Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE and PHILOSOPHY In the subject of Communication Science at the University of Zululand, 2007. / This dissertation presents the results of an analysis of corporate social investment and HIV/Aids programmes in South African corporations. The study measures the growing debate over the responsibilities of business and the examination of Corporate Social Investment (CSI) programmes and communication strategies used in HIV/Aids awareness programmes by the top 100 listed companies on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). The first part of the study reviews theories and literature relevant to defining the understanding and the impact of HIV/Aids on businesses, the idea of corporate social investment/responsibility and the business response to AIDS. Subsequent chapters describe the construction of a survey instrument employed to measure and evaluate the extent of CSI and HIV/Aids in South African corporations and the findings of the survey. Penultimate chapters blend the insights gained from this literature review to interpret the results, obtained through the quantitative research methodology, to describe a set of conclusions and recommendations in the context of applying corporate social investment -and HIV/Aids to the South African business environment. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Communication Science, University of Zululand, 1994. / Public relations unique 'gate-keeping role' in a new communication order offers practitioners a definite break with the past and dynamic new challenges for the future. This new-found status rests on the premise that communication theory should provide the basic underlying philosophy for public relations. Furthermore, in the First World/Third World duality of South Africa, it is argued that the whole approach to public relations must change in order to more accurately reflect the needs of various communities. In communication terms, this:means placing greater importance and reliance on recipients* needs throughout the communication process. Regular feedback must be encouraged. This emphasis supports the view that public relations is essentially a communication phenomenon rooted in the understanding of social issues. Thus its background and experience will serve it well in the evolution of a new, democratic, non-racial society in South Africa.

Examining corporate social investment (CSI) in South Africa through a lens of institutional theory, this study investigates the validity of criticisms found in literature and society of the practice of CSI in the country. Using a two-phase explanatory sequential research design, an initial quantitative study of archival data provides insights into the current state of CSI in South Africa. Regression and principal component analysis are then used to investigate the relationship between CSI levels and indicators for corporate financial performance and social need. A subsequent qualitative study utilising thematic analysis of interview data addresses questions arising from the quantitative analysis. Semi-structured interviews are conducted with leading corporate executives and academics in the field of CSI regarding their perceptions of the efficacy of CSI and the motivations driving corporate funding of CSI, including their concerns regarding CSI and suggestions for improvements. This study reveals profound concerns amongst corporate practitioners and in academia regarding the practice of CSI, including perceptions that the social impact of CSI is low and that the quality of many CSI programmes is poor. The motivations behind the funding of CSI were also seen to be largely inauthentic, with companies driven primarily by regulation or self-interest in their funding of CSI, rather than a sense of moral imperative. Companies appear to embrace CSI in an attempt to adhere to the social expectations and laws of society, thereby gaining legitimacy, stability, and improved long-term survival prospects. The formal structures and rhetoric surrounding CSI have become decoupled from the underlying activities that characterise its practice, however, a result of relative corporate indifference to its social impact. This ceremonial commitment to the practice of CSI has led to an emphasis on the optics rather than the impact of CSI activities. The results of this study suggest that enhanced incentives or disincentives and greater accountability may be required in order to make CSI contributions more impactful, as may improvements to best practices in the field.

