No description available.

Master thesis elaborates on agent-based modelling (ABM, computer simulation method) founded on the concept of analytical sociology and its use in empirical sociology. The use is demonstrated by creation of a model based on the principal of environmental sociology studying the influence of social factors on the environment. Thesis works with the empirical- theoretical concept New ecological paradigm (NEP) measuring the values and opinions on the environment. The origin of the paper was motivated by the absence of the projects combining the method of empirically calibrated agent-based modelling and sociological grounds, particularly in the Czech context, but also abroad. Based on the environmental module of Czech data ISSP 2010 and research question "How parameters of social network influence the willingness to sort waste?" model was created and analyzed. Relationship between both types of agents (sorting and not sorting waste during the whole simulation) and their neighbourhood was found. The higher the number of neighbours, the more agents with this particular type of behaviour. The likelihood of bond creation with long-distance agent at the expence of bond abolition with close neighbour was without any influence on the number of non/sorting agents. It seems the agents tend to replicate behaviour...

O presente trabalho está focado na questão do equilíbrio dos valores de troca em sistemas multiagentes. A base para a formalização das interações sociais entre os agentes envolvidos é a Teoria Sociológica de Piaget, a partir da qual as relações sociais podem ser vistas como troca de serviços entre os indivíduos. A cada interação, corresponde um conjunto de valores de troca qualitativos, os quais podem ser materiais, correspondentes ao custo real do prestador do serviço e ao benefício real do beneficiário do serviço, ou virtuais, correspondentes aos créditos ou débitos que cada indivíduo assume para si próprio. Nesse contexto, o equilíbrio dos valores de troca reflete o cumprimento das normas da sociedade, sejam essas normas de caráter moral ou jurídico. Apresenta-se uma abordagem simples para o problema do equilíbrio social, a qual se baseia na comunicação entre os agentes e na avaliação do histórico de trocas passadas para a determinação dos valores adequados a cada nova troca. Verificou-se que esta abordagem apresenta resultados satisfatórios, ainda que aplicada somente durante parte das interações entre os agentes, demonstrando que, apesar de simples, é uma abordagem eficiente para o atingimento e manutenção do equilíbrio social. / This work focuses on the equilibrium of exchange values on multiagent systems. The basis to the formalization of social interaction is Piaget’s Sociological Theory, which states that social relationships can be seen as service exchanges between individuals. To each social interaction, there is a corresponding set of qualitative exchange values, that can be material, corresponding to real costs and benefits for the involved, or virtual, corresponding to credits and debits recognized by each individual. On this context, the equilibrium of exchange values reflects the obedience to society rules, that may be of moral or legal nature. We present a simple approach to the equilibrium problem, which is based on communication among agents and analysis of past interactions, in order to determinate the appropriate values for each new exchange. We show that this approach presents satisfactory results, demonstrating that, in spite of its simplicity, it is an efficient approach for reaching and sustaining social equilibrium.

O presente trabalho está focado na questão do equilíbrio dos valores de troca em sistemas multiagentes. A base para a formalização das interações sociais entre os agentes envolvidos é a Teoria Sociológica de Piaget, a partir da qual as relações sociais podem ser vistas como troca de serviços entre os indivíduos. A cada interação, corresponde um conjunto de valores de troca qualitativos, os quais podem ser materiais, correspondentes ao custo real do prestador do serviço e ao benefício real do beneficiário do serviço, ou virtuais, correspondentes aos créditos ou débitos que cada indivíduo assume para si próprio. Nesse contexto, o equilíbrio dos valores de troca reflete o cumprimento das normas da sociedade, sejam essas normas de caráter moral ou jurídico. Apresenta-se uma abordagem simples para o problema do equilíbrio social, a qual se baseia na comunicação entre os agentes e na avaliação do histórico de trocas passadas para a determinação dos valores adequados a cada nova troca. Verificou-se que esta abordagem apresenta resultados satisfatórios, ainda que aplicada somente durante parte das interações entre os agentes, demonstrando que, apesar de simples, é uma abordagem eficiente para o atingimento e manutenção do equilíbrio social. / This work focuses on the equilibrium of exchange values on multiagent systems. The basis to the formalization of social interaction is Piaget’s Sociological Theory, which states that social relationships can be seen as service exchanges between individuals. To each social interaction, there is a corresponding set of qualitative exchange values, that can be material, corresponding to real costs and benefits for the involved, or virtual, corresponding to credits and debits recognized by each individual. On this context, the equilibrium of exchange values reflects the obedience to society rules, that may be of moral or legal nature. We present a simple approach to the equilibrium problem, which is based on communication among agents and analysis of past interactions, in order to determinate the appropriate values for each new exchange. We show that this approach presents satisfactory results, demonstrating that, in spite of its simplicity, it is an efficient approach for reaching and sustaining social equilibrium.

