The goal of this thesis is to assess the impact of the smart grids implementation on PRE Distribuce, a third largest electricity distributor in the Czech Republic. The first part of the thesis presents an overview of the current energy value chain, including the division of tasks and responsibilities. Following this is the definition of the smart grid, its drivers, benefits and key barriers of its implementation. The analytical part provides a scenario analysis of the smart grid roll-out, where the first scenario assumed implementation of all technologies and components within five years and the second scenario assumes implementation in line with the depreciation of traditional components. Furthermore, the cash flow impact and NPV of the project under both scenarios is provided.

Les Smart Grids sont des réseaux électriques intelligents permettant d’optimiser la production, la distribution et la consommation d’électricité grâce à l’introduction des technologies de l’information et de la communication sur le réseau électrique. Les Smart Grids impactent fortement l’ensemble de l’architecture d’entreprise des gestionnaires de réseaux électriques. Simuler une architecture d’entreprise permet aux acteurs concernés d’anticiper de tels impacts.Dès lors, l’objectif de cette thèse est de fournir des modèles, méthodes et outils permettant de modéliser puis de simuler une architecture d’entreprise afin de la critiquer ou de la valider.Dans ce contexte, nous proposons un framework multi-vues, nommé ExecuteEA, pour faciliter la modélisation des architectures d’entreprise en automatisant l’analyse de leurs structures et de leurs comportements par la simulation. ExecuteEA traite chacune des vues métier, fonctionnelle et applicative selon trois aspects : informations, processus et objectifs. Pour répondre au besoin d’alignement métier/IT, nous introduisons une vue supplémentaire : la vue intégration. Dans cette vue nous proposons de modéliser les liens de cohérence inter et intra vues.Nous mettons, par ailleurs, à profit des techniques issues de l’ingénierie dirigée par les modèles en tant que techniques support pour la modélisation et la simulation d’une architecture d’entreprise. Notre validons ensuite notre proposition à travers un cas métier Smart Grid relatif à la gestion d’une flotte de véhicules électriques. / In this thesis, we propose a framework that facilitates modeling Enterprise Architectures (EA) by automating analysis, prediction, and simulation, in order to address the key issue of business/IT alignment. We present our approach in the context of Smart Grids, which are power grids enabled with Information and Communication Technologies. Extensive studies try to foresee the impact of Smart Grids on electric components, telecommunication infrastructure, and industrial automation and IT. However, Smart Grids also have an impact on the overall EA of grids operators. Therefore, our framework enables stakeholders to validate and criticize their modeling choices for the EA in the context of Smart Grids. What we propose is a multi-view framework with three aspects – information, processes, and goals – for each view. In addition to thebusiness, functional and application views, we add an integration view to ensure inter and intra-view consistency. We rely on Model Driven Engineering (MDE) techniques to ease the holistic modeling and simulation of enterprise systems. Finally, we show the utility of our approach by applying it on a Smart Grid case study: the management of an electric vehicles fleet.

Les ventes de Véhicules Électriques (VE) ont fortement augmenté ces dernières années. Si les processus de charge de ces VE ne sont pas gérés de manière intelligente, ils risquent de surcharger les réseaux électriques. Inversement, les VE pourraient représenter une opportunité pour ces réseaux en tant qu'unités de stockage distribuées.Cette thèse se propose d’étudier l’intégration intelligente des véhicules rechargeables dans les réseaux électriques d’un point de vue technique, réglementaire et économique. Dans un premier temps, le cadre général nécessaire au développement de ces solutions est passé en revue : les domaines d’application et scenarios de référence sont décrits, les acteurs principaux listés, et les défis principaux analysés.Ensuite, l’accent est mis sur les services système, et plus particulièrement sur le réglage de fréquence. Les conditions règlementaires permettant la participation d’une flotte de véhicules électriques à ce service sont étudiées à partir d’une revue des règles de gestionnaires de réseau de transport existants. De nombreuses simulations techniques et économiques sont réalisées, pour différentes règles de marché.Les services réseau locaux sont ensuite considères. Un éco-quartier est modélisé : il comprend différentes unités de consommation et des sources de production distribuées. Un gestionnaire énergétique local est proposé : son rôle est de contrôler les taux de charge / décharge des véhicules électriques de l’éco-quartier dans l’objectif de limiter les surcharges subies par le transformateur électrique de l’éco-quartier. Des conséquences économiques sont tirées des résultats techniques.Enfin, des résultats expérimentaux sont présentés. Le comportement de deux VE est analysé, dont un dispose de capacités bidirectionnelles. Les preuves de concept expérimentales confirment les capacités théoriques des véhicules électriques : il s’agit d’unités à temps de réponse très court (même en considérant l’architecture TIC complète) et ils sont capables de réagir à des signaux réseau très précisément. / Electric vehicles (EVs) penetration has been rapidly increasing during the last few years. If not managed properly, the charging process of EVs could jeopardize electric grid operations. On the other hand, Grid Integrated Vehicles (GIVs), i.e. vehicles whose charging and discharging patterns are smartly controlled, could turn into valuable assets for the electrical grids as distributed storage units.In this thesis, GIVs are studied from a technical, regulatory, and economics perspectives. First, the general framework for a smart grid integration of EVs is reviewed: application areas and benchmark scenarios are described, the main actors are listed, and the most important challenges are analyzed.Then, the emphasis is put on system wide services, and more particularly on frequency control mechanisms. The regulatory conditions enabling the participation of GIV fleets to this service are studied based on an intensive survey of existing transmission system operator rules. Several economics and technical simulations are performed for various market designs.Then, local grid services are investigated. A representative eco-district is modeled, considering various consumption units and distributed generation. A local energy management system is proposed; it is responsible for controlling the charging / discharging patterns of the GIVs which are located in the district in order to mitigate the overloading conditions of the eco-district transformer. Economic consequences are derived from this technical analysis.At last, some experimental results are presented. They show the behavior of two GIVs, including one with bidirectional capabilities. The experimental proof of concepts confirm the theoretical abilities of GIVs: they are very fast responding units (even considering the complete required IT architecture) and are able to follow grid signals very accurately.