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Communication Science at the University of Zululand , South Africa, 2013. / Corporate Social Investment (CSI), a relatively new concept yet fast gaining momentum across the world, defines how corporates have responsibilities towards the environment, local communities and ethical practices. Many organisations have realised that beyond making profits, they are responsible to their various stakeholders and have an obligation towards the improvement of their surroundings. This involves implementing well-structured plans of their corporate social initiatives. It is envisaged that these companies would identify gaps within communities before they implement any social initiatives. Planned initiatives generally tend to appropriately promote social harmony within a target community. The global economic meltdown which has been experienced has caused catastrophic job losses throughout the world. Many companies began cost cutting initiatives. Most companies, unfortunately, began scaling down (or even stopped) their CSI initiatives. This study examines the unemployment situation in Richards Bay (South Africa) and investigates whether the major companies have stepped up or stepped down their CSI initiatives. This takes a close look at how major companies used CSI initiatives to assist communities in overcoming the unemployment crisis. These companies after close scrutiny revealed varying CSI initiatives that cater for diverse areas such as education, environment, and agriculture and skills development. However the communication that exists between the community and corporates needs to be more active and allow the community to be able to provide both input and feedback

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education in the Department of Educational Planning and Administration at the University of Zululand, 2003. / The study investigates the extent to which communication is used as a management tool for Corporate Social Investment (CSI) programmes. To this end, the following objectives were formulated; To (a) determine if communication between funding business organisations and communities facilitate the realisation of mutually beneficial goals, (b) determine if communication between funding business organisations and communities is regular, (c) determine if communication between funding business organisations and communities is empowering to communities, (d) determine if corporate social investment managers find a difference in communication efficiency between corporate social investment programmes in education and training on the one hand and other forms of CSI programmes on the other hand. In order to investigate the aims of the study two instruments were used viz, a closed-ended questionnaire and an interview schedule. There were two samples for the study which were corporate social investment practitioners (Public Relations Managers, Community Affairs Managers, Corporate Communications Managers or any other person designated to perform such a role) and the community members who are recipients of CSI funding. The close-ended questionnaire was administered to corporate social investment practitioners and the interview schedule was used, to solicit data from recipients of funding. For the analysis of data a chi-square one sample test was used for the first four research objectives. After the analysis and interpretation of data was done, the study came to the following conclusions (a) Communication within CSI programmes facilitates the realisation of mutually beneficial goals between funding business organisations and the community (b) Communication between funding business organisations and communities is regular because there are scheduled dates for meetings and both parties observe these scheduled meetings (c) Communication between funding business organisations and communities is empowering to communities, and (d) There was a difference in communication efficiency between education and training programmes on the one hand and other sectors on the other hand.

A Responsabilidade Social das Empresas (RSE) nasce a partir dos anos 1990, quando temas como direitos humanos e do trabalho, meio ambiente e Desenvolvimento Sustentável (DS) são discutidos entre os países membros das Nações Unidas. A partir daí foi criado um grande número de normas e instrumentos para consolidar a RSE e o DS, colocados como prática de gestão. Paralelamente, mudanças na economia global e na capacidade resolutiva do Estado com relação a questões sociais (como a Saúde), tornaram importante o papel social do setor privado, através de políticas e práticas de RSE e do Investimento Social Privado (ISP). A pesquisa se justifica pelo fato de que cabe ao setor público garantir a Saúde como um direito de todos e a definição de Políticas Públicas de Saúde e ao setor privado contribuir para que isso seja efetivado. Mas para que o setor privado contribua efetivamente, e tenha a Saúde como uma das metas da RSE e do ISP, ele necessita ser adequadamente abordado e ter suporte especializado na sua gestão, o que por sua vez pode tornar esses programas mais adequados às realidades locais nas quais as empresas estão inseridas ou dispostas a atuar. Complementarmente, esses programas de RSE podem contribuir para a sustentabilidade do próprio SUS. O presente trabalho tomou como questões específicas: a ampliação do conhecimento sobre a RSE e o ISP em Saúde e as suas linhas de ação; os contextos e as representações sociais dos atores envolvidos na definição, planejamento e desenvolvimento de políticas e práticas de ISP em Saúde; a Promoção da Saúde (PS) como referencia para o desenvolvimento de políticas e práticas de Saúde. O presente projeto objetivou contribuir para a elaboração de diretrizes e estratégias que orientem administradores e gestores do setor privado na definição de políticas e práticas de ISP em Saúde. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas com administradores e gestores do ISP em Saúde, de organizações associadas ao GIFE (Grupo de Institutos, Fundações e Empresas), órgão que atua diretamente com o estudo e orientação sobre o ISP, e pesquisa documental. Foi utilizada como técnica de processamento de dados da pesquisa o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC ) e o software Qualiquantsoft. A análise desse conjunto de informações, tendo como base a Teoria das Representações Sociais, propiciou os seguintes resultados: o foco filantrópico do ISP, que era voltado para a família, a criança, com ações esporádicas e emergenciais, ao longo dos 15 anos de ISP no Brasil, vai gradativamente se estruturando, priorizando a área da Educação e a faixa etária de jovens; a percepção sobre a Saúde é predominantemente que ela é importante, mas é obrigação do Estado; a Saúde é percebida como uma área assistencial-curativa e o investimento nessa área tem decrescido dado seu alto custo e dificuldade de gestão; as ações desenvolvidas pelo ISP são de tratamento ou prevenção de doenças; o DS objetiva, em última instancia, a continuidade da vida e das organizações humanas no planeta, acima de tudo com qualidade de vida, o que necessariamente envolve saúde e bem-estar. Como conclusões, tal qual a PS propõe, deve-se atuar nos determinantes da Saúde. Quanto ao aspecto da gestão, as Normas brasileira e a internacional de RSE podem ser boas referencias. Duas estratégias foram consideradas fundamentais:1) inclusão da Educação para a Saúde na área da Educação, ampliando a atuação dessa área do ISP e 2) a Intersetorialiadade, ou seja, incluir a Saúde em todos os setores sociais e produtivos, no caso do ISP em todas as suas áreas temáticas ou de atuação, com o enfoque na PS, ou seja, nos determinantes da Saúde / The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has started in the 1990s, when issues such as human and labor rights, environment and sustainable development (SD) were discussed among member countries of the United Nations. From then on a large number of standards and tools were established to consolidate CSR and SD, seen as management practices. In addition, changes in the global economy and resolving capacity of the state with respect to social issues (such as health) made the social role of the private sector important through policies and practices of CSR and Private Social Investment (PSI). This research is justified by the fact that public sector is supposed to be accountable to ensure health as a right of all and for the definition of Public Health Policies while the private sector would contribute for their accomplishment. However, in order that the private sector could make an effective contribution and have Health as one of the goals of CSR and PSI, it needs to be properly addressed and have expert support in its management, which in turn can make these programs more responsive to local realities where companies are located or willing to act. In addition, these CSR programs can contribute to the sustainability of the SUS (Unified Health System) . This study approaches these specific issues: the expansion of knowledge on CSR and PSI on Health and its lines of action, contexts and social representations of the players involved in defining, planning and developing practices of Health. This project aimed to contribute to the development of guidelines and strategies that would assist administrators and managers of the private sector in policies and practices of PSIs on Health. To this end, we conducted interviews with administrators and managers of PSI on Health, organizations associated to GIFE (Group of Institutes, Foundations and Enterprises), an agency that works directly with the study and guidance on the ISP, and documentary research. A technique for processing survey data called the Collective Subject Discourse (CSD) was used as well as software Qualiquantsoft. The analysis of all this information, based on the Theory of Social Representations, provided the following results: the philanthropic focus of the ISP, which aimed primarily the family and the child, with sporadic and emergency actions, over the 15 years of ISP in Brazil, has gradually structured and prioritized the area of education and the youngsters; the main perception on Health is that it is important, but it is the responsibility of the State; Health is perceived as a curative and care area, so investment in that segment has decreased because of its high cost and difficulty of management; the actions taken by the PSI are in treatment or prevention of disease, the SD objective is ultimately the continuity of life and of human organizations in the world, above all with quality of life, which necessarily involves health and well-being. In conclusion, as HP proposes, we must act on the determinants of Health. Regarding the area of management, Brazilian and international standards of CSR can be good references. Two strategies were considered essential: 1) inclusion of Health Education in Education area, expanding the role of the PSI in that segment and 2) the intersectoriality, i.e. the inclusion of Health in all social and productive sectors and in the case of PSI in all its thematic areas or activities, with a focus on HP, i.e. the determinants of Health

