Using Social Cognitive Theory, Social Identity Theory, and Source Credibility, this study examined the role of instructor source credibility as related to exercise adherence. A one-time survey was given to participants of an eight-week exercise program. Hierarchical multiple linear regression was used to test hypotheses. Results indicate that perceived expertise was a significant predictor of intentions to adhere to class. Additionally, this study shows how Social Identity Theory can predict lower levels of identification in an exercise context. The scales used to text source credibility were shown to be accurate measures of perceived instructor expertise, likeability, and enthusiasm. Thus, these scales can be used to examine this subject in later studies.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the social cognitive understanding, aggressive behaviors and behavioral adjustment of deaf children. Severely and profoundly deaf children between the ages of 6-11 participated in the study. Firstly, the social cognitive understanding of deaf children was assessed through picture sequence tasks. These tasks were designed to measure the first-order belief attributions, belief-based behavior prediction, intention understanding, intention consequence discrimination, moral reasoning, emotion understanding and emotional reasoning of deaf children. CDC Aggression Scale was used to measure the aggressive behaviors and SDQ parent and teacher forms were used to measure the behavioral adjustment of deaf children. Regression analyses were conducted in order to identify the predictors of aggressive behaviors and behavioral adjustment of deaf children. Results revealed that deaf children who were not able to understand the intention of others were rated as more hyperactive. In addition to that, deaf children who were not able to discriminate between the intention fulfilled and unfulfilled situations were rated as displaying more bullying behaviors and more conduct problems. The implications and the limitations of the study were discussed considering the existing literature.

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Research regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among all populations in America is needed to understand what seems to be an increasing trend. Education has been shown to be a significant determinant of CAM use, therefore, college students are likely to be CAM users. Little research has addressed the prevalence and predictors of CAM use among this population, so the purpose of this study was to: (1) measure the prevalence and type of CAM use among a sample of college undergraduates; and (2) test the significance of select social-cognitive constructs and demographics as predictors of CAM use. A random sample of undergraduate students within the Texas A&M University System was solicited via email to complete a web-based survey. Findings show high rates of CAM use. Gender, attitude toward CAM, outcome expectancies regarding the health care encounter, and social network use of CAM were shown to be significant predictors of CAM use. Results can inform health care and health education professionals interested in improving health care processes and addressing positive and negative issues related to CAM use.

With the common adoption of the Internet and Web in the recent years, the WOM has been changed to electronic WOM (e- WOM). E-WOM is the positive or negative statements made about a product, company, or media personality that are made widely available via the Internet. It has become an important source of information for the consumer to make decisions including purchase and more and more people have noticed the importance of its applications. The goal of this research is to investigate ¡§message passing along behavior intention¡¨ (MPBI) by using Social Cognitive Theory and Social Capital Theory from the viewpoints of people and environment. We use survey method to collect the data and use PLS to analyze it. And the results reveal that when people passing message along to others, they care about how close these messages are with them instead of how correct these messages are. It implies that MPBI has the nature of daily life, and therefore, people will be more willing to pass daily life messages. Besides, individuals tend to pass along messages to people who have substantial relationship with him/her. We also found people pass message along to people not for reputation but for expressing their affections to others. In addition, message passing Self-efficacy is also important to MPBI. We also classified MPBI into two types ¡X the one is hedonic and the other is utilitarian. The results indicate that people have different behavioral pattern when they deal with different kind of MPBI. In sum, MPBI is a channel for people to maintain the relationship with others and the findings of this study provides some suggestions for the e-WOM research.

Knowledge withholding intentions (KWI), defined as the likelihood an individual will give less than full effort on knowledge contribution. If every member withholds knowledge in a software development team, it results in poor project performance. However, little research has been conducted to investigate the factors that influence knowledge withholding intentions. The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical model based Social Cognitive Theory and extends it with Social Exchange Theory to analyze the antecedents of knowledge withholding intentions from personal cognitions and contextual factors. Furthermore, the contextual influencers are subdivided into dimensions of rational choice, normative conformity, and affective bonding with a comprehensive view. Through a survey of 227 participants who have experience in software development, task interdependence, procedural justice, leader-member exchange, team-member exchange were found to have negative influences on knowledge withholding intentions. On the contrary, knowledge withholding outcome expectations and knowledge withholding self-efficacy were found to have positive influences on knowledge withholding intentions.

Numerous studies have shown that culture is a critical factor affecting leadership perceptions. Although these studies provide useful information about cultural differences, they overlook the fundamental difference between East Asians and Westerners, a holistic view versus an analytic view. In addition, these studies are based on methodologies in which verbal or pictorial stimuli are presented by researchers under conditions of high capacity, which does not allow other representational differences to be observed. This study investigates leadership representations in South Korea and the United States based on hypotheses about fundamental differences in social cognitive processing among South Koreans and Americans, as revealed in spontaneously generated visual productions. The results suggest that South Koreans have a holistic view, whereas Americans have an analytic view of leadership representations. Implications and future directions for research on cultural differences in leadership representations are discussed.

