Presented dissertation analysis to what extent is motivation to occupation affected by minimum wage and by State system of social help. It focuses on very controversial topic of today's society and that is if current rate of minimum wage is sufficient for people to pay off or if it is discouraging them to search for a new job so people then prefer to draw the social benefits rather than working. The dissertation illustrates definition of minimum wage and its development in the Czech Republic, furthermore it deals with the function of minimum wage and especially with its influence on motivation to work and its consequences on an employment. It also contains how and in what amount the minimum wage set down in European Union is. In the contrast the dissertation handles the theory of welfare state and social system in the Czech Republic, it contains scope of social benefits which are in the Czech Republic provided during unemployment or to people with low income. In the next section the dissertation is focused on the analysis of existing issues originating from minimum wage and social benefits. It also introduces us research that have been done in this area. Finally, the dissertation includes its own research investigation whose goal was to prove whether people are motivated or not to accept job with...

TITLE: Influence of Social Benefits of Material Need on the Motivation of Employment Office Clients to Integrate into the Working Process AUTHOR: Bc. Anna Kudláková, DiS. DEPARTMENT: Management and Supervision in Social and Health Care Organizations SUPERVIZOR: Prof. JUDr. Igor Tomeš, CSc. The goal of the dissertation is to describe the topic of unemployment in the Czech Republic not only in terms as well as historical development, social, economic, and social conditions of unemployed. The primary aim of this dissertation is to determine the impact of social benefits, depending on client's attempt to work on his or her inclusion into the work process. The dissertation seeks to determine whether passive labour market policies are effective, especially the social benefits for the unemployed. The paper also tries to explain the main causes of long-term unemployment and it is impact on individuals. The dissertation also seeks to find out whether the system of assistance in material need has a positive impact on clients of labour office or whether is discouraging to the potential efforts of eventual integration into the labour market. The dissertation also answers to the question if the system of assistance in material need is one of the conditions of the emergence of the poverty cycle. Key words:...

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Ocean Governance in South Africa has gained momentum over the last decade with the publication of the Green and White Papers on the National Environmental Management of the Ocean in 2012 and 2014, and the promulgation of the Marine Spatial Planning Act in 2019. Parallel to this South Africa developed and implemented the Operation Phakisa Ocean Economy Development Programme and declared a network of twenty Marine Protected Areas. The timing of this study over the last five years allowed the opportunity to undertake a detailed study of the Ocean Governance Policy Development and Implementation as the formulation of the policy and its early implementation unfolded. The Study is primarily based on interpretation of the Green and White Papers as the primary and directed ocean governance policies produced by the Government of South African and the National Department of Environmental Affairs. It places these most recent specific ocean environmental policies in the context of the many other environmental policies that exits in the country.

The present study attempted to assess the effectiveness of the Zimbabwean secondary school guidance and counselling services from school counsellors' and students' perspective. Available literature shows that students worldwide, including Zimbabwe, experience problems which schools should solve through the provision of guidance and counselling. It was therefore, important to the researcher to assess the effectiveness of the school guidance and counselling services in meeting students' concerns. The research design consisted of a literature and an empirical study. The survey method was used in the empirical study. A self constructed questionnaire was used. Three hundred and fourteen school counsellors and 636 students participated in this study. The SAS/STAT version 9.1 was used to analyse the data. One way and combined two way frequency tables were calculated. Ratios were calculated to establish the relative rating of each item. Chi-square tests were also calculated. The study revealed that there were differences between the level of the school guidance and counselling services in Zimbabwean secondary schools and the international arena. For example, school guidance and counselling services policy in Zimbabwe was not mandatory as compared to the international policies. The Zimbabwean school guidance and counselling services were not always planned for at the beginning of each year, Students and parents were not frequently involved in needs assessment while the services were not frequently evaluated in comparison with those in the international arena. The study also revealed that some biographical variables significantly influenced the way the respondents responded to given items while others did not. The study revealed that the majority of both school counsellors and students viewed the school guidance and counselling services as beneficial and school counsellors as effectively playing their role. The study further revealed that the effectiveness of the Zimbabwean secondary school guidance and counselling services was negatively affected by lack of resources and training in guidance and counselling and non-counselling duties performed by school counsellors. Recommendations for future approaches and strategies in secondary school guidance and counselling services in Zimbabwe are made. Areas for further research are proposed. / Educational Studies / D.Ed. (Psychology of Education)

