Background: IT-security is included in the concept of information security, which considers all the security of handling information within an organisation. Good IT-security is about finding the right level of measurement, however, it is hard to implemement new IT-solutions in an organisation, particularly within the health care field, where sensitive information are handled daily. Lately the Swedish government, together with county- and city council, understand the importance of IT and health care. Carelink, an organisation of interest, is working actively for the presumption of benefit by using IT within the health care field. During spring 2006 the Swedish government introduced a national IT-strategy. SITHS, Säker IT inom Hälso- och sjukvården, is a project running by Carelink and is based upon using Smart Cards as an identification. Smart Cards can be used as accesscards for logging on to a computersystem in an organsiation in order to secure an indentity. Purpose: The purpose with this thesis is to investigate the assumptions for how Smart Cards, as a part of a total security solution, can increase the ITsecurity within the Healt Care field. Method: The study was initiated with literature and suitable references to informationssecurity, Smart Cards and Healthcareinformatic. Our empirical study was carried out at Ryhov Hospital in Jönköping, one of Sweden’s newest hospitals. Both qualitative and quantitative studies were conducted, because we chose to do interviews and surveys. The interviews were conducted in order to get a deeper understanding for the organisation and the survey was made in order to investigate the attitudes among the nurses and doctors about the security of computer use. Result: Smart Cards can, according to our studie, increase the IT-security within the Health Care field by creating a safer identification with the use of ITsupport. Smart Cards can also make the process of logging on and off to a computer system easier, which leads to better logging and mobilisation. The study also demonstrates that users are not afraid of the changes a smart card will represent within their organization. / Bakgrund: IT-säkerhet ingår i begreppet informationssäkerhet som avser all säkerhet vid hantering av information inom en organisation. God IT-säkerhet handlar om att hitta rätt nivå med tillhörande åtgärder och nya IT lösningar, men detta är inte enkelt att införa i organisationer och speciellt inte i vården som dagligen hanterar känslig information. Under senare år har regeringen tillsammans med landsting och kommuner fått upp ögonen för vilken nytta IT kan utgöra inom vården. Intresseorganisationen Carelink arbetar aktivt för att skapa förutsättningar att använda IT inom vården, och under våren 2006 har även regeringen presenterat en Nationell IT-strategi. Projektet SITHS, Säker IT inom Hälso- och Sjukvården, drivs av Carelink och bygger på att använda smarta kort som säker identifikation. Korten kan bland annat användas som passerkort och vid inloggning till ett datasystem för att säkerhetsställa en identitet. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka förutsättningarna för hur smarta kort, som en del av en total säkerhetslösning, kan förbättra IT-säkerheten inom hälso- och sjukvården. Metod: Studien påbörjades med en genomgång av lämplig litteratur om informationssäkerhet, smarta kort samt vårdinformatik. Den empiriska studien utfördes sedan på Länssjukhuset Ryhov i Jönköping, som är ett av Sveriges nyaste sjukhus. Här genomfördes både kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier, då vi valde att göra ett antal intervjuer samt en enkätundersökning bland vårdgivarna. Intervjuerna gjordes för att få en djupare förståelse för organisationen, och enkätundersökningen för att undersöka attityderna till dagens datoranvändning samt hur säkerheten kring datoriseringen upplevs bland de anställda. Resultat: Enligt studien kan smarta kort förbättra IT-säkerheten inom hälso- och sjukvården genom att skapa en säker identifiering vid användning av ITstöd. Smarta kort kan även bidra till en förenklad in- och utloggningsprocess i ett datorsystem, vilket i sin tur leder till bättre spårbarhet samt ökad mobilitet bland användarna. Undersökningen visar att majoriteten av användarna inte är emot den förändring ett smart kort kan bidra till, utan snarare tvärt om.

This master thesis deals with the usage of smart cards in the area of digital signature. The descriptive part of this work outlines the basic principles of digital signature, smart cards typology and current most important application areas of smart cards. The first aim of the analytic part of this work is to evaluate actual situation on the smart cards market and to estimate future market trends. The second aim is to provide summary of new technological trends and areas, in which the usage of smart cards can be expected. These new technological trends and areas are described on the basis of survey, which was realized in the company OKsystem. Part of this work serves information about practical solution OKsmart and the analysis of its future development trends.

The diploma thesis is focused on cryptography with smart cards. It describes smart cards from hardware and software side. The thesis compares well known operating systems used on smart cards. Specified operating systems are widely analyzed. There is introduction to password authenticated key establishment protocols. PACE protocol is described in details together with implementation proposal. The implementation on the Basic card platform follows. In the end there is the time analysis of the implementation and further improvements are suggested.