Att konsumera kosttillskott ökar i dagens samhälle. Exempel på kosttillskott är energigivande tillskott, prestationshöjande tillskott samt vitaminer och mineraler. En sammanställning av enkätundersökningar i Sverige visar att 61 % av männen och 41 % av kvinnorna konsumerar kosttillskott. Träningsverksamma upplever att produkterna är välgörande och ger positiva effekter på träningen, trots att riskerna med konsumtion av kosttillskott är omdebatterat och ett delvis obeforskat område. Bland träningsverksamma inom styrketräning förekommer även konsumtion av dopningspreparat. Dopning innebär att påverka eller förändra prestationer med olika substanser. Det finns olika slags dopningspreparat och anabola androgena steroider (AAS) är vanligast. Prevalensen av AAS har ökat under 2000-talet. I uppsatsen redovisas omfattningen av konsumtion av kosttillskott och dopningspreparat i Västmanlands län. Köns- och åldersskillnader samt samband mellan konsumtion och träningsform redovisas. Analyser har genomförts på enkätdata från Västmanlands Idrottsförbund, utifrån deras arbete med anti-dopning i Västmanland. Resultaten visar att det är vanligast att män i 17 – 30 års ålder konsumerar kosttillskott. Sannolikheten för att ha en hög konsumtion av kosttillskott ökar vid styrketräning. Socialkognitiv teori används föra att tolka den sociala aspekten på konsumtionen och ger en djupare förståelse för hur beteendet att konsumera kosttillskott och/eller dopningspreparat kan uppstå hos en individ. / Consuming dietary supplements is common in today's society. Examples of dietary supplements is energizing supplements, performance enhancing supplements and vitamins and minerals. A compilation of surveys in Sweden show that 61% of men and 41% of women consume dietary supplements. Athletes are experiencing that the products are beneficial and provides positive effects on the performance, even though there is a lack of knowledge about all the risks of consuming dietary supplement and a field partly un-researched. Consumption of doping substances also occur among athletes. Doping means to affect or change the performance with various substances. There are different types of doping substances, where anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are the most common. The prevalence of AAS has increased during the 2000s. The prevalence of the consumption of dietary supplements and doping in Västmanlands län are presented in the present study. Results revealed differences in gender and age and the relationship between consumption and exercise. Analyses have been performed on data from Västmanland Sports Federation, which through its anti-doping work conducted a survey in Västmanlands län. The results show that it is most common among men between the ages 17 – 30 to consume dietary supplements and to consume a few times a week or more often. The likelihood of consuming dietary supplements increases with strength training. Social cognitive theory is being used to interpret the social aspect of consumption and provides a deeper understanding for how a behavior can be developed in an individual.

Beliefs--mental representations of particular propositions as true--are fundamental to social cognition. Among the most influential beliefs are ideologies, which concern the way things should be and help people understand the social structures within which they live. Ideologies occupy a unique position because they contain elements of other types of beliefs. For example, to a Biblical literalist, the belief that the earth is 4000 years old may seem fact-like. Because not everyone agrees about ideologies, however, such beliefs may seem somewhat preference-like even to their strongest adherents. To investigate the role of social experience in reasoning about ideologies, we examined children and adults. Because children have significantly less experience with ideologies, their reasoning may diverge from adults. On the other hand, if children and adults respond similarly, this would indicate that vast amounts of experience are not necessary for adult-like belief-based cognition to emerge. Part 1 showed that 5-10 year old children and adults distinguished ideological beliefs from factual beliefs(a domain in which, if two people disagree, at least one must be wrong) and preference-based beliefs(a domain in which it is acceptable for people to disagree), indicating that much experience is unnecessary for this ability to emerge. Given that even young children recognize that those who disagree with their ideological beliefs are not necessarily wrong, it is possible that children would not show strong social preferences in this domain. On the other hand, given children’s propensity toward group-based preferences in other areas, even young children may show religion-based preferences. In Part II, 6-8 year old Christian children showed implicit pro-Christian preferences regardless of the comparison target’s religion but only reported pro-Christian preferences when the two targets were very different from one another. In Part III, 6-11 year old children preferred peers who shared their religious, factual, and preference-based beliefs and selectively attributed pro-social behaviors to individuals who shared their religious views. Taken together, these findings suggest that children and adults differentiate ideologies from other types of mental states and that, despite its complexity, ideology influences social judgments even among young children. / Psychology

This exploratory study examined the individual and organizational effects of formerly homeless employee inclusion on members of the homeless shelter community, including shelter directors, formerly homeless employees, professional employees, and shelter residents. The effects of formerly homeless employee inclusion on shelter residents' vicarious self-efficacy were specifically examined. A qualitative case study design was used to gather interview data from six homeless shelters in North Carolina. The interviewees included five shelter directors, three formerly homeless employees, and seven shelter residents. Professional boundary development was correlated with the impact of formerly homeless employee inclusion within the shelter community. There are more benefits than challenges to formerly homeless employee inclusion in homeless shelters. The challenges generally affected the formerly homeless employees themselves, sometimes to the point of addiction relapse. Formerly homeless employee inclusion provides the benefits of self-efficacy, tough love, and understanding and helping for shelter residents. Additional benefits were found for the formerly homeless employees. Benefits and challenges for professional employees were anecdotal and therefore not trustworthy. There are several major implications for professional practice resulting from this study. Shelter residents in the present study consistently viewed formerly homeless employee inclusion as positive. This positive experience may contribute to improved client engagement, retention, and outcomes. The challenges presented were infrequent, and considered manageable by the shelter directors. These findings may encourage other shelter directors to employ formerly homeless individuals, thereby benefitting others who are either experiencing or working to alleviate homelessness. Formerly homeless employee inclusion is also consistent with strengths-based practice and the social justice principle of the National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics, as it provides meaningful opportunities for indigenous participation. Future research should focus on further understanding the correlation between formerly homeless employee inclusion and shelter resident outcomes and the effects of formerly homeless employee inclusion on professional shelter employees. / text