Modern mobile communication systems will provide enhanced high-speed data, multimedia, and voice services to mobile users. The integration of such heterogeneous traffic types implies that the network must provide differentiated Quality of Service (QoS). Beam forming techniques have been proposed to increase the spectral efficiency of the wireless channel. Using beamforming in the network will lead to intra-cell handoffs within the cell due to user mobility. In a commercially deployed next generation cellular system, it is likely that beam forming and QoS guarantees to the users will co-exist. In this work we propose a resource allocation and management scheme tailored for a network that employs smart antennas in support of a heterogeneous user mix. Resource management in a wireless system should take care of channel impairments and non-ideal antenna patterns. Mobile users moving from one beam to the other give rise to resource reallocation issues. Depending on the scatterer distribution in the cell, the Angle of Arrival (AoA) of the users will also change, affecting the interference pattern in the cell. In a system with data and multimedia users, some of the users are likely to be elastic in their demands for bandwidth. In this work, we propose a resource allocation and management scheme tailored for systems with smart antennas having heterogeneous users. The algorithm works by comparing the received power in the beams. Elasticity of user requirement for data services is exploited to provide adaptive QoS, thereby reducing the call dropping probability due to user mobility. Simulation results showing the channel and Multiple Access Interference (MAI) effects on system performance are presented. The effect of channel coding to provide Bit Error Rate (BER) guarantees is studied. We also show the throughput advantage obtained using the resource management algorithms. It is also seen that the throughput of the system increases for a user population having a higher elasticity. A modified resource allocation algorithm to reduce the blocking probability of the calls is presented and performance verified using simulation. The probability of call dropping in an unmanaged system due to user mobility is shown. Our studies show that using managed system the call drop probability can be minimized. / Master of Science

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-01-30T18:03:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - Elias Marques V4.2 (Revisão Biblioteca).pdf: 4899848 bytes, checksum: 78834b022de3c1d5eb7fcee1273f65c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-30T18:03:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - Elias Marques V4.2 (Revisão Biblioteca).pdf: 4899848 bytes, checksum: 78834b022de3c1d5eb7fcee1273f65c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / FACEPE / Este trabalho de dissertação apresenta a concepção e implantação de um sistema controlador de arranjo de antenas capaz de integrar-se a uma rede de comunicação SCADA e direcionar o diagrama de radiação de um arranjo de antenas, garantindo melhor comunicação entre estação base e remota. É apresentado um circuito de RF capaz de realizar o controle automático das fases de alimentação de um arranjo de antenas composto por diversos dispositivos de RF, incluindo um defasador de 8 bits. São apresentados testes destes dispositivos bem como a caracterização de ramos constituídos por estes componentes. Desenvolveu-se também um circuito controlador de arranjo de antenas que desempenha funções de identificação de endereços e determina as fases a serem utilizadas no controle dos defasadores. O circuito foi testado em um projeto piloto no campus da UFPE e está instalado na subestação da CELPE na cidade de Gravatá, no interior do estado de Pernambuco. / This dissertation presents the design and implementation of a Antenna Array Controller System capable of integrating into a SCADA network and directing the main radiation lobe, granting best communication between base and remote stations. An RF circuit is presented capable of automatically controlling the phases fed to the antenna array composed by several RF devices, including an 8-bit phase shifter. Tests of the devices and the characterization of braches composed by them are shown. In addition, an antenna array controller has been developed to perform functions that include the identification of an address and the determination of the phase to be used in the phase shifters’ control. The circuit was tested in a pilot project at the UFPE campus and is installed at a CELPE substation in the city of Gravatá.

