Road salting is one of the major negative impacts on the environment. Application of chemical salt based de-icing materials damages mostly the trees growing near the roads. Sodium and chlorine which are washed into the environment are absorbed by the surrounding vegetation and their increased concentration has a negative impact on their health. This thesis work assesses the influence of contamination potential on the content of sodium and chlorine in the needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies). This tree was used for the study because of its abundance and increased sensitivity to salinity. Study area was chosen in the northern part of the Czech Republic in the Liberec Region in between Jablonec nad Nisou, Železný Brod and Tanvald. To indicate the potential damage caused by road salting, the samples of 1-year-old and 2-year-old needles of Norway spruce were collected and examined for the concentration of sodium and chlorine. Also, the site contamination potential was assessed and the health conditions of individual conifers were evaluated. The measured concentrations of elements were evaluated based on four factors: the potential contamination sites, the health of the tree, the distance from the road and the age of needles. Based on the results of the evaluation, a measurement scale was designed with framework concentration values which can be used for practical assessment of the level of contamination.

The aim of the work was to evaluate the dynamics and structure of natural forests regeneration in finer (small-scale) management systems and optimize silvicultural (regeneration) operations. For the research were selected three stand types (beech, spruce and mixed), into which were placed 10 group cutting. There were analyzed light conditions, herb layer, density and regeneration parameters. The density of regeneration were analyzed according to the light conditions and position in the group cutting. From the measurements it was found that natural forests regeneration most easily proceeded in a spruce stand type. In these conditions it was achieved less diversity of tree species, the highest was recorded in gaps mixed. Compared small gaps (0.05 ha) and large gaps (0.05 to 0.13 ha) higher densities forests regeneration has been measured in large gaps. Diversity of trees inside the gap corresponds to the light conditions of wood. In the central part prevailed larch, in the transition under the forest wall of shelterwood prevailed spruce and beech. Under the protection of the surrounding stand fir is the best regeneration. Regeneration of species surveyed are oriented to the west, south and east exposure gaps. This fact corresponds to the superiority of Indirect Site Factor (ISF). The results of this study show that at any given time at a given location can be group felling increase species diversity forests regeneration.

There were chosen twelve localities with even-aged Norway spruce trees from different altitudes and northern and southern exposure at the Jeseníky Mountains. One-year old sun-exposed shoots were sampled from every locality. Needles were taken from shoots and then used for making the cross-sections. Additional needles were taken for needle area, needle length and dry matter analysis. Anatomical analysis was done on the microscopic pictures. The predictive maps for some morphological and anatomical parameters were created by the use of elevations and solar radiation data in ArcGIS. It was found that with increasing altitude the morphological and anatomical parameters of needles were not in linear progress. The best correlations with solar radiation was found for needle length. In this case, the change of needle length was explained by 82 % by the change of solar radiation. Although the growth of needles and thus the tree is determined by complex influence of external and internal factors, these results indicate significant effect of solar radiation on the Norway spruce growth at the Jeseníky Mountains.

In this thesis is evaluated the xylem structure of Norway spruce needles depending on solar radiation and altitude. Same-age spruce stand has been selected on the area of Hruby Jesenik at different altitudes on the southern and northern exposure. Sun needle samples were taken on each stand. The analysis of xylem structure was done. The number of tracheids, tracheid diameter, tracheid area and xylem area were evaluated. It was found that more than 50% dependence of xylem parameters on altitude and solar radiation, where exposure significantly affects the xylem structure only at altitudes above 1 200 m. The prediction maps show that the highest values of predicted xylem parameter values are found between 800 m and 1200 m about sea level.

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Angl. resumé

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