With the grasp of a smart grid in sight, discussions have shifted the focus of system security measures away from generation capacity; apart from modifying the supply side, demand may also be exploited to keep the system in balance. Specifically, Demand Response (DR) is the concept of consumer load modification as a result of price signaling, generation adequacy, or state of grid reliability. Implementation of DR mechanisms is one of the solutions being investigated to improve the efficiency of electricity markets and to maintain system-wide stability.  In a liberalized electricity sector, with a smart grid vision that is committed to market-based operation, end-users have now become the focal point of decision-making at every stage of the process in producing, delivering and consuming electricity. DR program implementation falls within the smart grid domain: a complex socio-technical energy system with a multiplicity of physical, economic, political and social interactions. This thesis thus employs both qualitative and quantitative research methods in order to address the ways in which residential end-users can become active DR flexibility providers in deregulated European electricity markets. The research focuses on economic incentives including dynamic pricing contracts, dynamic distribution price signals and the aggregation of load flexibility for participation in the various short-term electricity markets. / <p>The Doctoral Degrees issued upon completion of the programme are issued by Comillas Pontifical University, Delft University of Technology and KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The invested degrees are official in Spain, the Netherlands and Sweden, respectively.</p><p>QC 20160225</p> / Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate in Sustainable Energy Technologies and Strategies (SETS)