My thesis deals with the topic of burning out of Department of non-insurance social benefits (DNSB) Labor Office workers in the Czech Republic. We can find a lot of definitions of Burn-out Syndrome in the literature. Some of them are focused on the emotional, mental or physical exhaustion, others interpret the syndrome as a process with certain development. Nevertheless, Burn-out Syndrome is a pack of symptoms including lack of zest and energy, life joy and mainly enthusiasm needed for work. There are various functions of the Labor office CZ: to fulfill tasks in the employment area, protection of employees in case of employer´s insolvency and first of all, to administrate, decide and pay non-insurance social benefits. Social workers and referees who work in DNSB are extremely endangered with Burn-out Syndrome because of their specific work. Their job requires daily talks with clients who do not have only one but various problems and who are unable to solve them by themselves. And these clients usually expect more service than the office workers can provide. The aim of my thesis is to describe the Burn-out Syndrome issue and its appearance in the group of the social workers and referees of the DNSB Labor Office CZ. Partial aim of my thesis is to find out if the workers have information how to precede it and to compare the difference between small and big town workers. Other partial aim is to find out if the workers subjectively suffer exhaustion. Three hypotheses were set up. Workers of DNSB in bigger towns feel subjectively more exhausted than those in smaller ones. Social workers have more information how to precede it than referees. Referees feel subjectively more exhausted than social workers. Flowingly there is a survey question: what do the workers in the DNSB Labor Office CZ know about Burn-out Syndrome? A quantity strategy of survey was set up via using questionnaire. There were 148 DNSB workers in the survey sample who filled in completely and correctly the questionnaire. As a complement strategy a quality data survey was used via questioning method, semi-structured interview. 8 workers from total 249 workers were chosen by random choice to be interviewed - this group forms the second survey sample. Results of quantity survey are presented with descriptive statistics using graphs and charts. The set up hypotheses were tested with statistic method of Chi-squared test. The results show that DNSB workers in bigger cities do not feel more exhausted than those in smaller ones. Social workers of DNSB have more information how to precede it than referees. Referees do not feel more exhausted than social workers of DNSB. For analysis of quality survey, a hand written record was chosen. There were identified three clusters: awareness about Burn-out Syndrome, perception of clients and personal feelings. The results of quality part show that DNSB workers have information about the Syndrome, but the information is incomplete - sometimes even confusing in the sense of focusing on the unimportant peculiarities instead of core causes. Regarding individual answers, most of the workers see the clients and work with the clients as something unpleasant, not entertaining. Moreover, we can imply from the survey a necessity of specialized training about Burn-out Syndrome focused on the workers. Practical anticipated benefit of the thesis is providing study materials to the students of the Health and Social Faculty of the Southern Bohemian University in České Budějovice and providing the materials to the Labor Office CZ.

On January 1, 2007 there are drafting of new social benefits - care contribution. This benefit is defined by the low No. 108/2006 Coll., about social services. Making this law has brought in this area, many fundamental changes. Except that there was created a new conception of social services, their types, forms and conditions of the provision, but also introduced a new approach to finance for people in adverse social situation need help. To this time well improved allowance for the care of a relative or other person being replaced care contribution. It is conceived as a only one cash benefit social service system. It is called a subsidy on the head, the idea is the think that the person who needs care is financially at least to some extent independent and can have their choice needed service to "buy". The degree of dependence on the assistance of another person is determined in four levels - it should allow detailed, reliable and yet highly individual assessment of the needs of people. Main goal thesis was to explore experiences with inspections focusing on the use of contribution care, intermediate objectives were to identify the limits of process control from the view of social workers and detect the most common areas of deficiencies in the framework of implemented controls. Qualitative research was done by polling technique and for this reason was used semistructured interview. Concept of interview was based on six tematic parts. The data were collected from January to March 2016. The research group consisted of 10 social workers selected purposeful selecting at each contact point of the Labour Office of the Czech Republic, Regional branch České Budějovice. The results of the work showed, the control of the use of care contribution are made regularly and all contact centers Labour Office under the same methodological instruction, it means, individual social workers follow the same process. Social workers are in the process of inspections limited mainly personnel, it means a shortage of staff the department of non-insurance social benefits, deciding on benefit care contribution. The work done feedback from the perform inspections control one of the non-insurance social benefit for care and can prompt discussion on possible subsequent modifications.

The present study attempted to assess the effectiveness of the Zimbabwean secondary school guidance and counselling services from school counsellors' and students' perspective. Available literature shows that students worldwide, including Zimbabwe, experience problems which schools should solve through the provision of guidance and counselling. It was therefore, important to the researcher to assess the effectiveness of the school guidance and counselling services in meeting students' concerns. The research design consisted of a literature and an empirical study. The survey method was used in the empirical study. A self constructed questionnaire was used. Three hundred and fourteen school counsellors and 636 students participated in this study. The SAS/STAT version 9.1 was used to analyse the data. One way and combined two way frequency tables were calculated. Ratios were calculated to establish the relative rating of each item. Chi-square tests were also calculated. The study revealed that there were differences between the level of the school guidance and counselling services in Zimbabwean secondary schools and the international arena. For example, school guidance and counselling services policy in Zimbabwe was not mandatory as compared to the international policies. The Zimbabwean school guidance and counselling services were not always planned for at the beginning of each year, Students and parents were not frequently involved in needs assessment while the services were not frequently evaluated in comparison with those in the international arena. The study also revealed that some biographical variables significantly influenced the way the respondents responded to given items while others did not. The study revealed that the majority of both school counsellors and students viewed the school guidance and counselling services as beneficial and school counsellors as effectively playing their role. The study further revealed that the effectiveness of the Zimbabwean secondary school guidance and counselling services was negatively affected by lack of resources and training in guidance and counselling and non-counselling duties performed by school counsellors. Recommendations for future approaches and strategies in secondary school guidance and counselling services in Zimbabwe are made. Areas for further research are proposed. / Educational Studies / D.Ed. (Psychology of Education)