This master thesis deals with an implementation of Diffie-Hellman protocol on smart card which is based on MULTOS OS. Defines the smart cards based on MULTOS OS and their usage. Output of this thesis are applications for a smart card and for a client using Diffie-Hellman protocol for establishing of a secret key between two communication sides through unsecured communication channel.

As today, the traditional payment systems of cash, cheques and credit cards are being supplemented by electronic cheques, electronic credit card-based systems, and token-based systems, online security is of utmost importance and one of the biggest criteria used for evaluating electronic payment systems. Electronic payment systems must guarantee the essential security requirements: confidentiality, privacy, integrity, availability. authentication, non-repudiation as well as anonymity and trust. This paper compares the various payment systems (both traditional and electronic) available today mainly according to their security aspects. Secure processing can be accomplished including access controls and detection techniques, such as, encrypted communication channels, user and/or message authentication, symmetric and asymmetric encryption, digital certificates and firewalls. These effective security measures, which are outlined in detail in this paper, will protect the information and payment systems against security risks that currently threaten the Internet / Computing / M.Sc. (Information Systems)

by Chan Tak-Wai, Woo Wai-Chung. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-91). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.vi / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Definition of Smart Card --- p.2 / Smart Card --- p.2 / Electronic Money --- p.4 / Objective of Project --- p.5 / Chapter II. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.8 / Primary Data --- p.8 / Secondary Data --- p.9 / Literature Review --- p.10 / Chapter III. --- CARD PRODUCTS --- p.13 / Development of Credit Card and Smart Card --- p.13 / Scope of Usage of Smart Card --- p.15 / Commercial Areas --- p.15 / Medical Aspects --- p.16 / Telecommunications Industry --- p.17 / Banking System --- p.17 / Chapter IV. --- CITICORP --- p.20 / Citibank --- p.20 / Citibank H.K --- p.22 / Chapter V. --- CITIBANK H.K. CREDIT CARD PROFILE --- p.23 / Competitive Environment --- p.24 / Marketing Strategies --- p.25 / Chapter VI. --- SMART CARD PROFILE --- p.27 / Product --- p.27 / Market --- p.30 / Customer --- p.31 / Competitive --- p.33 / Company --- p.35 / Chapter VII. --- SURVEY RESULT --- p.38 / Chapter VIII. --- RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.39 / Characteristics of Target Market --- p.39 / Establishing Marketing Objective --- p.40 / Proposing Marketing Strategies --- p.40 / Product --- p.40 / Place --- p.43 / Price --- p.46 / Promotion --- p.47 / Physical Facilities --- p.50 / Personnel --- p.50 / Process Management --- p.50 / Chapter IX. --- CONCLUSION --- p.52 / APPENDIX --- p.55 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.89

As today, the traditional payment systems of cash, cheques and credit cards are being supplemented by electronic cheques, electronic credit card-based systems, and token-based systems, online security is of utmost importance and one of the biggest criteria used for evaluating electronic payment systems. Electronic payment systems must guarantee the essential security requirements: confidentiality, privacy, integrity, availability. authentication, non-repudiation as well as anonymity and trust. This paper compares the various payment systems (both traditional and electronic) available today mainly according to their security aspects. Secure processing can be accomplished including access controls and detection techniques, such as, encrypted communication channels, user and/or message authentication, symmetric and asymmetric encryption, digital certificates and firewalls. These effective security measures, which are outlined in detail in this paper, will protect the information and payment systems against security risks that currently threaten the Internet / Computing / M.Sc. (Information Systems)

Authentication protocols are used for two parties to authenticate each other and build a secure channel over wired or wireless public channels. However, the present standards of authentication protocols are either insufficiently secure or inefficient for light weight devices. Therefore, we propose two authentication protocols for improving the security and user efficiency in wired and wireless environments, respectively. Traditionally, TLS/SSL is the standard of authentication and key exchange protocols in wired Internet. It is known that the security of TLS/SSL is not enough due to all sorts of client side attacks. To amend the client side security, multi-factor authentication is an effective solution. However, this solution brings about the issue of biometric privacy which raises public concern of revealing biometric data to an authentication server. Therefore, we propose a truly three factor authentication protocol, where the authentication server can verify their biometric data without the knowledge of users¡¦ templates and samples. In the major wireless technologies, extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is an authentication framework widely used in IEEE 802.11 WLANs. Authentication mechanisms built on EAP are called EAP methods. The requirements for EAP methods in WLANs authentication have been defined in RFC 4017. To achieve user efficiency and robust security, lightweight computation and forward secrecy, excluded in RFC 4017, are desired in WLAN authentication. However, all EAP methods and authentication protocols designed for WLANs so far do not satisfy all of the above properties. We will present a complete EAP method that utilizes stored secrets and passwords to verify users so that it can (1) meet the requirements of RFC 4017, (2) provide lightweight computation, and (3) allow for forward secrecy. In order to prove our proposed protocols completely, we apply two different models to examine their security properties: Bellare¡¦s model, a standard reduction based on computational model, that reduces the security properties to the computationally hard problems and the OFMC/AVISPA tool, a model checking approach based on formal model, that uses the concept of the search tree to systematically find the weaknesses of a protocol. Through adopting Bellare¡¦s model and OFMC/AVISPA tool, the security of our work is firmly established.