A Responsabilidade Social das Empresas (RSE) nasce a partir dos anos 1990, quando temas como direitos humanos e do trabalho, meio ambiente e Desenvolvimento Sustentável (DS) são discutidos entre os países membros das Nações Unidas. A partir daí foi criado um grande número de normas e instrumentos para consolidar a RSE e o DS, colocados como prática de gestão. Paralelamente, mudanças na economia global e na capacidade resolutiva do Estado com relação a questões sociais (como a Saúde), tornaram importante o papel social do setor privado, através de políticas e práticas de RSE e do Investimento Social Privado (ISP). A pesquisa se justifica pelo fato de que cabe ao setor público garantir a Saúde como um direito de todos e a definição de Políticas Públicas de Saúde e ao setor privado contribuir para que isso seja efetivado. Mas para que o setor privado contribua efetivamente, e tenha a Saúde como uma das metas da RSE e do ISP, ele necessita ser adequadamente abordado e ter suporte especializado na sua gestão, o que por sua vez pode tornar esses programas mais adequados às realidades locais nas quais as empresas estão inseridas ou dispostas a atuar. Complementarmente, esses programas de RSE podem contribuir para a sustentabilidade do próprio SUS. O presente trabalho tomou como questões específicas: a ampliação do conhecimento sobre a RSE e o ISP em Saúde e as suas linhas de ação; os contextos e as representações sociais dos atores envolvidos na definição, planejamento e desenvolvimento de políticas e práticas de ISP em Saúde; a Promoção da Saúde (PS) como referencia para o desenvolvimento de políticas e práticas de Saúde. O presente projeto objetivou contribuir para a elaboração de diretrizes e estratégias que orientem administradores e gestores do setor privado na definição de políticas e práticas de ISP em Saúde. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas com administradores e gestores do ISP em Saúde, de organizações associadas ao GIFE (Grupo de Institutos, Fundações e Empresas), órgão que atua diretamente com o estudo e orientação sobre o ISP, e pesquisa documental. Foi utilizada como técnica de processamento de dados da pesquisa o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC ) e o software Qualiquantsoft. A análise desse conjunto de informações, tendo como base a Teoria das Representações Sociais, propiciou os seguintes resultados: o foco filantrópico do ISP, que era voltado para a família, a criança, com ações esporádicas e emergenciais, ao longo dos 15 anos de ISP no Brasil, vai gradativamente se estruturando, priorizando a área da Educação e a faixa etária de jovens; a percepção sobre a Saúde é predominantemente que ela é importante, mas é obrigação do Estado; a Saúde é percebida como uma área assistencial-curativa e o investimento nessa área tem decrescido dado seu alto custo e dificuldade de gestão; as ações desenvolvidas pelo ISP são de tratamento ou prevenção de doenças; o DS objetiva, em última instancia, a continuidade da vida e das organizações humanas no planeta, acima de tudo com qualidade de vida, o que necessariamente envolve saúde e bem-estar. Como conclusões, tal qual a PS propõe, deve-se atuar nos determinantes da Saúde. Quanto ao aspecto da gestão, as Normas brasileira e a internacional de RSE podem ser boas referencias. Duas estratégias foram consideradas fundamentais:1) inclusão da Educação para a Saúde na área da Educação, ampliando a atuação dessa área do ISP e 2) a Intersetorialiadade, ou seja, incluir a Saúde em todos os setores sociais e produtivos, no caso do ISP em todas as suas áreas temáticas ou de atuação, com o enfoque na PS, ou seja, nos determinantes da Saúde / The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has started in the 1990s, when issues such as human and labor rights, environment and sustainable development (SD) were discussed among member countries of the United Nations. From then on a large number of standards and tools were established to consolidate CSR and SD, seen as management practices. In addition, changes in the global economy and resolving capacity of the state with respect to social issues (such as health) made the social role of the private sector important through policies and practices of CSR and Private Social Investment (PSI). This research is justified by the fact that public sector is supposed to be accountable to ensure health as a right of all and for the definition of Public Health Policies while the private sector would contribute for their accomplishment. However, in order that the private sector could make an effective contribution and have Health as one of the goals of CSR and PSI, it needs to be properly addressed and have expert support in its management, which in turn can make these programs more responsive to local realities where companies are located or willing to act. In addition, these CSR programs can contribute to the sustainability of the SUS (Unified Health System) . This study approaches these specific issues: the expansion of knowledge on CSR and PSI on Health and its lines of action, contexts and social representations of the players involved in defining, planning and developing practices of Health. This project aimed to contribute to the development of guidelines and strategies that would assist administrators and managers of the private sector in policies and practices of PSIs on Health. To this end, we conducted interviews with administrators and managers of PSI on Health, organizations associated to GIFE (Group of Institutes, Foundations and Enterprises), an agency that works directly with the study and guidance on the ISP, and documentary research. A technique for processing survey data called the Collective Subject Discourse (CSD) was used as well as software Qualiquantsoft. The analysis of all this information, based on the Theory of Social Representations, provided the following results: the philanthropic focus of the ISP, which aimed primarily the family and the child, with sporadic and emergency actions, over the 15 years of ISP in Brazil, has gradually structured and prioritized the area of education and the youngsters; the main perception on Health is that it is important, but it is the responsibility of the State; Health is perceived as a curative and care area, so investment in that segment has decreased because of its high cost and difficulty of management; the actions taken by the PSI are in treatment or prevention of disease, the SD objective is ultimately the continuity of life and of human organizations in the world, above all with quality of life, which necessarily involves health and well-being. In conclusion, as HP proposes, we must act on the determinants of Health. Regarding the area of management, Brazilian and international standards of CSR can be good references. Two strategies were considered essential: 1) inclusion of Health Education in Education area, expanding the role of the PSI in that segment and 2) the intersectoriality, i.e. the inclusion of Health in all social and productive sectors and in the case of PSI in all its thematic areas or activities, with a focus on HP, i.e. the determinants of Health

Non-government organisations (NGOs) are special kinds of organisation which focus on serving the common good in society. Historically they have helped the needy, disadvantaged and vulnerable people and communities. The view that society had of NGOs has changed: they are no longer seen as charity and welfare organisations but as valuable partners in the context of sustainable development. Although many different non-profit organisations exist, all strive towards development, betterment and upliftment. These organisations are dependent on funding, yet need to be sustainable, which creates the challenge of obtaining funding in order to render services. This research explored the current funding context, using Bramley’s Children’s Home as a case study, in order to identify the challenges experienced by NGOs in obtaining adequate funding. It also investigated the perceptions of management regarding the impact of these challenges on the sustainability of the organisation. The research findings indicate that funding is seen as a common dilemma in this sector, and that there is a lack of sufficient long-term investment from donors. The effect is that NGOs struggle to implement much-needed services and therefore improving services in order to address the constantly changing needs of people remains a challenge. Emphasis has been placed on the importance of collaboration between the NGO sector, the business sector and government. By establishing partnerships each sector can benefit when contributing to sustainable development and can possibly also address the challenge of funding within NGOs. This research strives to showcase the important role of NGOs within the context of sustainable development, with specific reference to Bramley Children’s Home in addressing the social problem of caring for and protecting vulnerable children. / Master of Development and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Business is arguably the most powerful institution of our society and ever since the publication of the second King Report on Corporate Governance for South Africa (King II) in 2002, South African corporate companies have sharpened their focus on their commitment to the “Triple Bottom Line”, an expanded baseline for measuring a company’s performance which includes, in addition to the traditional financial yardstick, accounting of the impact of their activities on society and the environment. It is impossible for organisations to ignore the impact of social, ethical and environmental issues on their business. This research provides an overview of Corporate Social Investment initiatives in South Africa towards developing education. There is a demand for corporate companies to comply with both the King Report on Corporate Governance as well as Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment. Considering the poor state of education, both Government and the private sector are contributing financially to improve the socio-economic conditions of the country, specifically the state of education. Government’s contribution to public education remains its single largest investment, because it is the key to reducing poverty and accelerating long-term economic growth. However, very little impact can be measured as conditions are still very poor and problems still persist. There is no integrated, sustainable focused approach which can be effectively measured and evaluated. The purpose of this research is to investigate initiatives toward the development of education, the focus and the magnitude and effects of initiatives. Thereafter a more synergetic and integrated plan is presented and recommended to the corporate sector to assist in developing education. / MCom (Business Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Non-government organisations (NGOs) are special kinds of organisation which focus on serving the common good in society. Historically they have helped the needy, disadvantaged and vulnerable people and communities. The view that society had of NGOs has changed: they are no longer seen as charity and welfare organisations but as valuable partners in the context of sustainable development. Although many different non-profit organisations exist, all strive towards development, betterment and upliftment. These organisations are dependent on funding, yet need to be sustainable, which creates the challenge of obtaining funding in order to render services. This research explored the current funding context, using Bramley’s Children’s Home as a case study, in order to identify the challenges experienced by NGOs in obtaining adequate funding. It also investigated the perceptions of management regarding the impact of these challenges on the sustainability of the organisation. The research findings indicate that funding is seen as a common dilemma in this sector, and that there is a lack of sufficient long-term investment from donors. The effect is that NGOs struggle to implement much-needed services and therefore improving services in order to address the constantly changing needs of people remains a challenge. Emphasis has been placed on the importance of collaboration between the NGO sector, the business sector and government. By establishing partnerships each sector can benefit when contributing to sustainable development and can possibly also address the challenge of funding within NGOs. This research strives to showcase the important role of NGOs within the context of sustainable development, with specific reference to Bramley Children’s Home in addressing the social problem of caring for and protecting vulnerable children. / Master of Development and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015