Les récentes avancées dans le domaine du traitement d'antennes et dans la microélectronique ont fait naître la technologie des antennes intelligentes connue sous le nom de "smart antennas". Considérée comme rupture technologique pour les réseaux sans fil, les systèmes d'antennes intelligentes pourraient répondre aux exigences de plus en plus fortes des applications et services en termes de débit, de capacité et de connectivité. Aujourd'hui, les smart antennas sont exploitées pour développer plusieurs technologies incluant les systèmes de commutation de faisceaux, les antennes adaptatives et les systèmes MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output). L'utilisation des antennes MIMO a été reconnue comme une technologie-clé, capable d'accroître considérablement la capacité des réseaux sans fil en exploitant différemment et mieux le spectre radio. Elle fait partie des récents et futurs standards tels que le 3GPP-LTE et le IEEE-802.11n. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'exploitation des techniques multi-antennes dans le contexte des réseaux mobiles. Nous nous sommes focalisés principalement sur deux axes de recherche : la formation de faisceaux et le multiplexage spatial. Dans une première étude, nous avons proposé un schéma de formation de faisceaux, basé sur la technique LCMV (Linearly Constrained Minimum Variance) et permettant de former des faisceaux plus adaptés en cas de mobilité. Dans cette solution, l'incertitude sur la localisation des nœuds est compensée par des faisceaux de largeurs adaptées. De plus, dans le cas où les paramètres (vitesse et direction) de mouvement des nœuds sont connus, nous avons proposé d'exploiter des techniques simples d'extrapolation afin de limiter les calculs complexes des méthodes de poursuite continue (tracking), très consommatrices en ressources. Dans une seconde étude, nous avons proposé une solution d'ordonnancement basée sur la technique du multiplexage spatial qui est une caractéristique fondamentale des systèmes MIMO. L'algorithme proposé (SCLS : Stream-Controlled Multiple Access) exploite les informations inter-couches (cross-layer) : environnement radio de la couche PHY et charge de trafic de la couche LIEN. Il permet de choisir l'ensemble des liens à activer simultanément et détermine sur chacun de ces liens, le nombre d'antennes à utiliser pour transmettre des flux parallèles. SCLS permet ainsi de minimiser le temps nécessaire pour satisfaire les demandes de trafic et de maximiser le débit global utilisé à chaque instant. Dans la troisième étude, nous avons considéré la problématique d'estimation des directions d'arrivée et de départ. Nous avons proposé un algorithme (E-Capon) d'estimation conjointe de ces directions ainsi que du retard de propagation des trajets multiples dans un canal MIMO. Nous nous sommes basés sur la méthode de Capon qui permet de réduire la complexité de traitement pour offrir une estimation rapide et robuste des informations relatives à la localisation des nœuds. Notre objectif est de concevoir une technique mieux adaptée aux changements dynamiques de topologie que l'on peut observer dans les réseaux sans fil. / Recent advances in antennas processing and microelectronics have helped for the emergence of smart antennas and their use in public telecommunication systems. This technology allows sophisticated signal processing and provides significant performance benefits such as increased spectral efficiencies, reduced power consumption, interference cancellation, increased communication reliability and better connectivity. Smart antennas represent a broad variety of antenna technologies that significantly differ in terms of performance and transceiver complexity. The different antennas technologies include switched-beam antennas, adaptive array antennas and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The latter is already being implemented in latest generation equipments and standards like 3GPP-LTE and IEEE 802.11n. The focus of this thesis is to explore the various capabilities of smart antennas and to propose new mechanisms and systems for their use. In particular, we were interested in exploiting two multi-antenna systems' capabilities: spatial multiplexing and beamforming. In the first part of this thesis, we propose a new dynamic beamforming technique for mobile ad hoc networks, based on the LCMV beamformer. Mobiles nodes derive the weight vectors to form dynamic beams more adapted to their mobility parameters. The proposed scheme allows to form dynamic beams with less complexity but more adapted to possible uncertainty on mobile node locations.. Performance evaluations show that the proposed approach enhances system capacity and connectivity while reducing localization overhead and beam forming complexity. In the second part of this thesis, we design and evaluate a joint stream control and link TDMA-based scheduling algorithm (SCLS) for MIMO wireless mesh networks. SCLS is a cross layer resource allocation scheme that selects links to be activated simultaneously and determines the optimal number of streams to be used on each of them. This selection is based on streams' channel gains, traffic demands and interference levels. The proposed algorithm optimizes both the frame length and network capacity and throughput. In the third part, a joint Angle of Arrival (AOA), Angle of Departure (AOD) and Delay of Arrival algorithm, based on the Capon Beamformer, is proposed. These physical parameters of the received signals are needed to develop advanced antenna systems and other applications such as localization in indoor environments.The proposed algorithm reduces both complexity and computation time compared to subspace-based existing methods. The proposed approach works even if the number of multipaths exceeds the number of antenna elements.