The aim of this master thesis is the comparison of selected elements of the tax and social security systems in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria and Germany, which are related to employees and employers and it is counted with them in model examples, then evaluation of advantages and disadvantages of employees´ migration under the structure of posting between the Czech Republic and other countries and finally the comparison of employees´ incomes after receiving benefits from social security system of each country (especially old age pension and parental allowance). In the first part of the thesis there is explained problematics of double tax treaties and EU coordination of social security. Then there is the comparison of above mentioned elements of the tax and social security systems in each country. In the last part I apply findings on model employees and I make a conclusion from amount of their net incomes. Migration to another EU member country is the most profitable for employee who is subjected to taxation in other EU countries but he remains under the Czech social security system. In terms of social benefits, retired people are supported the most in Austria and families with children in Germany.

Institute for Rural Development / MRDV

Social benefits were forecasted to increase by 13 percent to 2022 before the pandemic hit the economy (Prop. 2018/19:1). In the latest forecast it has almost doubled: an increase of 24 percent to 2022 (Prop. 2020/21:1). Youths and immigrants are particularly affected by the downturn, especially since labor market sectors were both groups often have their first job are in the center of attention for government restrictions to lower the spread of Covid-19. These two groups are overrepresented among social benefit recipients when being unemployed (Socialstyrelsen, 2020), since they have not qualified to national unemployment insurances (Rosengren, 2017). The municipal social assistance was intended to be the outermost safety net. Though the transfer should be short-term, over 40 percent of the households receiving social benefits do it for more than ten months, and the share increases[1]. Social benefit could now be considered a complement to national transfers and an extra unemployment benefit for those who are not eligible for the national social safety system on the labor market. Municipalities are allowed to demand participation in different activities – henceforth called activation – as a prerequisite for social benefit eligibility. Under the assumption of full-time activation for social benefit recipients, the difference in leisure between employment or unemployment with activation is zero (0). This affect the cost of labor for the individual, which is usually partly described as the relative value of leisure (non-monetary costs). If it does not cost any leisure to leave unemployment for employment, the disutility of work decrease. Social benefits also reimburse monetary labor costs, such as commuting, wherefore there is no difference in fixed labor costs either. Differences in disposable income is then the only remaining variable to decide the individuals labor supply, according to conventional labor market theory; if the disposable income when working exceed the disposable income when not working, the individual should work. A social benefit recipient is eligible for the job stimulus after six months of social benefit dependency, giving a 25 percent earnings disregard on the net labor income. This is an exception from the usual one-to-one discount (or 100 percent marginal effect) on the transfer when receiving other incomes, such as national transfers or wage. The stimulus is intended to increase the incentives for working and motivate those who are long-term recipients to be active on the labor market[2]. During this time period, all recipients have a larger disposable income if working compared to not working – combined with the other assumptions above, this means all recipients should work when being eligible for job stimulus. Available data (Socialstyrelsen, 2016) shows only 1.8 percent of all recipients actually had labor incomes and got the earnings disregard, inferring a deviation from the expectations of common labor market theory. Meaning there could be an unknown variable in the utility function, decreasing the utility from working more than the utility increase from the job stimulus. There are a variety of possible explanations, such as asymmetric information, stigmatization, matching problems et cetera. In this thesis, the focus will be effort. This is the explanation closest to the standard model, where the disutility of lost leisure due to labor is the centerpiece. In my previous thesis (Rosengren, 2019), I introduced a draft of an effort model. In this model, working came with a larger effort than activation giving rise to a disutility. The income differential needs to exceed the cost of the extra effort if the individual should choose to work. Expanding the standard model could provide a more sufficient tool for analyzing labor market participation and employment effects in the social benefit system. This thesis provides a model for analyzing the individual’s decision on the extensive margin – to work or not to work – in transfer systems, with regard to effort, shirking and effective leisure. I simulate the effort level corresponding to the share of social benefit recipients observed to have labor income during the job stimulus spell. Finding the effort in activation being approximately 71.5 percent of the effort when employed. I also forecast the effect of the planned increase in the job stimulus from 25 to 50 percent by the same simulation; 1 percent of the social benefit recipients are expected to leave activation for employment due to the doubled job stimulus. I optimize effort (from the policy-maker’s perspective) at different skill levels to find the effort level were all will supply labor. If enforcing 99.65 percent effort 83.44 percent are expected to leave activation for work. / Allt fler arbetslösa försörjer sig på ekonomiskt bistånd istället för de statliga arbetslöshetsersättningarna. Ekonomiskt bistånd eller försörjningsstöd är inte utformat med drivkrafter för arbete i beaktande. Exempelvis får den som tar emot bidraget inget utbyte av att börja arbeta förrän arbetsinkomsten överstiger försörjningsstödsnormen. För ett hushåll med två vuxna och fyra barn innebär det ca 30 000 SEK efter skatt. Finns det dessutom inga aktivitetskrav förlorar hushållet samtidigt fritid av att börja arbeta. Jobbstimulansen infördes för att få drivkrafter för arbete i försörjningsstödet. Det innebär att den som haft ekonomiskt bistånd i sex månader och börjar arbeta får behålla 25 procent av nettoinkomsten, istället för att bidraget minskar krona för krona när löneinkomsten ökar. Under antagandet om heltidsaktivering för försörjningsstödsmottagare är den tillgängliga fritiden lika för den som arbetar och för den som är arbetslös, därmed är den rörliga kostnaden av att arbeta lika. Eftersom försörjningsstödet kompenserar för eventuella kostnader som uppstår för den som börjar jobba, såsom förskoleavgift eller pendlingskostnader, påverkas inte disponibelinkomsten av fasta kostnader för att arbeta heller. Försörjningsstödsmottagare med jobbstimulans och heltidsaktivering kan således tjäna mer pengar och därmed öka sin nytta, utan att öka sin onytta (eftersom fritiden är oförändrad), genom att börja arbeta. Utifrån arbetsutbudsteori skulle förväntan vara att alla skulle börja arbeta under sådana förutsättningar. Trots det visar en uppföljning att bara 1,8 procent arbetar. Det kan finnas olika förklaringar till att så få börjar arbeta; bristande information om jobbstimulansen, sök- och matchningsproblem och så vidare. I den här uppsatsen prövas skillnader i ansträngning genom att anpassa en modell för arbetsutbud till det svenska socialbidragssystemet, och ge bidragstagare möjlighet att lata sig eller skolka i aktiveringen – inspirerat av den etablerade shirking theory – för att utöka sin effektiva fritid. Studier visar att människor upplever skolk eller lathet som substitut till ledighet. Även om den faktiska fritiden är densamma för den som arbetar och den som är arbetslös men deltar i aktivering, kan skillnader i ansträngning därmed innebära att den effektiva fritiden skiljer sig. När den som kan få jobbstimulans ska börja arbeta innebär det då en minskad effektiv fritid, och därmed en onytta eller upplevd kostnad av arbete. Försörjningsstödsmottagaren väljer sin ansträngning, som ger upphov till olika mycket onytta beroende på individens färdigheter där den med mer färdigheter har en lägre onytta av arbete eller ansträngning. Om personen arbetar eller inte beror på om den ökade nyttan av att börja arbeta med jobbstimulans överträffar onyttan av den minskade effektiva fritiden av att börja arbeta, givet individens färdigheter. I uppsatsen undersöks effekten av förändringar i olika variabler – ansträngning, färdighet och jobbstimulans – och jag finner att jobbstimulansen bara påverkar nyttan på marginalen, i jämförelse med stora effekter av ökad ansträngning eller ökade färdigheter. Vidare simuleras vilken ansträngningsnivå som korresponderar med att 1,8 procent arbetar och därmed har större nytta av jobbstimulansen än av den extra effektiva fritiden. Det visar sig att ansträngningen i aktiveringen verkar vara 71,5 procent jämfört ansträngningen på ett jobb. Om jobbstimulansen fördubblas, till en offentligfinansiell kostnad av 100 miljoner SEK, ökar andelen som börjar jobba bara med drygt en procentenhet vid bibehållen ansträngningsnivå. I uppsatsen beräknar jag även optimal ansträngningsnivå för att alla vid en viss färdighetsnivå ska börja arbeta. Det visar sig att om ansträngningsnivån höjs med knappt 20 procentenheter till 90 procent, skulle andelen som börjar arbeta stiga från 1,8 procent till 51 procent. Utöver dessa nya tillskott – förklaringsmodeller och resultat – till fältet, innehåller uppsatsen dessutom förslag på empiriska tester av andra förklaringar. För att genomföra simuleringar och kalkyleringar, har en modell över det svenska bidrags- och skattesystemet byggts i Matlab. Även den är att betrakta som ett tillskott.