O presente trabalho visa propor metodologia inovadora e abrangente que permita a avaliação sistêmica das diversas funcionalidades envolvidas no conceito de Redes Elétricas Inteligentes Smart Grids - (REI). Tal metodologia possibilita a avaliação de políticas de implementação destas funcionalidades de acordo com as características atuais das empresas, tendo como balizador central o benefício social fundamentado na visão dicotômica entre Concessionária e Consumidor. A metodologia proposta parte de modelagem inovadora de representação da rede e das funcionalidades emergentes de REIs, culminando em modelo de otimização que visa propor roadmaps tecnológicos fundamentados em avaliações de custos e benefícios de implantação. A importância das contribuições contidas na presente tese reside no fato de que o conceito de REI vem ganhando destaque nos cenários nacional e internacional, sendo apontado por especialistas do mundo todo como uma possível quebra de paradigma no setor elétrico. O referido conceito traz consigo uma série de funcionalidades e novas formas de integração e relacionamento entre os diversos agentes do setor. Tais funcionalidades necessitam de conceituação clara e objetiva, assim como metodologias de análise dos benefícios e dos custos decorrentes de sua aplicação nos respectivos segmentos do sistema de distribuição. Funcionalidades de REIs impactam tanto os processos de gestão do sistema de distribuição como os procedimentos de planejamento, operação e engenharia, além de permitirem ao consumidor, com possível papel adicional de produtor, maior gerência sobre seu consumo de energia. Diante de um cenário com diversos agentes, com alternância de papéis e com intensa interação entre si, somado às funcionalidades sistêmicas e de rede propiciadas pelos avanços tecnológicos crescentes, é fundamental uma análise global que estabeleça políticas ótimas de implantação das funcionalidades de REI, buscando a maximização do benefício social associado. Destarte, o produto principal desta tese, qual seja o modelo de proposição de plano ótimo de implantação de funcionalidades de REI, considerando os custos de implantação e os benefícios associados, não só ao setor elétrico, mas à sociedade como um todo, consiste em ferramenta valiosa para o planejamento de empresas concessionárias de distribuição na definição de roadmaps tecnológicos. Além disso, tal ferramenta permitirá a realização de estudos nacionais que fundamentem o balizamento de políticas públicas para o tema. / This thesis proposes an innovative and comprehensive methodology that allows the systematic evaluation of various functionalities involved in the concept of Smart Grids. Such methodology enables the proposition and evaluation of different policies for the implementation of smart grid functionalities according to the current characteristics of the utilities. Furthermore, the methodology is basically centered on the social benefits that consider a dichotomy view regarding Utility and Customer. This methodology considers an innovative model for network representation and Smart Grid emerging functionalities. Based on that, it leads to an optimization model that produces technologic roadmaps that take into account the evaluation of costs and benefits for the policies implementation. The importance of the contributions in this thesis lay in the fact that the concept of smart grids has been gaining attention in the national and international scenes, being pointed out by experts around the world as a possible paradigm break for the electricity sector. This concept brings a number of functionalities and new forms of integration and relationships amongst the various agents. These functionalities require clear and objective concepts, as well as methods for cost-benefit analysis regarding their implementation on the various segments of the distribution system. Smart grid functionalities impact most of the management processes in a distribution company as well as planning, operation and engineering procedures. Besides that customers are enabled to better manage their energy consumption, especially when playing the role of producers as well. Facing a scenario with several agents playing different roles with intense interaction, as well as systemic functionalities propitiated by advances in technology, one should devise a global analysis in order to establish optimal policies to implement Smart Grid functionalities, pursuing maximization of associated social benefits. In such a context, the main product of this thesis is an innovative model that produces optimal cost effective plans regarding the deployment of Smart Grid functionalities. Such a product is to be applied not only in the electricity sector but in society as a whole, consisting in a valuable planning tool for distribution utilities to define technological roadmaps as well as countrywide studies for the proposition of new public policies for smart grid implementation.

O presente trabalho visa propor metodologia inovadora e abrangente que permita a avaliação sistêmica das diversas funcionalidades envolvidas no conceito de Redes Elétricas Inteligentes Smart Grids - (REI). Tal metodologia possibilita a avaliação de políticas de implementação destas funcionalidades de acordo com as características atuais das empresas, tendo como balizador central o benefício social fundamentado na visão dicotômica entre Concessionária e Consumidor. A metodologia proposta parte de modelagem inovadora de representação da rede e das funcionalidades emergentes de REIs, culminando em modelo de otimização que visa propor roadmaps tecnológicos fundamentados em avaliações de custos e benefícios de implantação. A importância das contribuições contidas na presente tese reside no fato de que o conceito de REI vem ganhando destaque nos cenários nacional e internacional, sendo apontado por especialistas do mundo todo como uma possível quebra de paradigma no setor elétrico. O referido conceito traz consigo uma série de funcionalidades e novas formas de integração e relacionamento entre os diversos agentes do setor. Tais funcionalidades necessitam de conceituação clara e objetiva, assim como metodologias de análise dos benefícios e dos custos decorrentes de sua aplicação nos respectivos segmentos do sistema de distribuição. Funcionalidades de REIs impactam tanto os processos de gestão do sistema de distribuição como os procedimentos de planejamento, operação e engenharia, além de permitirem ao consumidor, com possível papel adicional de produtor, maior gerência sobre seu consumo de energia. Diante de um cenário com diversos agentes, com alternância de papéis e com intensa interação entre si, somado às funcionalidades sistêmicas e de rede propiciadas pelos avanços tecnológicos crescentes, é fundamental uma análise global que estabeleça políticas ótimas de implantação das funcionalidades de REI, buscando a maximização do benefício social associado. Destarte, o produto principal desta tese, qual seja o modelo de proposição de plano ótimo de implantação de funcionalidades de REI, considerando os custos de implantação e os benefícios associados, não só ao setor elétrico, mas à sociedade como um todo, consiste em ferramenta valiosa para o planejamento de empresas concessionárias de distribuição na definição de roadmaps tecnológicos. Além disso, tal ferramenta permitirá a realização de estudos nacionais que fundamentem o balizamento de políticas públicas para o tema. / This thesis proposes an innovative and comprehensive methodology that allows the systematic evaluation of various functionalities involved in the concept of Smart Grids. Such methodology enables the proposition and evaluation of different policies for the implementation of smart grid functionalities according to the current characteristics of the utilities. Furthermore, the methodology is basically centered on the social benefits that consider a dichotomy view regarding Utility and Customer. This methodology considers an innovative model for network representation and Smart Grid emerging functionalities. Based on that, it leads to an optimization model that produces technologic roadmaps that take into account the evaluation of costs and benefits for the policies implementation. The importance of the contributions in this thesis lay in the fact that the concept of smart grids has been gaining attention in the national and international scenes, being pointed out by experts around the world as a possible paradigm break for the electricity sector. This concept brings a number of functionalities and new forms of integration and relationships amongst the various agents. These functionalities require clear and objective concepts, as well as methods for cost-benefit analysis regarding their implementation on the various segments of the distribution system. Smart grid functionalities impact most of the management processes in a distribution company as well as planning, operation and engineering procedures. Besides that customers are enabled to better manage their energy consumption, especially when playing the role of producers as well. Facing a scenario with several agents playing different roles with intense interaction, as well as systemic functionalities propitiated by advances in technology, one should devise a global analysis in order to establish optimal policies to implement Smart Grid functionalities, pursuing maximization of associated social benefits. In such a context, the main product of this thesis is an innovative model that produces optimal cost effective plans regarding the deployment of Smart Grid functionalities. Such a product is to be applied not only in the electricity sector but in society as a whole, consisting in a valuable planning tool for distribution utilities to define technological roadmaps as well as countrywide studies for the proposition of new public policies for smart grid implementation.