Dizertační práce se zabývá kryptografickými schématy zvyšující ochranu soukromí uživatelů v systémech řízení přístupu a sběru dat. V současnosti jsou systémy fyzického řízení přístupu na bázi čipových karet využívány téměř dennodenně většinou z nás, například v zaměstnání, ve veřejné dopravě a v hotelech. Tyto systémy však stále neposkytují dostatečnou kryptografickou ochranu a tedy bezpečnost. Uživatelské identifikátory a klíče lze snadno odposlechnout a padělat. Funkce, které by zajišťovaly ochranu soukromí uživatele, téměř vždy chybí. Proto je zde reálné riziko možného sledovaní lidí, jejich pohybu a chovaní. Poskytovatelé služeb nebo případní útočníci, kteří odposlouchávají komunikaci, mohou vytvářet profily uživatelů, ví, co dělají, kde se pohybují a o co se zajímají. Za účelem zlepšení tohoto stavu jsme navrhli čtyři nová kryptografická schémata založená na efektivních důkazech s nulovou znalostí a kryptografii eliptických křivek. Konkrétně dizertační práce prezentuje tři nová autentizační schémata pro využití v systémech řízení přístupu a jedno nové schéma pro využití v systémech sběru dat. První schéma využívá distribuovaný autentizační přístup vyžadující spolupráci více RFID prvků v autentizačním procesu. Tato vlastnost je výhodná zvláště v případech řízení přístupu do nebezpečných prostor, kdy pro povolení přístupu uživatele je nezbytné, aby byl uživatel vybaven ochrannými pomůckami (se zabudovanými RFID prvky). Další dvě schémata jsou založena na atributovém způsobu ověření, tj. schémata umožňují anonymně prokázat vlastnictví atributů uživatele, jako je věk, občanství a pohlaví. Zatím co jedno schéma implementuje efektivní revokační a identifikační mechanismy, druhé schéma poskytuje nejrychlejší verifikaci držení uživatelských atributů ze všech současných řešení. Poslední, čtvrté schéma reprezentuje schéma krátkého skupinového podpisu pro scénář sběru dat. Schémata sběru dat se používají pro bezpečný a spolehlivý přenos dat ze vzdálených uzlů do řídící jednotky. S rostoucím významem chytrých měřičů v energetice, inteligentních zařízení v domácnostech a rozličných senzorových sítí, se potřeba bezpečných systémů sběru dat stává velmi naléhavou. Tato schémata musí podporovat nejen standardní bezpečnostní funkce, jako je důvěrnost a autentičnost přenášených dat, ale také funkce nové, jako je silná ochrana soukromí a identity uživatele či identifikace škodlivých uživatelů. Navržená schémata jsou prokazatelně bezpečná a nabízí celou řadu funkcí rozšiřující ochranu soukromí a identity uživatele, jmenovitě se pak jedná o zajištění anonymity, nesledovatelnosti a nespojitelnosti jednotlivých relací uživatele. Kromě úplné kryptografické specifikace a bezpečnostní analýzy navržených schémat, obsahuje tato práce také výsledky měření implementací jednotlivých schémat na v současnosti nejpoužívanějších zařízeních v oblasti řízení přístupu a sběru dat.

This master's thesis deals with design of security infrastructure for electronic archive. In theoretical part is disscus about technical resources which are based on security services and protocols and methods which are used for protection. On basics of theoretical part is designed model of security infrastructure and it is built in laboratory. Model of security infrastructure is based on Open Source Software and as safety storages for private user authentication data are used cryptographic USB tokens. This master's thesis includes design and construction of real infrastructure of secured electronic archive. In each part of master's thesis is put main emphases on security and clear explanation from the beginning of desing of model of security infrastructure for electronic archive to finish of construction.