Estudos mostram que ocorre uma compactação superficial após alguns anos de utilização do sistema plantio direto (SPD), podendo interferir no desenvolvimento das plantas. A escarificação tem sido utilizada para amenizar os efeitos da compactação sob SPD, porém há evidências de que seus efeitos são de curta duração. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de alguns parâmetros físicos após a escarificação em curto prazo (um ano) nas seguintes profundidades: 0,0-0,10 m; 0,10-0,20 m; 0,20-0,30 m; 0,30-0,40 m. A densidade do solo (Ds) e o grau de compactação (Gc) foram analisados em área de plantio direto por 16 anos (PD), imediatamente após a escarificação (ESC), seis meses (ESC6M) e um ano após a escarificação (ESC12M). Nas camadas superiores a densidade do solo apresentou variação semelhante, com redução significativa em ESC e um aumento expressivo em ESC6M, sendo que a Ds retornou aos valores registrados antes da mobilização em ESC12M. Nos períodos ESC, ESC6M e ESC12M foi observado um aumento da Ds na camada 0,30-0,40 m em comparação com o PD. A escarificação provocou redução do grau de compactação nas camadas 0,0-0,10 m e 0,10-0,20 m, com o Gc retornando aos valores originais um ano após a escarificação. Os maiores valores de Gc foram observados seis meses após a escarificação, porém o solo apresentou grande recuperação visto que em ESC12M o grau de compactação apresentou tendência de retorno aos valores originais em todas as profundidades, possivelmente devido à alta resiliência do solo. Os efeitos da escarificação avaliados pela Ds e Gc apresentaram duração inferior a um ano, sugerindo que neste solo não é necessária esta operação. / Studies show that a surface compaction occurs after some years adoption of no-tillage (NT), which may interfere in plant development. Chiseling has been used to alleviate the effects of soil compaction under NT, but studies show that this operation has short-term effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of some physical parameters after chiseling in shortterm (one year) in the following depths: 0.0 to 0.10 m, 0.10-0.20 m, 0.20-0, 30 m, 0.30 to 0.40 m. Soil bulk density (BD) and the degree of compactness (DC) were analyzed in long-term (16 years) no-tillage (NT), chiseling of the long-term no-tillage (CHI), six months (CHI6M) and one year after chiseling (CHI12M). In top layers bulk density showed similar variation, with significant reduction in CHI and a marked increase in CHI6M, returning to the values recorded before mobilization in CHI12M. In periods CHI, CHI6M and CHI12M was an increase in the BD 0.30-0.40 m layer in comparison with NT. Chiseling caused a reduction the degree of compaction in the layers 0.0-0.10 m and 0.10-0.20 m, with DC returning to the original values one year after chiseling. The greatest DC values were observed six months after chiseling, nevertheless the soil showed great recovery whereas in CHI12M the degree of compactness tended to return to the original values in all layers, possibly due the high soil resilience. The duration of chiseling effects measured by BD and DC was less than one year, suggesting in this soil is not necessary this operation.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:40:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilberto_Alves_Fereira.pdf: 2149647 bytes, checksum: cf5d015f2b3d6a66b8343e8244e8da51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-22 / The use of forage species in production systems such as integrated crop livestock can be key to improving fertility and increasing productivity of pastures and crops. The objective this study was to evaluate the effects height of grazing of Brachiaria ruziziensis on straw production, on the physical properties of the soil, in levels and stocks of carbon and nitrogen of the soil and in the soybean yield in crop livestock integration system. The experiment was conducted in the Experimental Farm of the Agronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR), located in the municipality of Xambrê-PR, in september 2010 to april 2012, during the agricultural year 2010/2011 and 2011/2012. The experimental design used was randomized in blocks, split plot in time (sampling time), with five treatments (grazing height of 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm and an area with no grazing) and three repetitions. Were determined the dry matter the mass of the aerial part of Brachiaria ruziziensis, vegetable residue dry matter and mass of total dry matter. The layers of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm were studied the density, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, gravimetric water, levels and stocks of total organic carbon, particulate carbon and carbon associated with minerals and the levels and stocks of mineral nitrogen and total of the soil. In culture of soy were evaluated the number of plants per meter, height of plants and grain productivity. The dry