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Aujourd'hui les réseaux de capteurs sont devenus des systèmes pouvant atteindre un très grand nombre de noeuds, avec une zone de couverture déterminée et déployés d'une manière plus ou moins dense dans un environnement hétérogène dont on mesure ainsi son état global. La problématique de cette thèse consiste à concevoir une architecture pour les objets communicants à faible consommation en utilisant des antennes « intelligentes » pour l'instrumentation et la mesure. Intégrant une approche pluridisciplinaire, cette architecture couvre les services offerts depuis les couches MAC jusqu'à celles de plus haut niveau. Basés sur une partie matérielle complètement reconfigurable (amplificateur de puissance et antennes à base de MEMS RF), les services des couches supérieures sont définis en partie sur circuits numériques pour la couche physique (bande de base) et la couche MAC, et de manière logicielle pour les protocoles de routages adaptés et les services innovants. En résumé, le travail consiste à concevoir un système autonome multi capteurs, d'acquisition et de traitement avec mémorisation, communicant à travers un réseau sans fil. Les principaux problèmes à résoudre seront : le contrôle de la topologie, la précision de la synchronisation, la consommation d'énergie. / Researches in the field of sensor networks show the variety and vastness of applications in which these types of systems are used. One of their main features is the large number (up to hundreds of elements) of sensors that must be distributed in different environments. Another concern consists in making routing decisions in order to reduce the energy consumption. Depending on the application requirements, ensuring synchronous network functionality is currently a challenge. The issue addressed in this thesis is to develop an architecture for smart objects using low-power antennas for structural heald monitoring. Integrating a multidisciplinary approach, this architecture includes services from the MAC layer to those of the highest level. In summary, we will develop an autonomous system ofi sensors, for acquisition and information processing, which communicate via a wireless network. The main problems are: the control of topology, the timing accuracy and the energy consumption.

An analog circuit for beamforming in a mobile Ku band satellite TV antenna array has been implemented. The circuit performs continuous-time gradient descent using simultaneous perturbation gradient estimation. Simulations were performed using Agilent ADS circuit simulator. Field tests were performed in a realistic scenario using a satellite signal. The results were comparable to the simulation predictions and to results obtained using a digital implementation of a similar stochastic approximation algorithm.

An analog circuit for beamforming in a mobile Ku band satellite TV antenna array has been implemented. The circuit performs continuous-time gradient descent using simultaneous perturbation gradient estimation. Simulations were performed using Agilent ADS circuit simulator. Field tests were performed in a realistic scenario using a satellite signal. The results were comparable to the simulation predictions and to results obtained using a digital implementation of a similar stochastic approximation algorithm.

In this work, we focus on securing communication over wireless data networks from malicious eavesdroppers, using smart antennas. While conventional cryptography based approaches focus on hiding the meaning of the information being communicated from the eavesdropper, we consider a complimentary class of strategies that limit knowledge of the existence of the information from the eavesdropper. We profile the performance achievable using simple beamforming strategies using a newly defined metric called exposure region. We then present three strategies within the context of an approach called 'virtual arrays of physical arrays' to significantly improve the exposure region performance of a wireless LAN environment. Using simulations, analysis, and field experiments, we validate and evaluate the proposed strategies.

