth and sixth chapters, we present the simulation that took place for this thesis. At first, we make a thorough analysis on antenna arrays and determine which array configuration could work with a smart antenna system. Lastly, in the sixth chapter we present a simple simulation with the algorithms mentioned above showing how such a system could work. The code used for the two simulations is given at the end of this thesis.

No description available.

Smart antenna technology is a promising means to overcome signal impairments in wireless personal communications. When spatial signal processing achieved through smart antennas is combined with temporal signal processing, the space-time processing can mitigate interference and multipath to yield higher network capacity, coverage, and quality. In this dissertation, we propose a dual smart antenna system incorporated into handsets for the third generation wireless personal communication systems in which the two antennas are separated by a quarter wavelength (3.5 cm). We examine the effectiveness of a dual smart antenna system with diversity and adaptive combining schemes and propose a new combining scheme called hybrid combining. The proposed hybrid combiner combines diversity combiner and adaptive combiner outputs using maximal ratio combining (MRC). Since these diversity combining and adaptive combining schemes exhibit somewhat opposite and complementary characteristics, the proposed hybrid combining scheme aims to exploit the advantages of the two schemes. To model dual antenna signals, we consider three channel models: loosely correlated fading channel model (LCFCM), spatially correlated fading channel model (SCFCM), and envelope correlated fading channel model (ECFCM). Each antenna signal is assumed to have independent Rayleigh fading in the LCFCM. In the SCFCM, each antenna signal is subject to the same Rayleigh fading, but is different in the phase due to a non-zero angle of arrival (AOA). The LCFCM and the SCFCM are useful to evaluate the upper and the lower bounds of the system performance. To model the actual channel of dual antenna signals lying in between these two channel models, the ECFCM is considered. In this model, two Rayleigh fading antenna signals for each multipath are assumed to have an envelope correlation and a phase difference due to a non-zero AOA. To obtain the channel profile, we adopted not only the geometrically based single bounce (GBSB) circular and elliptical models, but also the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) channel model. In this dissertation, we also propose a new generalized selection combining (GSC) method called minimum selection GSC (MS-GSC) and an adaptive rake combining scheme to reduce the power consumption of mobile rake receivers. The proposed MS-GSC selects a minimum number of branches as long as the combined SNR is maintained larger than a given threshold. The proposed adaptive rake combining scheme which dynamically determines the threshold values is applicable to the three GSC methods: the absolute threshold GSC, the normalized threshold GSC, and the proposed MS-GSC. Through simulation, we estimated the effectiveness of the proposed scheme for a mobile rake receiver for a wideband CDMA system. We also suggest a new power control strategy to maximize the benefit of the proposed adaptive scheme. / Ph. D.

This report focuses on the application of adaptive arrays to the Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) cellular systems. Adaptive arrays have been proposed as early as in the 1960s to improve the signal quality, but most of its applications were restricted to defense purposes. Recently, there has been a surge in interest of applying adaptive arrays for cellular systems. This work introduces new blind adaptive array algorithms for AMPS and CDMA signals. The theoretical capacity limit using an adaptive array at the base station for an AMPS cellular system is derived in this work. One of the significant contributions in this research is a macrocell channel model which provides angle-of-arrival (AOA) statistics of the multipath components. Practical issues involved in the implementation of an adaptive array are addressed and the author's implementation of an 8-element adaptive array operating at 2.05 GHz is explained. This research also analyzes the capacity that can be o ered by an adaptive array in a system where CDMA users co-exist with existing AMPS users. A novel cellular CDMA system which exploits adaptive arrays is introduced and the capacity o ered by this system is compared with existing and other systems exploiting spatial dimension. / Ph. D.