This study has explored the experiences of lone mothers and their labours as lone- mother students in Higher Education and en route to accessing Higher Education. The main aim of the study was to investigate barriers and constraints in provision of support for lone mothers wishing to study in Higher Education. The importance of education for lone parents has been well documented (Fryer, 1997; Scottish Office,1998; Powney et al., 2000), and there has been a plethora of research undertaken on Higher Education. However, the connection between the lone mother and education has not received much attention; little is known about the support that is offered to lone mothers whilst accessing Higher Education. Research by the National Union of Students (NUS) (2009) has shown that in many ways the responsibilities of mothering and mothers have not been considered by educational institutions as many courses operate in a climate of assumption that most students are free from family obligations of providing care. Due to lack of empirical research undertaken in this area, this study adopted a qualitative ethnographic approach to investigate the lives of lone-mother students. Furthermore, the study was conducted by an international student from Pakistan who is a lone mother herself and whose experiences also form a part of this research. An ethnographic approach was adopted and developed, to enable a holistic understanding of the lone mothers’ experience in Higher Education and specifically in relation to their cultural background. Hence, in-depth, semi-structured interviews were opted for to collect data. The research revealed in-depth knowledge about the relationships that the lone mothers share with their children, extended family, friends and with studies. The data suggested the need for socio - economic support for lone mothers in Higher Education. The qualitative inquiry method used in this study allowed for an examination of the phenomenon of ‘lone motherhood’. The depth, range and longitudinal nature of the data allowed to see contradictions or contrasts in the data (e.g. extrinsic/intrinsic motivations), as well as changes and developments over time (anxiety/self-esteem). The iterative approach also enabled emerging theories and concepts to develop and to be tested over time (e.g. ‘modelling’, ‘utopian’ narratives). Thus, the ethnographic approach enriched the possibilities of ‘grounded’ theorising, and also improved the possibilities of extending previous studies. Thus it indicates that lone-mother students’experiences of education are complex and therefore it is argued that the study of lone- mother students should be extended to conduct further research into different aspects of lone mother students in Higher Education.

UNESCO’s Biosphere Reserve model reflects a shift from segregating towards more integrating area protection. This is attempted to be achieved through combining environmental protection with sustainable development, acknowledging hereby also human interests. The model is conceptually appealing and gaining popularity, which is indicated by the growing number of reserves worldwide. However, to successfully implement the desired goals in practice is challenging and substantial evidence of the concept’s effects is scarce. The aim of this thesis is, therefore, to investigate on the basis of the Swedish Biosphere Reserves what actual effects they have on local development, with a special focus on tourism. This was accomplished through analysis of general development indicators and a negative binomial regression to investigate the effect of Biosphere Reserves on the number of guest nights in the municipalities. In addition, to determine if stakeholder perceptions and the obtained results coincide, a survey amongst stakeholders in the lodging sector of Kristianstad has been carried out. The results suggest that being a municipality with a Biosphere Reserve may have no effect on general development regarding the chosen key variables and no effect on tourism development in terms of guest nights. Regarding stakeholder perceptions in Kristianstad, the Biosphere Reserve did not seem to be perceived as such an important asset, rather the single tourist attractions located in the Biosphere Reserve area were of interest. Overall, the standpoint that Biosphere Reserves are an ideal concept for sustainable development has been challenged in regard to the studied aspects and an objective view in the future on the matter is advised.

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Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-05-10T23:18:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 NataliaDeMedeirosPires_DISSERT.pdf: 917109 bytes, checksum: 272238860ade20f735d3f852b26b43ff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-18T20:01:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 NataliaDeMedeirosPires_DISSERT.pdf: 917109 bytes, checksum: 272238860ade20f735d3f852b26b43ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-18T20:01:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NataliaDeMedeirosPires_DISSERT.pdf: 917109 bytes, checksum: 272238860ade20f735d3f852b26b43ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Beyond its importance in maintaining ecosystems, sharks provide services that play important socioeconomic roles. The rise in their exploitation as a tourism resource in recent years has highlighted economic potential of non-destructive uses of sharks and the extent of economic losses associated to declines in their population. In this work, we present estimates for use value of sharks in Fernando de Noronha Island - the only ecotouristic site offering shark diving experience in the Atlantic coast of South America. Through the Travel Cost Method we estimate the total touristic use value aggregated to Noronha Island by the travel cost was up to USD 312 million annually, of which USD 91.1 million are transferred to the local economy. Interviewing people from five different economic sectors, we show shark-diving contribute with USD 2.5 million per year to Noronha?s economy, representing 19% of the island?s GDP. Shark-diving provides USD 128.5 thousand of income to employed islanders, USD 72.6 thousand to government in taxes and USD 5.3 thousand to fishers due to the increase in fish consumption demanded by shark divers. We discover, though, that fishers who actually are still involved in shark fishing earn more by catching sharks than selling other fish for consumption by shark divers. We conclude, however, that the non-consumptive use of sharks is most likely to benefit large number of people by generating and money flow if compared to the shark fishing, providing economic arguments to promote the conservation of these species.