The purpose of this research program was to measure the efficiency of evacuated tube solar collectors under various operating conditions including: the angle of inclination towards the incident solar radiation, heat transfer fluid flow rate, glazing installation, and number of evacuated tubes. The operating conditions and configurations were chosen to represent realistic or probable installation scenarios and environmental conditions. Furthermore, the research aimed to identify the suitability of evacuated tube solar collectors to each of the scenarios. The scope of the research project was limited to the efficiency of a single tube, and various configurations of a 32-tube panel, not the entire solar domestic hot water or space heating system. Thus, factors such as heat loss in the tubing, solar storage tank, and heat exchanger efficiency were not investigated. The findings indicated that efficiency varied by approximately 5% in general between the different collector configurations.

The purpose of this research program was to measure the efficiency of evacuated tube solar collectors under various operating conditions including: the angle of inclination towards the incident solar radiation, heat transfer fluid flow rate, glazing installation, and number of evacuated tubes. The operating conditions and configurations were chosen to represent realistic or probable installation scenarios and environmental conditions. Furthermore, the research aimed to identify the suitability of evacuated tube solar collectors to each of the scenarios. The scope of the research project was limited to the efficiency of a single tube, and various configurations of a 32-tube panel, not the entire solar domestic hot water or space heating system. Thus, factors such as heat loss in the tubing, solar storage tank, and heat exchanger efficiency were not investigated. The findings indicated that efficiency varied by approximately 5% in general between the different collector configurations.

No description available.

State-of-the-art solar-thermal flat-plate collectors suffer from a limited potential to decrease production costs for the necessary higher economic benefit of so-lar-thermal systems. Costly metallic materials and corresponding manufactur-ing processes prevent further cost reductions. For that issues, plastic materials can offer a promising approach. The main hurdle for the use of cost-effective plastics lies in the high thermal loads on the collector components — absorber and insulation — which were identified in a field-testing. The necessary overheating protection approaches to lower these thermal loads were investigated in a literature review. A large number of relevant concepts was evaluated related to achievable temperature reduction, influence on solar yield, additional costs and intrinsic safety. There-fore, a mathematical model was developed to determine the solar-thermal col-lector´s behaviour in a solar-thermal system for hot water and space heating. This way, the most promising overheating concepts were simulated and ana-lysed with regard to component temperatures and system performance. Omitting the selective absorber coating and reducing the backside insulation was found to be the most suitable solution for component materials with limited temperature resistance like polypropylene. In the second part of the research, collector design concepts were developed on the basis of the characteristics of plastic material processing. The identified unit costs showed savings of more than 50 % in comparison to stateof- the-art collectors. The analysis regarding temperature loads and annual solar yield by simulation proved the performance of the concepts. The collector costs and the simulation results were used to define the total costs of the solar-thermal sys-tems and to evaluate the economic benefits by means of the collector con-cepts. The benefits were similar to state-of-the-art set-ups. Thus, further adjustments at system level are necessary to lower the total costs. Therefore, the system set-up has to be harmonised with the collector requirements and investigated in detail.

ABSTRACT The natural convection phenomenon in solar energy water trough for stable loading on a wall is studied numerically in this paper. Governing equations are transformed in vorticity-stream equations. Gauss-Seidel method with finite-difference implicit scheme was applied. The effects of the parameters of Rayleigh number, heat pipe length, heat pipe thickness, the distance from heat pipe to down side of water trough and the studied angle of inclination. The results indicate that the heat transfer coefficients increase with the Rayleigh number, the heat pipe length, the heat pipe thickness and the angle of inclination.

Sistemas de aquecimento de água que utilizam a conversão de energia solar em energia térmica, além de serem um meio fácil e limpo de geração de energia, trazem benefícios econômicos ao país e principalmente a quem os utiliza. O elemento principal destes sistemas, o coletor solar, é objeto de estudo neste trabalho. Coletores planos são amplamente utilizados e possuem uma tecnologia consolidada, porém, um tipo de coletor composto por tubos de vidro, com isolamento a vácuo e superfície absorvedora seletiva vem se tornando uma opção cada vez mais viável economicamente. Com benefícios evidentes em climas de frio mais intenso, estes coletores devem ter seus parâmetros de desempenho térmico determinados segundo procedimentos normativos, para que possam ser dimensionados de forma correta os sistemas de aquecimento que os utilizarem. Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de uma bancada de ensaios construída no Laboratório de Energia Solar da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, que tem o intuito de possibilitar o ensaio deste tipo de coletor. Esta bancada contou com uma instrumentação cuidadosamente calibrada e com um dispositivo, desenvolvido neste trabalho, capaz de realizar medidas da diferença de temperatura da água entre as seções de entrada e saída do coletor com uma incerteza inferior a 0,05 °C. Foram realizados ensaios individuais de dois tubos a vácuo de superfícies absorvedoras distintas desacoplados do coletor. Um ensaio determinou seu coeficiente de transferência de calor e outro avaliou as propriedades ópticas de cada tubo. A metodologia experimental utilizada se mostrou válida e possível de determinar alguns parâmetros para utilização em simulações. Um melhor desempenho do tubo com superfície seletiva de (Al-N/SS/Cu) em relação ao que utiliza (Al-N/Al) ficou evidente nestes ensaios. Foi realizado na bancada desenvolvida o ensaio de um coletor de tubos de vidro a vácuo que utiliza o principio de transferência direta. Sua curva de eficiência e seus parâmetros de desempenho foram determinados sob condições de regime permanente. Houve pequena diferença entre os valores obtidos e os fornecidos pelo fabricante, o que deve ter ocorrido, em parte, devido à diferença das condições de realização dos ensaios. A curva de desempenho obtida neste trabalho para o coletor de tubos de vidro a vácuo foi comparada às curvas de dois coletores planos. Nesta comparação ficou evidente que o coletor ensaiado é mais eficiente em situações onde a diferença entre a temperatura da água no interior do coletor e temperatura ambiente são maiores. / The use of solar systems for heating water brings economic benefits to the country and especially to the users. Furthermore, it is an easy and clean form of energy generation. The solar collector, the main element of such systems, is the object of the present study. Flat plane collectors are widely used and have a consolidated technology. However, the market share of tubular evacuated glass collectors is rapidly increasing. These collectors are constituted by elements consisting in two concentrical tubes with vacuum in between. Instead of using a black painted sheet of metal as the absorbing element, the internal glass tube is coated with a selective surface. The vacuum provides a high level insulation, with evident benefits in severe cold climates. In order to allow a correct sizing of systems employing such collectors, their thermal performance parameters must be determined according to standard procedures. This work show the description of a test system, built at Laboratório de Energia Solar of Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul, which enable the testing of this type of collector. This test system features a carefully calibrated instrumentation and a device, developed in this work, for measuring the water temperature difference between the collector inlet and outlet with an accuracy of 0.05 °C. A test for estimating the thermal losses and the optical properties of two evacuated tubes with different selective surfaces (Al-N/SS/Cu e Al-N/Al) was also performed. The better performance of the tube with the selective surface deposited on a copper layer was. The experimental methodology was proven to be valid and useful for determining some parameters used in simulations. A test based on the current Brazilian standard with a solar collector with twenty water-in-glass vacuum tubes was performed. Its efficiency curve and its performance parameters were determined under steady state conditions. Some differences between the obtained values and manufacturer data were detected, probably due to the difference between the test conditions. The efficiency curve obtained for the tubular solar collector was compared to the curves of two flat plane collectors. This comparison indicated that the tested collector is more efficient under situations in which the difference between the temperature of the water inside the collector and the ambient temperature are higher.