matter mass of the aerial part of Brachiaria ruziziensis and the total dry matter mass were significant (P<0,05) in the two seasons of evaluation, with higher production in the ungrazed compared to grazed area (P<0,05). The variable dry matter of plant residue was not significant (P>0,05) for the first time and significant in second season (P<0,05). The density, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity and gravimetric soil moisture were not altered by grazing height and area not grazed at all depths evaluated (P>0,05). Density reduction occurred, increase macroporosity and total porosity in the 0-10 cm layer of soil, at the end of the experiment (P<0,05). There was a higher microporosity after brachiaria in relation to the time after the soybean crop (P <0,05). The levels and stocks of total organic carbon of the soil and its fractions, besides levels and stocks of mineral and total nitrogen of the soil were not altered by grazing heights and the area not grazed (P>0,05). However, there was an increase in levels and stocks of total organic carbon and carbon associated with minerals and a reduction of the particulate carbon of the soil in the final experiment (P<0,05). There was an increase of mineral nitrogen after harvest soybeans for all soil layers (P<0,05), however, the increase of total nitrogen and stocks of the soil occurred only in the 0-10 cm depth, in the last evaluation. The number of plants per meter, plant height and yield of soybean were not affected by the different Heights and the absence of grazing (P>0,05) / O emprego de espécies forrageiras em sistemas de produção como a integração lavoura pecuária pode ser determinante para a melhoria da fertilidade e incremento de produtividade das pastagens e das culturas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da altura de pastejo de Brachiaria ruziziensis na produção de palhada, nas propriedades físicas do solo, nos teores e estoques de carbono e nitrogênio do solo e na produtividade da soja em sistema de integração lavoura pecuária. O experimento foi conduzido em área da Fazenda Experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), localizada no município de Xambrê-PR, no período de setembro de 2010 a abril de 2012, durante os anos agrícolas de 2010/2011 e 2011/2012. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas no tempo (época de amostragem), com cinco tratamentos (altura de pastejo de 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm e uma área sem pastejo) e três repetições. Foram determinadas a massa de matéria seca da parte aérea de Brachiaria ruziziensis, matéria seca de resíduo vegetal e massa de matéria seca total. Nas camadas de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm foram estudadas a densidade, macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total, água gravimétrica, teores e estoques de carbono orgânico total, carbono particulado e carbono associados aos minerais do solo e os teores e estoque de nitrogênio mineral e total do solo. Na cultura da soja foram avaliadas o número de plantas por metro, altura das plantas e produtividade de grãos. A massa de matéria seca da parte aérea de Brachiaria ruziziensis e a massa de matéria seca total foram significativas (P<0,05) nas duas épocas de avaliação, com maior produção na área sem pastejo em relação às áreas pastejadas (P<0,05). Já a variável matéria seca de resíduo vegetal não foi significativa (P>0,05) para a primeira época e significativo na segunda época (P<0,05). A densidade, macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total e umidade gravimétrica do solo não foram alteradas pelas alturas de pastejo e área não pastejada em todas as profundidades avaliadas (P>0,05). Ocorreu redução da densidade, aumento da macroporosidade e da porosidade total na camada 0-10 cm do solo, ao final do experimento (P<0,05). Houve maior microporosidade após a braquiária em relação à época após a cultura da soja (P<0,05). Os teores e estoques de carbono orgânico total do solo e suas respectivas frações, além dos teores e estoques de nitrogênio mineral e total do solo não foram alteradas pelas alturas de pastejo e a área não pastejada (P>0,05). Todavia, ocorreu aumento dos teores e estoques de carbono orgânico total e carbono associado aos minerais e redução do carbono particulado do solo ao final do experimento (P<0,05). Houve aumento do nitrogênio mineral após a colheita da soja para todas as camadas do solo (P<0,05), porém, o aumento do nitrogênio total do solo e seus estoques ocorreram apenas na profundidade 0-10 cm, na última avaliação. O número de plantas por metro, a altura das plantas e a produtividade da cultura da soja não foram influenciados pelas diferentes alturas e pela ausência do pastejo (P>0,05)

O trabalho apresenta uma proposta metodológica para caracterização de aptidões e restrições do meio físico, considerando a variação contínua dos atributos e também a existência de gradação nos contatos entre as unidades. Os mapas do substrato rochoso e dos materiais inconsolidados foram obtidos utilizando-se de procedimentos da lógica fuzzy para representação da gradação nos contatos. As cartas de declividade, de menor extensão do percurso da água superficial, de potencial de escoamento superficial, de susceptibilidade à erosão e de potencial agrícola foram obtidas utilizando-se mapas numéricos e a variação contínua dos atributos. Para realização das operações de geoprocessamento foram utilizados o sistema de informação geográfica SPRING e a linguagem de programação LEGAL, que permitiram, tanto a representação dos contatos gradacionais (fuzzy) quanto a classificação contínua e o cruzamento das informações. Para avaliação de alterações introduzidas no meio, foi proposta a aplicação do atributo resistência à penetração do solo como geoindicador ambiental. As medidas de resistência à penetração foram feitas utilizando-se um novo equipamento, que consiste de um penetrômetro de solo acoplado a uma sonda TDR. Este procedimento permitiu a caracterização de modificações das condições naturais de compactação dos solos da bacia, frente às atividades de uso do terreno vigentes, bem como forneceu um parâmetro para comparação frente a modificações de uso futuras. O zoneamento da área foi obtido a partir da adoção das unidades de lanforms como unidades de compartimentação, o que possibilitou a caracterização das aptidões, restrições e conflitos de uso / This study presents a methodological technique to characterize environmental restrictions and aptitudes considering continuous variation in the attributes and gradation in contato between units. Fuzzy logic procedures were used to generate representation of contact gradation for rocky substratum and unconsolidated materials maps. Continuous attribute variation and numerical maps were used to produce slope least water runoff distance, runoff potential, erosion susceptibility and agricultural potential charts. Geoprocessing operations using the SPRING geographical information system and its LEGAL programming language permitted the representation of gradation in contac (fuzzy), continuous classification nad information crossing. Soil penetration resistance was proposed as the environmental geondicator to evaluate environmental changes. Measurement of soil penetration resistance by a soil penetrometer connected to a TDR proble permitted the characterization and specification of natural basin soil compaction conditions and the comparison of different occupation activities on the soil. A parameter for future changes due to soil occupation was therefore identified by this procedure. Area zoning was attained by the adoption of landform units as segmentation units. The characterization of aptitudes, restrictions and conflicts in occupation were achived by this procedure

Resumo: Com o objetivo de avaliar a demanda energética nas operações de descompactação do solo e a produtividade das culturas da soja e milho, em um NITOSSOLO Vermelho distroférrico há 11 anos cultivado sob o sistema plantio direto, foram conduzidos experimentos com a cultura da soja e do milho, na Fazenda Experimental do Lageado, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, localizada no município de Botucatu-SP. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, contendo os seguintes tratamentos: Subsolagem a 0,40 m antes da implantação da cultura de inverno, subsolagem a 0,40 m antes da implantação da cultura de verão, escarificação a 0,30 m antes da implantação da cultura de inverno, escarificação a 0,30 m antes da implantação da cultura de verão, escarificação a 0,20 m antes da implantação da cultura de inverno, escarificação a 0,20 m antes da implantação da cultura de verão, plantio direto com hastes sulcadoras e, como testemunha, plantio direto com discos duplos. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: demanda energética, desempenho operacional nos manejos do solo, parâmetros físicos do solo, características agronômicas das culturas e a produtividade de matéria seca e de grãos das culturas. A demanda energética, nas operações de subsolagem e escarificação em solo sob sistema plantio direto, foram proporcionais às profundidades de trabalho das hastes, sendo que quanto maior profundidade, maior a demanda de energia. Os efeitos da subsolagem e da escarificação persistiram após a colheita das culturas, mantendo os valores de densidade do solo abaixo dos obtidos anteriormente a instalação do experimento. A ocorrência de baixos índices pluviométricos no período de semeadura da soja não interferiu no desenvolvimento das plantas e na produtividade de grãos, no sistema plantio direto. A subsolagem e escarificação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the energy demand during operations of soil decompression and crop yield growth on a Hapludox soil after 11 years of continuous no-tillage system. With this objective, experiments were carried out with soybean and maize, at Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP, located in Botucatu city, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design used randomized blocks with four replications of the following treatments: subsoiling to a depth of 0.40 m before the winter crop sowing; subsoiling to a depth of 0.40 m before the summer crop sowing; chiseling to a depth of 0.30 m before the winter crop sowing; chiseling to a depth of 0.30 m before the summer crop sowing; chiseling to a depth of 0.20 m before the winter crop sowing; chiseling to a depth of 0.20 m before the summer crop sowing, no-tillage with shank in the seeding machine; and no-till with double discs. The parameters evaluated were: energy demand, operational performance in soil tillage, soil physical parameters, crops agronomic characteristics, dry matter production, and grain yield. The results showed that the specific use of energy per area in the operations of subsoiling and chiseling of soil under no-tillage system was proportional to the working depths of the stems during tillage operation. The effects of subsoiling and chiseling on soil density persisted after harvest, showing lower values than those obtained prior to the experiment established. The occurrence of low rainfall at the time of soybean sowing did not interfere on plant development and grain yield under no- tillage system. Sporadic subsoiling and chiseling in soils under no-tillage system did not interfere on plant development and grain yield in maize / Orientador: Sérgio Hugo Benez / Coorientador: Paulo Roberto Arbex Silva / Banca: Luiz Macoln Mano de Mello / Banca: Kléber Pereira Lanças / Banca: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani / Banca: Antonio Renan Berchol da Silva

Estudos mostram que ocorre uma compactação superficial após alguns anos de utilização do sistema plantio direto (SPD), podendo interferir no desenvolvimento das plantas. A escarificação tem sido utilizada para amenizar os efeitos da compactação sob SPD, porém há evidências de que seus efeitos são de curta duração. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de alguns parâmetros físicos após a escarificação em curto prazo (um ano) nas seguintes profundidades: 0,0-0,10 m; 0,10-0,20 m; 0,20-0,30 m; 0,30-0,40 m. A densidade do solo (Ds) e o grau de compactação (Gc) foram analisados em área de plantio direto por 16 anos (PD), imediatamente após a escarificação (ESC), seis meses (ESC6M) e um ano após a escarificação (ESC12M). Nas camadas superiores a densidade do solo apresentou variação semelhante, com redução significativa em ESC e um aumento expressivo em ESC6M, sendo que a Ds retornou aos valores registrados antes da mobilização em ESC12M. Nos períodos ESC, ESC6M e ESC12M foi observado um aumento da Ds na camada 0,30-0,40 m em comparação com o PD. A escarificação provocou redução do grau de compactação nas camadas 0,0-0,10 m e 0,10-0,20 m, com o Gc retornando aos valores originais um ano após a escarificação. Os maiores valores de Gc foram observados seis meses após a escarificação, porém o solo apresentou grande recuperação visto que em ESC12M o grau de compactação apresentou tendência de retorno aos valores originais em todas as profundidades, possivelmente devido à alta resiliência do solo. Os efeitos da escarificação avaliados pela Ds e Gc apresentaram duração inferior a um ano, sugerindo que neste solo não é necessária esta operação. / Studies show that a surface compaction occurs after some years adoption of no-tillage (NT), which may interfere in plant development. Chiseling has been used to alleviate the effects of soil compaction under NT, but studies show that this operation has short-term effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of some physical parameters after chiseling in shortterm (one year) in the following depths: 0.0 to 0.10 m, 0.10-0.20 m, 0.20-0, 30 m, 0.30 to 0.40 m. Soil bulk density (BD) and the degree of compactness (DC) were analyzed in long-term (16 years) no-tillage (NT), chiseling of the long-term no-tillage (CHI), six months (CHI6M) and one year after chiseling (CHI12M). In top layers bulk density showed similar variation, with significant reduction in CHI and a marked increase in CHI6M, returning to the values recorded before mobilization in CHI12M. In periods CHI, CHI6M and CHI12M was an increase in the BD 0.30-0.40 m layer in comparison with NT. Chiseling caused a reduction the degree of compaction in the layers 0.0-0.10 m and 0.10-0.20 m, with DC returning to the original values one year after chiseling. The greatest DC values were observed six months after chiseling, nevertheless the soil showed great recovery whereas in CHI12M the degree of compactness tended to return to the original values in all layers, possibly due the high soil resilience. The duration of chiseling effects measured by BD and DC was less than one year, suggesting in this soil is not necessary this operation.

Soil is extremely important for providing food, biomass and raw materials, water and nutrient storage; supporting biodiversity and providing foundations for man-made structures. However, its health is threatened by human activities, which can greatly affect the potential of soils to fulfil their functions and, consequently, result in environmental, economic and social damage. These issues require the characterisation of the impact and spatial extent of the problems. This can be achieved through the creation of detailed and comprehensive soil maps that describe both the spatial and vertical variability of key soil properties. Detailed three-dimensional (3D) digital soil maps can be readily used and embedded into environmental models. Three-dimensional soil mapping is not a new concept. However, only with the recent development of more powerful computers has it become feasible to undertake such data processing. Common techniques to estimate soil properties in the three-dimensional space include geostatistical interpolation, or a combination of depth functions and geostatistics. However, these two methods are both partially flawed. Geostatistical interpolation and kriging in particular, estimate soil properties in unsampled locations using a weighted average of the nearby observations. In order to produce the best possible estimate, this form of interpolation minimises the variance of each weighted average, thus decreasing the standard deviation of the estimates, compared to the soil observations. This appears as a smoothing effect on the data and, as a consequence, kriging interpolation is not reliable when the dataset is not sampled with a sampling designs optimised for geostatistics. Depth function approaches, as they are generally applied in literature, implement a spline regression of the soil profile data that aims to better describe the changes of the soil properties with depth. Subsequently, the spline is resampled at determined depths and, for each of these depths, a bi-dimensional (2D) geostatistical interpolation is performed. Consequently, the 3D soil model is a combination of a series of bi-dimensional slices. This approach can effectively decrease or eliminate any smoothing issues, but the way in which the model is created, by combining several 2D horizontal slices, can potentially lead to erroneous estimations. The fact that the geostatistical interpolation is performed in 2D implies that an unsampled location is estimated only by considering values at the same depth, thus excluding the vertical variability from the mapping, and potentially undermining the accuracy of the method. For these reasons, the literature review identified a clear need for developing, a new method for accurately estimating soil properties in 3D – the target of this research, The method studied in this thesis explores the concept of soil specific depth functions, which are simple mathematical equations, chosen for their ability to describe the general profile pattern of a soil dataset. This way, fitting the depth function to a particular sample becomes a diagnostic tool. If the pattern shown in a particular soil profile is dissimilar to the average pattern described by the depth function, it means that in that region there are localised changes in the soil profiles, and these can be identified from the goodness of fit of the function. This way, areas where soil properties have a homogeneous profile pattern can be easily identified and the depth function can be changed accordingly. The application of this new mapping technique is based on the geostatistical interpolation of the depth function coefficients across the study area. Subsequently, the equation is solved for each interpolated location to create a 3D lattice of soil properties estimations. For this way of mapping, this new methodology was denoted as top-down mapping method. The methodology was assessed through three case studies, where the top-down mapping method was developed, tested, and validated. Three datasets of diverse soil properties and at different spatial extents were selected. The results were validated primarily using cross-validation and, when possible, by comparing the estimates with independently sampled datasets (independent validation). In addition, the results were compared with estimates obtained using established literature methods, such as 3D kriging interpolation and the spline approach, in order to define some basic rule of application. The results indicate that the top-down mapping method can be used in circumstances where the soil profiles present a pattern that can be described by a function with maximum three coefficients. If this condition is met, as it was with key soil properties during the research, the top-down mapping method can be used for obtaining reliable estimates at different spatial extents.

New Zealand's greenhouse gas inventory is dominated by the agricultural trace gases, CH4 and N2O instead of CO2, which is dominant on a global scale. While the majority of the anthropogenic CH4 is emitted by ruminant animals as a by-product of enteric fermentation, N2O is mainly produced by microbial processes occurring in the soil. In grazed pastoral soils, N2O is generated from N originating from dung, urine, effluent applied to land, biologically fixed N2 and fertiliser. The amount of emission depends on complex interactions between soil properties, climatic factors and management practices. Increased intensification of pastoral agriculture in New Zealand, particularly in dairying has led to an increased production of farm dairy effluent. Traditionally, direct disposal of nutrient rich farm dairy effluents (FDE) into water bodies was an acceptable practice in New Zealand, but with the introduction of the Resource Management Act (1991), discharge of effluents into surface waters is now a controlled activity and many Regional Councils encourage the land irrigation of effluents to protect surface water quality. While the impact of grazing and FDE irrigation on groundwater contamination through leaching and runoff of nutrients has been studied extensively, there has been only limited work done on the effect of these practices on air quality as affected by N2O emission. This thesis examines the effects of various factors, such as compaction due to cattle treading, and the nature, application rate and time of effluent application on N2O emission in relation to the changes in the soil physical properties and C and N transformation from a number of small plot and field experiments. The results were then used, together with data from the literature, to predict the emissions from effluent irrigated pastures using a process-based model. In grazed pastures, animal treading causes soil compaction, which results in decreased soil porosity and increased water filled pore space that stimulate the denitrification rate as well as influence the relative output of N2O and dinitrogen (N2) gases. A field plot study was conducted to determine N2O emission from different N sources as affected by soil compaction. The experiment comprised two main treatments (uncompacted and compacted) to which four N sources (natural cattle urine, potassium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and urea at the rate of 600kg N ha-1) and a control (water only) were applied. Compaction was obtained through driving close parallel tracks by the wheels of the vehicle. The changes in the soils physical properties (bulk density, penetration resistance (PR), soil matric potential and oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) due to the compaction created by the wheel traction of the vehicle were compared with the changes in these properties due to the treading effect of grazing cattle, which was monitored in another field experiment. The N2O fluxes were measured using a closed chamber technique. The compaction at the grazing trial and at the wheel traction experimental plot caused significant changes in soil bulk density, PR, soil matric potential and ODR values. Overall, the bulk density of the compacted soil was higher than the uncompacted soil by 6.7% (end of 3 weeks) and 4.9% (end of 1 week) for the field experiment and the grazing trial, respectively. Results suggest that maximum compaction occurred in the top 0-2 cm layer. Compaction caused an increase in N2O emission, which was more pronounced in the nitrate treatment than in the other N sources. In the case of the compacted soil, 10% of the total N applied in the form of nitrate was emitted, whereas from uncompacted soil this loss was only 0.7%. N2O loss was found to decrease progressively from the time of application of N treatments. Total N2O emission for the three month experimental period ranged from 2.6 to 61.7 kg N2O-N ha-1 for compacted soil and 1.1 to 4.4 kg N2O-N ha-1 for uncompacted soil. In the second field plot experiment, the results of N2O fluxes from treated farm dairy effluent (TFDE), untreated farm dairy effluent (UFDE), treated piggery farm effluent (TPFE) and treated meat effluent (TME) applied to 2m x 1m plots for 'autumn' (February-April) and 'winter' (July-September) are described. Effluent irrigation resulted in higher emissions during both the seasons indicating that the supply of C and N through effluent irrigation contributed to increased N2O emission. The highest emissions were observed from TPFE (2.2% of the applied N) and TME (0.6% of the applied N) during the autumn and winter seasons, respectively. Emissions generated by the TFDE application were the lowest of the four effluent sources but higher than the water and control treatments. The effect of effluent irrigation on N2O emission was higher during the autumn season than the winter season. The effect of key soil and effluent factors such as water filled pore space (WFPS), nitrate, ammonium and available C in soil and effluents on N2O emission was examined using regression equations. The third field plot experiment examined the effect of four TFDE application rates (25mm, 50mm, 75mm and 100mm) on N2O emission. Treatments were added to 2m x 1m plots lined with plastic sheet to restrict the flow of effluent. The N2O emission increased with the increasing effluent loading rate, with the emission ranging from 0.8 to 1.2% of the added N. This can be attributed to the increasing addition of N and C in the soil with the increasing application rate of the effluent. Besides, providing C and N substrates, the effluent application increased the WFPS of the soil, thereby creating conditions conducive for dentrification and N2O emission. A field experiment was conducted at the Massey University No 4 Dairy farm in which N2O emission and related soil and environmental parameters were monitored for two weeks following the TFDE applications over an area of 0.16 ha in September 2003 (21mm), January 2004 (23mm) and February 2004 (16mm). Emissions were measured by a closed chamber technique with 20 chambers for each treatment, in order to cover the variability present in the field. N2O emissions increased immediately after the application of the effluent, and subsequently dropped after about two weeks. The total N2O emitted from the effluent application after the first, second and third irrigation was 2%, 4.9% and 2.5%, respectively of the total N added through the effluent. The higher emission observed during the second effluent irrigation event was due to high soil moisture content during the measurement period. Moreover effluent was applied immediately after a grazing event leading to more N and C input into the soil through excretal deposition. In this experiment the residual effect of effluent application on N2O emission was also examined by monitoring emissions 12 weeks after the effluent application. The emissions from the control and effluent irrigated plots were similar, indicating that there was no residual effect of the effluent irrigation on N2O emissions. In a separate field study, N2O emission was monitored at the Massey University No 4 Dairy farm to examine the effect of a grazing event of moderate intensity on N2O emission. The treatments consisted of a grazed and an ungrazed control. The fluxes from the grazed site were much higher than for the ungrazed site with the total emissions from the former site being 8 times higher than the latter site for the entire experimental period. A modified New Zealand version of denitrification decomposition model (DNDC), a process based model, namely "NZ-DNDC", was used to simulate N2O emission from the TFDE application in the field experiment. The model was able to simulate the emission as well as the WFPS within the range measured in the field. But simulated emissions from the TFDE were slightly lower than measured values. Improvements in the parameterisation for effluent irrigation are likely to further improve the N2O simulations.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / With the expansion of cultivated forest in Rio Grande do Sul, there was an increase of the forest plantations, now occupying areas previously used for livestock and agricultural crops. The objective was to generate reccomendations for soil tillage, based on soil quality indicators. The study was conducted in three areas for the cultivation of clonal seedlings of Eucalyptus saligna Smith belonging to Celulose Riograndense in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The soils are classified as Planossolo Háplico Eutrófico gleissólico (SXe), Nitossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico (NVd) and Neossolo Regolítico Eutroúmbrico típico (RReh). Initially a pilot survey was done to quantify the spatial variability of texture and soil resistance to penetration (RP); subsequently, soil samples were taken at depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm. After the characterization and analysis of soil areas different soil tillages (subsoiling to 50 cm depth plus rotary hoe (S50), subsoiling to 50 cm depth with ridge (S50C), and subsoiling to 70 cm depth plusr rotary hoe (S70). Planting of Eucalyptus saligna Smith clones (3.5 x 2.6 m) was carried out. At 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after planting, the dendrometric evaluation of total height and diameter at breast height (dbh 1.30 m). The joint use of factor analysis and spatial variability of RP enabled us to identify locations with different compaction states. The least limiting water range (LLWR) was strongly affected by the penetration resistance and soil aeration in clayey soils. The bulk density values of Argissolos, in the larger states of soil compaction, were above the critical density based on the LLWR. The soil tillage with greater volume of soil disturbed (S50C), in SXe (1267.1 m3 ha- 1) and RReh (836.8 m3 ha-1), favored the initial development of Eucalyptus saligna Smith. In SXe at 24 months-old forest, the height was 10.38 cm and dbh of 9.90, whereas for the RReh the height was 10.15 m and dbh of 10.60 cm. In NVd, the highest growth was observed in the treatment S70, with an average height at 24 months of 9.77 m and dbh of 9.68 cm. The results of this study indicate that the choice of the best tillage depends on the texture, degree of compaction, critical density and penetration resistance of the soil. Thus, for Planossolo Háplico Eutrófico gleissólico and the Neossolo Regolítico Eutroúmbrico típico the best tillage was S50C, while for the Nitossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico was S70. / Com a expansão da produção florestal no Rio Grande do Sul, houve aumento na área dos plantios florestais anteriormente dominadas pela pecuária e pelos cultivos agrícolas. O objetivo foi gerar recomendações adequadas de preparo, com base nos indicadores de qualidade. O estudo foi realizado em três áreas destinadas ao cultivo de mudas clonais de Eucalyptus saligna Smith, pertencentes à empresa Celulose Riograndense, nos municípios de São Gabriel e Vila Nova do Sul, no RS. Os solos das áreas estudadas são classificados como Planossolo Háplico Eutrófico gleissólico (SXe), Nitossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico (NVd) e Neossolo Regolítico Eutroúmbrico típico (RReh). Na área de estudo foi feito, inicialmente, um levantamento piloto para observar a variabilidade espacial da textura e da resistência mecânica do solo à penetração (RP); posteriormente, foram realizadas amostragens do solo, nas camadas de 0-10, 10-20, 20-40 e 40-60 cm. Após a caracterização e análise do solo das áreas, foram aplicados diferentes preparos de solo (subsolagem a 50 cm de profundidade mais enxada rotativa (S50), subsolagem a 50 cm de profundidade mais camalhão (S50C) e subsolagem a 70 cm de profundidade mais enxada rotativa (S70)) e, posteriormente, foi realizado o plantio de clones de Eucalyptus saligna Smith (3,5 x 2,6 m). Aos 6, 12, 18 e 24 meses após o plantio, foram feitas as avaliações dendrométricas de altura total e diâmetro à altura do peito (dap 1,30 m). O uso conjunto da análise fatorial e da variabilidade espacial da RP permitiu identificar, locais com diferentes estados de compactação. O intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO) foi fortemente limitado pela resistência à penetração e pela aeração do solo, nos solos mais argilosos. Os valores de densidade do solo mais Argissolo, nos maiores estados de compactação, foram superiores à densidade crítica com base no IHO. O preparo do solo com maior volume de solo mobilizado (S50C), no SXe (1267,1 m3 ha-1) e no RReh (836,8 m3 ha-1), favoreceu o melhor desenvolvimento inicial do Eucalyptus saligna Smith. No SXe a altura média aos 24 meses de idade foi de 10,38 m e dap de 9,90 cm e, no RReh, a altura foi de 10,15 m e dap de 10,60 cm. No NVd, o maior crescimento foi observado no tratamento S70, com altura média aos 24 meses de idade de 9,77 m e dap de 9,68 cm. Os resultados deste trabalho indicam que a escolha do melhor preparo de solo depende da textura, grau de compactação, densidade crítica e da resistência à penetração do solo. Assim, para o Planossolo Háplico Eutrófico gleissólico e para o Neossolo Regolítico Eutroúmbrico típico o melhor preparo de solo foi o tratamento S50C e, no Nitossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico, foi o tratamento S70.

O presente trabalho apresenta uma análise das características mecânicas do resíduo de construção e demolição (RCD), da Central de Tratamento de Resí-duos de Petrolina/PE, com o objetivo de avaliar o uso de resíduo beneficiado na produção de concretos e na estabilização de solos. Inicialmente, foram realizados ensaios de caracterização do resíduo e dos ma-teriais constituintes do concreto. Em seguida, foram dosados três traços para a produção dos concretos, sendo um traço para o concreto de referência e dois traços para os concretos com substituições de agregado natural por agregado reciclado nas proporções de 50% em um traço e de 100% no outro traço. No total confeccionou-se 15 corpos de prova para cada traço e as mesmas dimen-sões do concreto para referência, totalizando 45 corpos de prova produzidos. Foram realizados ensaios destrutivos (resistência à compressão simples e por tração diametral) e não destrutivos (ultrassom e esclerometria). Também se produziu duas vigas em concreto, um concreto de referência e outro concreto com substituição de 100% do agregado miúdo natural por agregado miúdo re-ciclado para ensaios de flexão em vigas. Posteriormente, foi avaliado o comportamento geotécnico do resíduo para utili-zação como solo em obras de contenção, através de ensaios de granulometria, limites, compactação, CBR e compressão edométrica, sendo ensaiado e avali-ado o comportamento de cada material, o RCD e o solo natural de referência do Alto do reservatório e as incorporações realizadas, nas proporções de 25% de solo mais 75% de RCD (mistura 1), 50% de solo mais 50% de RCD (mistura 2) e 75% de solo mais 25% de RCD (mistura 3). Com os resultados obtidos, foram avaliadas as características físicas e mecâ-nicas dos materiais desta pesquisa, efetuadas as correlações entre os ensaios destrutivos e não destrutivos dos concretos confeccionados e analisado o com-portamento do resíduo para sua utilização como solo em obras de contenção. Pode-se concluir ao final da análise dos resultados que os concretos produzi-dos com resíduos atingem resistências médias, podendo ser utilizados em con-cretos sem função estrutural. E o resíduo para utilização em estabilização de solos pode ser utilizado na construção de rodovias, como material para reforço de subleito, para revestimento primário e sub-base. / This study reviews an analysis of the mechanical characteristics of construction and demolition waste (CDW), a central material recovery facility from Petrolina/ PE, with the objective to evaluate the waste processing to use in the produce of concrete and soil stabilization. Initially, tests were performed to characterize the waste materials and the con-stituents of the concrete. Then, three traits were measured for the production of concrete, with a dash to the reference concrete and two strokes for concrete replacements of natural aggregate by recycled aggregate in the proportions of 50% in one stroke and 100% in the other trait . In total it was made 15 speci-mens for each trait and the same dimensions of the concrete for reference, to-taling 45 specimens produced. Were conducted destructive testing (compres-sive strength and diametral tensile) and nondestructive (ultrasonic and rebound hammer). Also were produced two concrete beams, one reference concrete and other concrete with 100% replacement of natural aggregate by aggregate recy-cled for bending tests on beams. Subsequently, were evaluated the geotechnical behavior of the waste for use as soil containment works through testing particle size, limits, compaction, CBR and edometric being tested and valued the behavior of each material, and the RCD natural ground reference of the Alto do Reservatório and the mergers un-dertaken, in proportions of 25% of soil more 75% of RCD (mixture 1), 50% of soil more 50% of RCD (mixture 2) and 75% of soil and 25% of RCD (mixture 3). With these results, we evaluated the physical and mechanical material of this research, the correlations made between destructive and non-destructive test-ing of concrete made and analyzed the behavior of the waste for use as soil containment works. It can be concluded from the results of the analysis that concretes produced with the waste reaches average resistance, and may be used to produce concrete with non-structural function. And for use in soil stabili-zation, the residue can be used in road construction, as reinforcing material for subgrade, primer coating and the subfloor.