Submitted by Sandro Camargo (sandro.camargo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2015-05-09T18:28:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 107110006.pdf: 2090462 bytes, checksum: 5fecbc3cc993bd7ac1637e41b7b2be41 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-09T18:28:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 107110006.pdf: 2090462 bytes, checksum: 5fecbc3cc993bd7ac1637e41b7b2be41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-19 / Com a total dependência pela energia elétrica em todos os setores da sociedade e a consequente regulamentação, é necessário que as concessionárias se preocupem em manter a continuidade do seu fornecimento, além de atender aos padrões que remetem à qualidade. A continuidade do fornecimento de energia elétrica é algo fundamental tanto para os consumidores quanto para a concessionária, a qual deixa de vender energia elétrica e ainda pode ser penalizada por interrupções muito longas ou em áreas críticas (hospitais ou indústrias, por exemplo). Como nem sempre é possível manter a continuidade do fornecimento devido a diversos fatores, sendo os defeitos permanentes os mais críticos, as empresas concessionárias são levadas a procurar novas metodologias e tecnologias para diminuir o tempo que o fornecimento de energia elétrica é interrompido. Nesse trabalho é descrita uma metodologia para o restabelecimento da energia em redes de distribuição de maneira automática. Essa metodologia se baseia no uso de tecnologias de comunicação e na automação dos equipamentos de manobras das redes. Com isso é possível obter os dados do estado da rede em tempo real, e é possível enviar os comandos para tais equipamentos de forma direta, sem a necessidade de intervenção humana. A metodologia aqui apresentada tem como objetivo detectar a localização de um defeito na rede através de leituras dos estados dos equipamentos, e então procurar as melhores manobras que restabeleçam o fornecimento ao máximo de consumidores sem que isso coloque todo sistema de distribuição, ou mesmo parte dele, em sobrecarga. Também é considerado que a rede pode ter sofrido alterações em equipamentos não automatizados (chaves manuais), e que as características de carga mudam no decorrer do tempo. Assim, a topologia deve ser atualizada antes de executar simulações e que os dados para tais simulações devem prever o comportamento da carga para o tempo que a contingência possa durar. Como teste da metodologia, foram executadas simulações em dados de redes reais de distribuição com diferentes topologias e diferentes cenários de defeitos. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios na medida que tais soluções de restabelecimento eram viáveis em termos de carregamento da rede e foram calculadas em um curto espaço de tempo (poucos segundos). Essa agilidade traz vantagens tanto para os clientes quanto para a própria concessionária. / With the total dependency for electric power in all society sectors and the following regumen-tation, is necessary that the utilities worry in maintaining the continuity of power supply, in addition to meeting the standards that refer to quality. The continuity of power supply is fun- damental both for consumers and for the utility, which stops selling electricity and can still be penalized for too long interruptions or in critical areas (hospitals or industries, for example). As it is not allways possible to maintain the continuity of power supply due several factors, being the most critical the permanets defects, the utilities are driven to seek new methods and tecnologies to reduce the time that power supply is interrupted. In this work we describe a methodology for automatic restoration in power grids. This methodology is based on the use of communication technologies and automation equipment maneuvers networks. With this is possible to get the data status from the grid in real time, and also can send commands to these devices directly, without the need for human intervention. The methodology presented here tries to detect the location of a fault on the grid, through readings of the equipments status, and then search for the best maneuvers to restores supply to maximum consumers without putting the entire distribution system, or portion thereof, in overload . It is also considered that the grid may have changed in non-automated equipment (manual keys), and that the load characteristics change over time. Thus, the topology must be updated before running simulations and data for such simulations should predict the behavior of the load for time that can last contingency. As a test of the methodology, simulations were performed on real power grids data with different topologies and different scenarios defects. The results were satisfactory as such restoration solutions were viable in terms of network loading and were calculated in a short time (few seconds). This agility has benefits both for customers and for the own utility.