O presente trabalho está focado na questão do equilíbrio dos valores de troca em sistemas multiagentes. A base para a formalização das interações sociais entre os agentes envolvidos é a Teoria Sociológica de Piaget, a partir da qual as relações sociais podem ser vistas como troca de serviços entre os indivíduos. A cada interação, corresponde um conjunto de valores de troca qualitativos, os quais podem ser materiais, correspondentes ao custo real do prestador do serviço e ao benefício real do beneficiário do serviço, ou virtuais, correspondentes aos créditos ou débitos que cada indivíduo assume para si próprio. Nesse contexto, o equilíbrio dos valores de troca reflete o cumprimento das normas da sociedade, sejam essas normas de caráter moral ou jurídico. Apresenta-se uma abordagem simples para o problema do equilíbrio social, a qual se baseia na comunicação entre os agentes e na avaliação do histórico de trocas passadas para a determinação dos valores adequados a cada nova troca. Verificou-se que esta abordagem apresenta resultados satisfatórios, ainda que aplicada somente durante parte das interações entre os agentes, demonstrando que, apesar de simples, é uma abordagem eficiente para o atingimento e manutenção do equilíbrio social. / This work focuses on the equilibrium of exchange values on multiagent systems. The basis to the formalization of social interaction is Piaget’s Sociological Theory, which states that social relationships can be seen as service exchanges between individuals. To each social interaction, there is a corresponding set of qualitative exchange values, that can be material, corresponding to real costs and benefits for the involved, or virtual, corresponding to credits and debits recognized by each individual. On this context, the equilibrium of exchange values reflects the obedience to society rules, that may be of moral or legal nature. We present a simple approach to the equilibrium problem, which is based on communication among agents and analysis of past interactions, in order to determinate the appropriate values for each new exchange. We show that this approach presents satisfactory results, demonstrating that, in spite of its simplicity, it is an efficient approach for reaching and sustaining social equilibrium.

Au cours des dernières années, l'utilisation de simulations à base d'agents pour étudier les systèmes sociaux s'est étendue à de nombreux domaines (géographie, écologie, sociologie, économie, etc.). Ces simulations visent à reproduire des situations réelles impliquant des acteurs humains ; il est donc nécessaire d'y intégrer des agents complexes reproduisant le comportement des personnes simulées. Par conséquent, des notions telles que la cognition, les émotions, la personnalité, les relations sociales ou les normes doivent être prises en compte. Pour autant, il n'existe actuellement aucune architecture d'agent intégrant toutes ces caractéristiques et pouvant être utilisée par la majorité des modélisateurs, y compris ceux n'étant pas expert en programmation informatique. Dans cette thèse, l'architecture BEN (Behavior with Emotions and Norms) est présentée pour répondre à cette question. Il s'agit d'une architecture modulaire basée sur le modèle BDI de la cognition avec des modules pour ajouter des émotions, de la contagion émotionnelle, une personnalité, des relations sociales et des normes au comportement des agents. Ces dimensions comportementales sont formalisées de manière à ce qu'elles puissent fonctionner ensemble pour produire un comportement crédible dans le contexte des simulations sociales. L'architecture est implémentée dans la plate-forme de simulation GAMA afin de la rendre utilisable par la communauté des simulations sociales. Enfin, BEN est utilisé pour étudier deux cas d'évacuation d'une boîte de nuit en feu, montrant que l'architecture est actuellement utilisable à travers son implémentation dans GAMA et qu'elle permet aux modélisateurs de reproduire des situations réelles impliquant des acteurs humains. / Over the last few years, the use of agent-based simulations to study social systems has spread to many domains (e.g. geography, ecology, sociology, economy). These simulations aim to reproduce real life situations involving human beings and thus need to integrate complex agents to match the behavior of the people simulated. Therefore, notions such as cognition, emotions, personality, social relations or norms have to be taken into account, but currently there is no agent architecture that could incorporate all these features and be used by the majority of modelers, including those with low levels of skills in programming. In this thesis, the BEN (Behavior with Emotions and Norms) architecture is introduced to tackle this issue. It is a modular architecture based on the BDI model of cognition featuring modules for adding emotions, emotional contagion, personality, social relations and norms to agent behavior. These behavioral dimensions are formalised in a way so they may operate together to produce a believable behavior in the context of social simulations. The architecture is implemented into the GAMA simulation platform in order to make it usable by the social simulation community. Finally, BEN is used to study two cases of evacuation of a nightclub on fire, showing it is currently usable throught its implementation into GAMA and it enables modelers to reproduce real life situations involving human actors.

