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Structural changes in society have often been related to social problems such as crime, alcoholism and social elimination. In this analysis of the development of social elimination in Sweden during the period 1860-1975, which is mainly based on official data, it is demonstrated that there is not always a causal relationship between structural change and such social problems. If structural changes lead to social problems or not depend on whether the structural changes occur according to a "Budding" or an "Ex­pansion" model. The historical period in which a rapid structural change followed the "Budding" model closely was the time right before and after the turn of the century in which the final leap into the industrial society occured. This was a period characterized by an increasing number of industries, communities and organizations. During this period the structural changes increased the legal economic opportunities, strengthened the social and cultural integration as well as the informal social control within the working class. This period was also a period with decreasing human malad­justment symptoms and social elimination. After World War II a new period of rapid structural changes occured. But now the development followed closely to the "Expansion" model. This was a period when different subsystems in society became larger, more centra­lized specialized and difficult to survey. The consequences were not only more individual freedom and higher standards of living but also many individuals experienced a great deal of social stress together with a decreasing social and cultural integration. Increasing opportunities for crime and drugs to­gether with a decreasing social control increased the risks for social mal­adjustment for many people. This latter period can also be described as a period of rapidly increasing human maladjustment symptoms and increasing social elimination of the socially maladjusted. / digitalisering@umu

Depuis la publication des Œuvres de Fernand Deligny en 2007, nous assistons à une redécouverte de cet auteur et de son œuvre. Pendant plus de cinquante ans, Deligny a travaillé avec à des enfants et des jeunes en marge, considérés par les milieux médicaux, sociaux et juridiques comme « inadaptés ». L'objectif de cette thèse est de reconstituer les différentes expériences pratiques développées par Deligny et de systématiser sa pensée. Cette tâche est devenue possible grâce à une vision globale de son œuvre et au travail d’organisation de ses archives que nous avons entrepris au cours de cette recherche. Nous proposons ainsi d’exposer comment la pensée de Deligny s’est précisée au fil des décennies et notamment à partir de sa rencontre avec des enfants autistes mutiques. À partir de 1967, Deligny et d’autres personnes s’installent dans les Cévennes afin de créer un réseau de lieux de prise en charge d’enfants autistes. Sans qu'ils aient à proprement parler une visée thérapeutique et rééducative, ils développent toutefois une série de dispositifs d’ordre à la fois clinique, esthétique et anthropologique. Nous proposons d’analyser en détail ces différents dispositifs – l’écriture, la cartographie et le tournage de films – afin de comprendre la pratique quotidienne développée pour vivre avec les enfants autistes. Nous proposons ensuite de voir comment ces pratiques n'ont cessé d'être habitées par une recherche, à partir de laquelle Deligny a pu construire une réflexion philosophique très particulière. Cette réflexion, fondée sur le concept d’« humain » et sur une critique radicale de toute forme d’humanisme, est à la fois tout à fait singulière et profondément inscrite dans les débats de son temps – notamment dans les champs de l’anthropologie, de la psychanalyse et de la philosophie française contemporaine. / Since Fernand Deligny’s Works were published in 2007, a rediscovery of this author and his work is taking place. During more than fifty years Deligny worked with children and young people living in the fringes of the society, individuals considered socially maladjusted by the medical, social and juridical institutions. This dissertation aims to reconstitute Deligny’s multiple practical experiences and to systematize his thinking. This task is possible on the basis of a global vision of his work and of the extensive archival work done during this research. We propose to expose how Deligny’s thinking became more precise in the course of these decades and especially after his encounter with mute autistic children. After 1967, Deligny and others settled in Cevennes where they created a network of living places for these children. Without aiming to establish a therapeutic or rehabilitative milieu, they developed an apparatus having a clinical, aesthetic and anthropologic dimension. We propose a detailed analysis of this apparatus, which includes the writing, the cartography and the shooting of films, in order to grasp the approach chosen by Deligny to live with these children. Furthermore, we propose to see how research was continually undertaken within these practices. Thus Deligny was capable of building a very particular philosophical thinking. This thinking, based on the concept of the “human” and a radical critique of every form of humanism, is at the same time very singular and very connected to a large contemporary debate in the anthropologic, psychoanalytic and French philosophic fields.