Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:30:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Massao Inagaki.pdf: 2612126 bytes, checksum: d3942c0b1697752935db49380ed68c84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Although recognized, the effects of lime and gypsum applications over soil organic matter dynamics is still scarcely studied. This research was developed based in the hypothesis the lime and gypsum applications create a favorable environment for biological activity, leading to increase of carbon sequestration and crop productivity. In this way, the objectives of this study were: a) to evaluate the impact of lime and gypsum applications in the soil biological quality, soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and crop productivity in a long-term no-till system; and b) to evaluate through a laboratory incubation experiment the effects of lime and gypsum in the SOC stocks, Ca and Mg content and soil basal respiration. The field experiment was stablished in 1998 on clay Oxisol (Typic Hapludox), in Ponta Grossa – PR Brazil in a split-plot completely randomized block design. The main plots were comprised in three liming treatments: a) Control, with no lime applications, b) Incorporated lime (IL) at the rate of 4,5 Mg ha-1 and c) Surface-applied lime (SL) at the rate of 4.5 Mg ha-1 divided in three annual applications of 1,5 Mg ha-1 from the experiment establishment. The subplots were comprised by gypsum applied on soil surface at four rates: 0, 3, 6 and 9 Mg ha-1. The soil samples were collected in 2013, fifteen years after the experiment establishment. A laboratory incubation experiment was also carried out to evaluate the effects of both practices. We collected undisturbed samples in 5x5 cm steel rings, which were maintained under 28ºC in 50% of water maximum retention. The experiment design was completely randomized plots with 2x4 factorial design. The treatments assessed were: a) application or not of 4.5 Mg ha-1 of lime; and b) gypsum rates of 0, 3, 6, and 9 Mg ha-1. Over the ring surface, we added corn and soybean residues in order to simulate no-till conditions. In the field experiment, liming provided increase of soil biological activity, SOC stocks, crop productivity, biomass-C input and soil fertility. The C-biomass input and Ca content contributed significantly for increases in SOC stocks. The soil biological activity (measured by enzyme activities) was positively influenced mainly by the labile SOC fractions. Gypsum application positively contributed to increases in SOC labile fractions and arylsulfatase activity. In the incubation experiment, the lime application significantly increased the soil basal respiration, labile SOC stocks and Ca and Mg contents. The gypsum applications significantly increased the labile SOC stocks and Ca content. We observed significant contributions of soil basal respiration and Ca content in the SOC stocks increase. We conclude the lime and gypsum consist in important strategies to promote increases in SOC stocks, governed mainly by the role of Ca as a SOC biding agent and the C-biomass input; and that the use of undisturbed samples were an efficient strategy to assess the effects of lime and gypsum in no-till system. / Apesar de reconhecidos, os efeitos da calagem e gessagem sobre a dinâmica da matéria orgânica ainda são pouco estudados. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido baseando-se na hipótese de que as aplicações de calcário e gesso criam condições favoráveis para o aumento da atividade biológica do solo conduzindo a um incremento do sequestro de carbono e produtividade das culturas. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi: a) avaliar o impacto da calagem e gessagem na atividade biológica do solo, estoques de C e produtividade agronômica em uma área de plantio direto de 15 anos; e b) Avaliar através de um estudo de incubação em laboratório utilizando amostras indeformadas de solo simulando condições de plantio direto, os efeitos da adição de calcário e gesso no solo sobre os estoques de C, conteúdo de Ca e Mg e respiração basal do solo. O experimento a campo foi implantado em 1998 em um Latossolo vermelho argiloso em Ponta Grossa – PR. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos inteiros aleatorizados com parcela subdividida. Os tratamentos implementados nas parcelas foram: a) controle, sem calcário; b) calcário aplicado de forma incorporada (C-inc) na dose de 4,5 Mg ha-1; e c) calcário aplicado em superfície (C-sup) na dose de 4,5 Mg ha-1, dividido em três aplicações anuais de 1.5 Mg ha-1 a partir da instalação do experimento. Os tratamentos que compuseram as subparcelas foram quatro doses de gesso: 0, 3, 6 e 9 Mg ha-1. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em 2013, quinze anos após a implantação do experimento. Um experimento realizado em laboratório com amostras incubadas também foi realizado para estudar os efeitos das práticas. Foram coletadas amostras indeformadas em anéis cilíndricos 5 x 5 cm, mantidas a 28ºC a 50% da capacidade máxima de retenção de água. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente aleatorizado com fatorial 2 x 4. Os tratamentos foram: a) aplicação ou não de 4,5 Mg ha-1 de calcário em superfície; e b) aplicações superficiais de gesso nas doses de 0, 3, 6 e 9 Mg ha-1. Na superfície do anel foi adicionado resíduos de palha de milho e de soja em períodos distintos para simular uma condição de plantio direto. No experimento a campo, a calagem proporcionou aumento da atividade biológica do solo, estoques de C, produtividade agronômica, aporte de C via resíduos culturais e fertilidade do solo. O aporte de C via resíduos culturais e o conteúdo de Ca+2 do solo contribuíram positivamente para o aumento dos estoques de C. A atividade biológica (medida através da atividade enzimática) foi positivamente influenciada principalmente pela atuação das frações mais lábeis do C. O gesso contribuiu positivamente para o aumento das frações mais lábeis do C e também para a atividade de arilsufatase. No experimento de incubação, a aplicação de calcário aumentou significativamente a respiração basal do solo, estoques de C e concentrações de Ca e Mg. A gessagem aumentou significativamente as frações mais lábeis do C e o conteúdo de Ca. Foram observadas influências significativas do conteúdo de Ca e da respiração basal no aumento dos estoques de C do solo. Conclui-se que a calagem e a gessagem consistem em importantes estratégias para proporcionar aumento dos estoques de C do solo governado principalmente pela atuação do Ca como ligante da matéria orgânica e pelo aporte de C via resíduos culturais e que a utilização de amostras indeformadas com aporte de resíduos em superfície consiste em uma eficiente estratégia para avaliar o efeito da aplicação de calcário e gesso em plantio direto.

Organic mulches and cover crops mulched in situ were assessed for their effects on B. cinerea primary inoculum and disease levels in inflorescences at flowering and/or bunches at harvest. Organic mulches were used to enhance biological degradation of vine debris to reduce levels of B. cinerea primary inoculum the following season. Four mulch types (anaerobically and aerobically fermented marc (grape pressings), inter-row grass clippings and shredded office paper) were applied under ten-year-old Riesling vines in a ten-replicate randomized block design in New Zealand over two consecutive years. Plastic mesh bags, each containing naturally infected vine debris, were placed under vines on bare ground (control) and at the soil-mulch interface, in winter (July) 2003 and 2004. In each year, half the bags were recovered at flowering (December) and the remainder at leaf plucking (February), for assessment of B. cinerea sporulation from the vine debris and debris degradation rate. Bait lamina probes, which measure soil biological activity, were placed in the soil-mulch interface three weeks before each of the two bag-recovery dates in both years and were then removed and assessed at the same times as were the bags. All mulches led to a reduction in B. cinerea sporulation. This reduction was significantly correlated with elevated rates of vine debris decomposition and increased soil biological activity. Over both years, compared with the controls, all treatments gave a 3-20-fold reduction in B. cinerea sporulation, a 1.6-2.6-fold increase in vine debris degradation and in the two marc and the paper treatments, a 1.8-4-fold increase in activity of soil organisms. The mulches also altered vine characteristics and elevated their resistance to B. cinerea through changes to the soil environment. Functional soil biological activity, as measured by Biolog Ecoplates and bait lamina probes, was increased 2-4 times in the two marc and paper treatments, compared with the control, an effect relating to the elevated soil moisture and reduced temperature fluctuations under these mulches. Soil nutrient levels and the C:N ratios were also affected in these treatments. The mulched paper lowered vine canopy density by up to 1.4 times that of the other treatments, an effect which probably led to elevated light penetration into the canopy and consequent increased canopy temperature, photosynthesis and lowered canopy humidity. These changes to soil and vine characteristics increased grape skin strength by up to 10% in the paper treatment and sugar concentrations by 1.2-1.4 °Brix in the two marc and paper treatments. The severity of B. cinerea infections in the anaerobic marc, aerobic marc and paper treatments were reduced to 12%, 3% and 2.2% of the control, respectively, in field assessments averaged over two consecutive harvests. Cover crops mulched in situ had similar effects to those of the organic mulches, increasing soil biological activity and reducing B. cinerea primary inoculum and the severity of B. cinerea infection in grapes at harvest (2006). Inter-row phacelia and ryegrass were mulched in winter 2005 and compared with a bare ground control, under 10-year-old Chardonnay vines in a ten-replicate randomized block design. Functional soil biological activity increased by 1.5-4.5 times in the two cover crop treatments compared with the control, an effect possibly related to elevated soil moisture in these treatments. This increase in soil moisture and soil biological activity increased vine debris degradation, reduced B. cinerea primary inoculum on the debris and decreased B. cinerea severity at flowering (December 2005) and harvest (April 2006). These results show the potential of organic mulches and cover crops mulched in situ to enhance soil ecosystem services and improve the sustainability of viticultural practices.

Organic mulches and cover crops mulched in situ were assessed for their effects on B. cinerea primary inoculum and disease levels in inflorescences at flowering and/or bunches at harvest. Organic mulches were used to enhance biological degradation of vine debris to reduce levels of B. cinerea primary inoculum the following season. Four mulch types (anaerobically and aerobically fermented marc (grape pressings), inter-row grass clippings and shredded office paper) were applied under ten-year-old Riesling vines in a ten-replicate randomized block design in New Zealand over two consecutive years. Plastic mesh bags, each containing naturally infected vine debris, were placed under vines on bare ground (control) and at the soil-mulch interface, in winter (July) 2003 and 2004. In each year, half the bags were recovered at flowering (December) and the remainder at leaf plucking (February), for assessment of B. cinerea sporulation from the vine debris and debris degradation rate. Bait lamina probes, which measure soil biological activity, were placed in the soil-mulch interface three weeks before each of the two bag-recovery dates in both years and were then removed and assessed at the same times as were the bags. All mulches led to a reduction in B. cinerea sporulation. This reduction was significantly correlated with elevated rates of vine debris decomposition and increased soil biological activity. Over both years, compared with the controls, all treatments gave a 3-20-fold reduction in B. cinerea sporulation, a 1.6-2.6-fold increase in vine debris degradation and in the two marc and the paper treatments, a 1.8-4-fold increase in activity of soil organisms. The mulches also altered vine characteristics and elevated their resistance to B. cinerea through changes to the soil environment. Functional soil biological activity, as measured by Biolog Ecoplates and bait lamina probes, was increased 2-4 times in the two marc and paper treatments, compared with the control, an effect relating to the elevated soil moisture and reduced temperature fluctuations under these mulches. Soil nutrient levels and the C:N ratios were also affected in these treatments. The mulched paper lowered vine canopy density by up to 1.4 times that of the other treatments, an effect which probably led to elevated light penetration into the canopy and consequent increased canopy temperature, photosynthesis and lowered canopy humidity. These changes to soil and vine characteristics increased grape skin strength by up to 10% in the paper treatment and sugar concentrations by 1.2-1.4 °Brix in the two marc and paper treatments. The severity of B. cinerea infections in the anaerobic marc, aerobic marc and paper treatments were reduced to 12%, 3% and 2.2% of the control, respectively, in field assessments averaged over two consecutive harvests. Cover crops mulched in situ had similar effects to those of the organic mulches, increasing soil biological activity and reducing B. cinerea primary inoculum and the severity of B. cinerea infection in grapes at harvest (2006). Inter-row phacelia and ryegrass were mulched in winter 2005 and compared with a bare ground control, under 10-year-old Chardonnay vines in a ten-replicate randomized block design. Functional soil biological activity increased by 1.5-4.5 times in the two cover crop treatments compared with the control, an effect possibly related to elevated soil moisture in these treatments. This increase in soil moisture and soil biological activity increased vine debris degradation, reduced B. cinerea primary inoculum on the debris and decreased B. cinerea severity at flowering (December 2005) and harvest (April 2006). These results show the potential of organic mulches and cover crops mulched in situ to enhance soil ecosystem services and improve the sustainability of viticultural practices.

The effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on biological activity of different genesis soils in long-term crop rotation trials was determined. Biological activity was diverse in the soils of different genesis and it activity correlated with some soil chemical properties. Organic and mineral fertilizers and their combinations more increased biological activity in the soil than only mineral fertilizers. Mineral fertilizers suppressed dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity (180 kg ha-1) with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. The relationship between the crops grown, their yield and enzyme activity and respiration intensity in the soil was investigated.