Nous étudions dans cette thèse la formation et la dynamique des attitudes sociales à l'aide de la simulation multi agent. L'attitude peut se définir comme une évaluation globale d'un objet social sur la base d'informations cognitives ou affectives. Nos travaux s'inscrivent dans le cadre de la simulation sociale qui tente de reproduire informatiquement des phénomènes sociaux complexes à une échelle macroscopique, sur la base de la représentation des individus et de leurs interactions au niveau microscopique. Tandis que les approches existantes dans cette discipline font généralement abstraction des travaux en sciences humaines sur le sujet de l'attitude, nous proposons de suivre une approche psychomimétique en micro-fondant le modèle cognitif de nos agents sur des théories issues de psychologie sociale et des sciences cognitives. Ainsi, nous proposons un modèle de dynamique d'attitude combinant des théories issues de travaux en sciences humaines et sociales de la perception des individus, la communication inter-personnelle et médiatique, la révision de croyances, la réponse émotionnelle ainsi que le sentiment de surprise. Ce modèle a pour objectif de reproduire au niveau microscopique la dynamique des attitudes vis-à-vis d'acteurs qui effectuent des actions observées par la population. Nous avons procédé à une analyse fonctionnelle des différents composants du modèle sur des scénarii abstraits afin d'étudier les capacités de notre modèle, en particulier les phénomènes descriptibles tels que la diffusion de l'information, la résistance à la désinformation ou le processus de conformité. Le modèle a été appliqué dans le contexte des opérations militaires françaises de stabilisation en Afghanistan. L'objectif de cette expérience consiste à reproduire les sondages d'opinions vis-à-vis des Forces en présence, récoltés durant l'intervention, à partir d'un scénario militaire qui a été reconstitué en partenariat avec les officiers en charge des opérations de 2011 à 2012. Les résultats de simulations qui suivent un processus de calibration du modèle affichent une erreur inférieure à 3 points d'écart par rapport aux données réelles. Enfin, nous proposons une analyse microscopique des résultats en appliquant des techniques de classifications automatiques sur les individus afin d'expliquer les différentes tendances d'attitudes au sein de la population. / We study in this thesis the problem of social attitude formation and dynamics using multi agent simulation. The concept of attitude could be defined as a global evaluation of a social object, based on cognitive or affective information. Our works belongs to the field of social simulation which aims to reproduce in a virtual environment complex social phenomenon at a macroscopic level based on microscopic representations of individuals and their interactions. While existing approaches in this field rarely consider the results of studies in human sciences on the topic of attitude, we propose to follow a psychomimtic approach by micro-founding the cognitive model of our agents on human and social sciences' theories on individual's perception, inter-personal and media communication, belief revision, affective responses and the sentiment of unexpectedness. This model aims to reproduce at a microscopic level attitude dynamics toward actors who perpetuate actions witnessed by the individuals. We have proceeded to a functional analysis of the model's various components based on abstracts scenarios in order to study the capabilities of our model, and more precisely the describable phenomenon such as information diffusion, resistance to disinformation or the conformity process. The model has been applied in the context of French military operations of stabilisation in Afghanistan. The goal of this experience consists in reproducing opinion polls results of the locals toward the present Forces, collected during the intervention, based on a military scenario which has been recreated in partnership with officers who were in charge of operations between 2011 and 2012. Simulation results that follow a model calibration process show an error below 3 points of disparity compared to the real data. Finally, we propose a microscopic analysis of the results by applying automatic classification techniques on the simulated individuals in order to explain the multiple attitudes tendencies in the population.

Fashion, as a means of self-expression and communication, has always been an important aspect of human culture. In recent years, more and more fashion brandshave launched collaborative fashion accessories and clothing in games, and players have an increasing choice of fashion in games. This study chose to focus its work on both the importance of the clothing system and the fashion elements in the game to investigate the impact of fashion in animal crossing on players with different fashion sensitivities. This study uses a mixed method approach, combining questionnaires, in depth interviews and second interviews to collect comprehensive data from a diverse group of Animal Crossing players. By investigating the motivations, preferences and decision-making processes related to fashion choices, the impact of game fashion on players' gaming experience is examined. The findings suggest that game fashion in animal crossing produces positive effects on compensating for players' real-life fashion deficits, providing mental satisfaction, and becoming more interested in in-gamefashion versus negative effects of disappointment and resistance due to the inability of the game's clothing system to meet strong fashion expectations. This study aims to provide a reference for the optimization of the user experience of fashion on players and the game fashion system in social simulation games and other categories of games.

Neste trabalho são estudados os efeitos, causados por variações na topologia de rede, no comportamento de quatro modelos de dinâmica de opinião: o Modelo Votante, o Modelo Confiança Limitada, o Modelo da Regra da Maioria e o Modelo CODA. Primeiramente estes modelos são utilizados em simulações que usam uma série de diversas redes sociais complexas, geradas para apresentar diferentes combinações de valores de certas propriedades chave, como aglomeração, conectividade, assortatividade e distâncias internas. Em seguida, são realizados experimentos que mostram como a topologia influencia os resultados na modelagem de cenários de debates públicos, onde duas opiniões rivais, A e B, disputam sob condições desiguais o consenso de uma população simulada. / This work studies the effects caused by variations in network topology in the behavior of four different models of opinion dynamics: the Voter Model, Bounded Confidence Model, the Majority Rule Model and the CODA Model. First, these models are used in simulations over a number of different complex social networks, generated to show sereval combinations of key properties such as clustering, connectivity, assortativity and path distances. Then, we perform experiments that show how the topology influences the results in modeling scenarios of public debates, where two rival opinions, A and B, compete under unequal conditions for the consensus of a simulated population.

Neste trabalho são estudados os efeitos, causados por variações na topologia de rede, no comportamento de quatro modelos de dinâmica de opinião: o Modelo Votante, o Modelo Confiança Limitada, o Modelo da Regra da Maioria e o Modelo CODA. Primeiramente estes modelos são utilizados em simulações que usam uma série de diversas redes sociais complexas, geradas para apresentar diferentes combinações de valores de certas propriedades chave, como aglomeração, conectividade, assortatividade e distâncias internas. Em seguida, são realizados experimentos que mostram como a topologia influencia os resultados na modelagem de cenários de debates públicos, onde duas opiniões rivais, A e B, disputam sob condições desiguais o consenso de uma população simulada. / This work studies the effects caused by variations in network topology in the behavior of four different models of opinion dynamics: the Voter Model, Bounded Confidence Model, the Majority Rule Model and the CODA Model. First, these models are used in simulations over a number of different complex social networks, generated to show sereval combinations of key properties such as clustering, connectivity, assortativity and path distances. Then, we perform experiments that show how the topology influences the results in modeling scenarios of public debates, where two rival opinions, A and B, compete under unequal conditions for the consensus of a simulated population.