Orientador: João Marcos Travassos Romano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T23:30:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ZanattaFilho_Danilo_D.pdf: 1987916 bytes, checksum: be6038a70235bda4b62a193a0296ffb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O presente trabalho trata da utilização, em transmissão, de um arranjo de antenas na estação rádio-base de um sistema de comunicação celular. Na recepção, as soluções para explorar o arranjo são atualmente bem estabelecidas na literatura. Por outro lado, na transmissão, o problema se mantém aberto. Duas abordagens são possíveis: explorar o arranjo de antenas em beamforming ou em diversidade. Essas duas abordagens se opõem pelas hipóteses sobre a correlação dos canais, o que implica um maior ou menor espaçamento entre as antenas, de acordo com o ambiente de propagação. Na prática, essas hipóteses são muito difíceis de se respeitar. Nesta dissertação, pretendemos tratar esta questão na sua globalidade, conciliando diversidade e beamforming para melhor explorar o arranjo de antenas. Consideramos o contexto monousuário, assim como o caso multiusuário. No caso monousuário, propomos uma estrutura de transmissão composta por uma técnica de diversidade de transmissão clássica aplicada a antenas virtuais diretivas e idealmente independentes. Essas antenas virtuais são fabricadas por meio de filtros puramente espaciais aplicados às antenas reais. O conjunto desses filtros é chamado precoder e se intercala entre a diversidade de transmissão e o arranjo de antenas utilizado em transmissão. Esse precoder desempenha um duplo papel, o de realizar o beamforming e o de criar a diversidade por meio de antenas virtuais idealmente independentes, conciliando assim diversidade de transmissão e beamforming em transmissão. Duas abordagens são propostas para se obter o precoder , uma baseada na minimização da variância da potência recebida pelo móvel e a segunda baseada diretamente na minimização da taxa de erro. Comparadas às técnicas clássicas, as novas técnicas apresentam melhores desempenhos. Em seguida, propomos uma extensão dessa estrutura ao contexto multiusuário, para o qual técnicas de diversidade de transmissão ainda não foram propostas na literatura. Propomos a adaptação conjunta dos precoders, buscando minimizar a potência total de transmissão, respeitando as BERs alvo dos usuários. De maneira análoga ao caso monousuário, os precoders permitem conciliar beamforming e diversidade de transmissão. Comparada às técnicas clássicas de beamforming multiusuário, a nova abordagem introduz diversidade de transmissão ao enlace, apresentando melhores desempenhos / Abstract: This work deals with the use of an antenna array at the base station of a mobile communication system for transmission. In reception, solutions that exploit the antenna array are now well established. In transmission, however, the problem remains open. Two approaches are possible: exploit the array by using beamforming techniques or by using diversity techniques. These two approaches are based on opposing assumptions about the channels correlation, which implies a greater or smaller distance between antennas, depending on the environment. In practice, these assumptions are not verified. Here, we aim to deal with the problem as a whole for better exploiting the antenna array. This work treats the single-user case, as well as the multiuser scenario. In the single-user case, we propose a transmission scheme composed of a classical transmit diversity technique applied to virtual antennas, which are directive and ideally independent. These virtual antennas are produced by means of purely spatial filters applied to the real antennas. This set of filters is called precoder, and acts as the interface between the transmit diversity technique and the transmit antenna array. The precoder function is twofold; to beamform the transmit signal, and to create diversity by means of ideally independent virtual antennas, thus combining transmit diversity and transmit beamforming. We propose two approaches to obtain this precoder, one based on the minimization of the variance of the received power at the mobile, and the other directly based on the minimization of the error rate. Compared to more classical approaches, the performance of the new methods reveals their advantage. Then, we extend this scheme to a multiuser context, for which transmit diversity techniques have not yet been developed. We propose to jointly adapt the precoders by minimizing the total transmit power while satisfying the users¿ target BER. Similarly to the single-user case, the precoders allow to combine beamforming and transmit diversity. Compared to classical multiuser beamforming techniques, the new approach adds diversity to the link and obtains in return better performances / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica