China has among the world’s fastest growing urban region and faced enormous environmental and social challenges that requires a forward thinking of urban planning, which integrates environmental sustainability and social equity into urban resilience. In China, national and provincial urban policies have long focused on economic and industrial developments, whereas social welfare was not account for urban planning until very recently. After decades of rapid socioeconomic development, China has now entered an urbanization stage at which social development becomes as urgent as economic and environmental transformation. Rural migrant as a lower social group is a product of China’s rigorous rural-urban household registration (Hukou) that has caused plenty of social tragedies. Although governmental authorities have vowed to elevate rural migrants’ social status, as a heterogeneous social group, rural migrants received very little research attention by far. To examine rural migrants’ demographic information and their social status, this research employs happiness as a theme to carry out a questionnaire survey. In total, 1,267 responses were collected at bus and train stations in Changsha, a second-tier city located in the middle of China. According to the survey, rural migrants’ happiness status is in close relation with some demographic characteristics such as gender, ethnicity and education. In general, men are unhappier than women; the ethnic minorities are unhappier than the ethnic majority-Han; and the highly educated are unhappier than those with lower educational attainment. By performing a stepwise regression, statistics uncover that rural migrants’ happiness status in Changsha is positively associated with a stable income, a job with insurance and a well sustained family tie. Based on the study results, I propose three suggestions for social urban planning in China’s second-tier cities: (1) to set up a commercial district that embraces diverse ethnic groups, where the minor ethnic rural migrants can work and live with their own cultures. (2) To gather rural migrants by industry and establish labour unions that can represent for rural migrants’ interests. (3) To maintain the discriminated Hukou system, but define Hukou identity based on rural migrants’ taxation conditions.     Keywords: rural migrants, demographic characteristics, happiness factors, social urban planning

Dagens Stockholm präglas av stor befolkningstillväxt, en ökande boendesegregation, bostadsbrist och socioekonomisk särskiljning i den fysiska miljön. Denna studie syftar till att klargöra och analysera de sociala planeringsinriktningar som förekommer i Stockholms stads översiktsplanering. Analysen sker utifrån en socialkonstruktivistisk ansats med ett diskursteoretiskt förhållningssätt med utgångspunkt i att stadsplanering är en social praktik som är diskursivt formad och dess utfall en diskursiv materialisering. Analysen fördjupas med teoretiska resonemang om social hållbarhet som begrepp och hur stadsplanering alltmer definieras av en omgivande nyliberal kontext. Material för studien består av Översiktsplan för Stockholms stad - Stockholm växer från 2018 och Stockholms Vision 2040 - Ett Stockholm för alla från 2017. Den nyliberala idén där ekonomisk hållbarhet likställs med ekonomiskt tillväxt gör sig gällande i de undersökta dokumenten. Stockholms planering utgår till stor del ifrån föreställningen om den attraktiva staden, med bakgrund i uppfattningen om internationell konkurrens mellan städer och med innerstadens levande stadsliv som normativ förebild. Social hållbarhet behandlas som ett prioriterat perspektiv men införlivas i en nyliberal logik där begreppet främst förstås som en avgörande faktor för stadens attraktivitet och en möjlighet till ekonomisk tillväxt. Stockholm stads planeringsideal om den attraktiva staden riktar sig till en välutbildad, urban medelklass, vilket i förlängningen leder till exkludering av andra sociala grupper och social orättvisa. / Stockholm is today facing a growing population, increasing residential segregation as well as housing shortage and socioeconomic separation in the built environment. The aim of this study is to clarify and analyze Stockholm’s orientation towards social urban planning. The analysis takes a social constructivist approach with influences from discourse theory in viewing urban planning as a social practice that is constructed by its surrounding discourse(s) which results in a discursive materialization in the built environment. A theoretical discussion about the conception of social sustainability and neoliberal planning is used to deepen the study’s analytical understanding. The material for the study constitutes of two planning documents, Stockholm’s general plan from 2018 and Stockholm’s vision for the city in 2040. The neoliberal notion of equating economic sustainability with economic growth is operative in the studied material. Stockholm’s approach towards urban planning has its foundation in the concept of an attractive city and the urban downtown areas, as well as the notion of an inter-urban competitive market. Social sustainability is considered a prioritized matter but is given meaning through a neoliberal logic as a critical factor in achieving an attractive city and enabling economic growth. Stockholm’s neoliberal planning approach towards the attractive city is aimed towards a well-educated, urban middle-class, which results in the exclusion of other social groups and social injustice.