Power grids in today's developed societies are designed to meet consumer demands in a highly reliable manner. In order to guarantee reliability to consumers, the grid is required to be sized for infrequently occurring demand peaks. The cost of maintaining generation sources that make up the relatively unused capacity of the grid can be extremely high. In addition to high costs, environmental impacts of these sources are also of great concern. In order to serve highly fluctuating peak demands, energy sources such as coal, gas and bio-gas are commissioned by utilities. These sources have a high carbon footprint. In order to prevent wasting extensive amounts of money in maintaining infrequently used grid capacity and causing an adverse environmental impact, a comprehensive study on how elasticity of domestic appliances can be used to reduce the impact of these issues is made. A thorough analysis of appliances in four distinct regions is presented. Significant reduction of peak demands is shown quantitatively for all of the four regions. Based on these positive results, an elasticity based scheme that takes into account user discomfort is proposed for reducing monetary and environmental issues faced by today's utilities.

The topic of smart grids has become one of the most important research arenas recently. Spurred by the urges to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels for several environmental and economic reasons, researchers have written many treatises on this topic. M. He, S. Murugesan and J. Zhang suggested in their article, "Multiple Timescale Dispatch and Scheduling for Stochastic Reliability in Smart Grids with Wind Generation Integration", a new pricing and scheduling model to exploit the wind (or any other stochastic) energy to the fullest extent. I studied this model, and from my experiments, I found a defect. In this thesis, I try to evaluate this model. Firstly, I present it with detailed proofs of the main results. Secondly, I explain the experiments and simulations I did. Then, I analyze the results to show the defect I discovered. Finally, I suggest a solution for that defect, and I point out the advantages of that model.

Electric power distribution systems are gradually adopting new advancements in communication, control, measurement, and metering technologies to help realize the evolving concept of Smart Grids. Future distribution systems will facilitate increased and active participation of customers in Demand Side Management activities, with customer load profiles being primarily governed by real-time information such as energy price, emission, and incentive signals from utilities. In such an environment, new mathematical modeling approaches would allow Local Distribution Companies (LDCs) and customers the optimal operation of distribution systems and customer's loads, considering various relevant objectives and constraints. This thesis presents a mathematical model for optimal and real-time operation of distribution systems. Thus, a three-phase Distribution Optimal Power Flow (DOPF) model is proposed, which incorporates comprehensive and realistic models of relevant distribution system components. A novel optimization objective, which minimizes the energy purchased from the external grid while limiting the number of switching operations of control equipment, is considered. A heuristic method is proposed to solve the DOPF model, which is based on a quadratic penalty approach to reduce the computational burden so as to make the solution process suitable for real-time applications. A Genetic Algorithm based solution method is also implemented to compare and benchmark the performance of the proposed heuristic solution method. The results of applying the DOPF model and the solution methods to two distribution systems, i.e., the IEEE 13-node test feeder and a Hydro One distribution feeder, are discussed. The results demonstrate that the proposed three-phase DOPF model and the heuristic solution method may yield some benefits to the LDCs in real-time optimal operation of distribution systems in the context of Smart Grids. This work also presents a mathematical model for optimal and real-time control of customer electricity usage, which can be readily integrated by industrial customers into their Energy Hub Management Systems (EHMSs). An Optimal Industrial Load Management (OILM) model is proposed, which minimizes energy costs and/or demand charges, considering comprehensive models of industrial processes, process interdependencies, storage units, process operating constraints, production requirements, and other relevant constraints. The OILM is integrated with the DOPF model to incorporate operating constraints required by the LDC system operator, thus combining voltage optimization with load control for additional benefits. The OILM model is applied to two industrial customers, i.e., a flour mill and a water pumping facility, and the results demonstrate the benefits to the industrial customers and LDCs that can be obtained by deploying the proposed OILM and three-phase DOPF models in EHMSs, in conjunction with Smart Grid technologies.