Sistemas de aquecimento de água que utilizam a conversão de energia solar em energia térmica, além de serem um meio fácil e limpo de geração de energia, trazem benefícios econômicos ao país e principalmente a quem os utiliza. O elemento principal destes sistemas, o coletor solar, é objeto de estudo neste trabalho. Coletores planos são amplamente utilizados e possuem uma tecnologia consolidada, porém, um tipo de coletor composto por tubos de vidro, com isolamento a vácuo e superfície absorvedora seletiva vem se tornando uma opção cada vez mais viável economicamente. Com benefícios evidentes em climas de frio mais intenso, estes coletores devem ter seus parâmetros de desempenho térmico determinados segundo procedimentos normativos, para que possam ser dimensionados de forma correta os sistemas de aquecimento que os utilizarem. Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de uma bancada de ensaios construída no Laboratório de Energia Solar da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, que tem o intuito de possibilitar o ensaio deste tipo de coletor. Esta bancada contou com uma instrumentação cuidadosamente calibrada e com um dispositivo, desenvolvido neste trabalho, capaz de realizar medidas da diferença de temperatura da água entre as seções de entrada e saída do coletor com uma incerteza inferior a 0,05 °C. Foram realizados ensaios individuais de dois tubos a vácuo de superfícies absorvedoras distintas desacoplados do coletor. Um ensaio determinou seu coeficiente de transferência de calor e outro avaliou as propriedades ópticas de cada tubo. A metodologia experimental utilizada se mostrou válida e possível de determinar alguns parâmetros para utilização em simulações. Um melhor desempenho do tubo com superfície seletiva de (Al-N/SS/Cu) em relação ao que utiliza (Al-N/Al) ficou evidente nestes ensaios. Foi realizado na bancada desenvolvida o ensaio de um coletor de tubos de vidro a vácuo que utiliza o principio de transferência direta. Sua curva de eficiência e seus parâmetros de desempenho foram determinados sob condições de regime permanente. Houve pequena diferença entre os valores obtidos e os fornecidos pelo fabricante, o que deve ter ocorrido, em parte, devido à diferença das condições de realização dos ensaios. A curva de desempenho obtida neste trabalho para o coletor de tubos de vidro a vácuo foi comparada às curvas de dois coletores planos. Nesta comparação ficou evidente que o coletor ensaiado é mais eficiente em situações onde a diferença entre a temperatura da água no interior do coletor e temperatura ambiente são maiores. / The use of solar systems for heating water brings economic benefits to the country and especially to the users. Furthermore, it is an easy and clean form of energy generation. The solar collector, the main element of such systems, is the object of the present study. Flat plane collectors are widely used and have a consolidated technology. However, the market share of tubular evacuated glass collectors is rapidly increasing. These collectors are constituted by elements consisting in two concentrical tubes with vacuum in between. Instead of using a black painted sheet of metal as the absorbing element, the internal glass tube is coated with a selective surface. The vacuum provides a high level insulation, with evident benefits in severe cold climates. In order to allow a correct sizing of systems employing such collectors, their thermal performance parameters must be determined according to standard procedures. This work show the description of a test system, built at Laboratório de Energia Solar of Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul, which enable the testing of this type of collector. This test system features a carefully calibrated instrumentation and a device, developed in this work, for measuring the water temperature difference between the collector inlet and outlet with an accuracy of 0.05 °C. A test for estimating the thermal losses and the optical properties of two evacuated tubes with different selective surfaces (Al-N/SS/Cu e Al-N/Al) was also performed. The better performance of the tube with the selective surface deposited on a copper layer was. The experimental methodology was proven to be valid and useful for determining some parameters used in simulations. A test based on the current Brazilian standard with a solar collector with twenty water-in-glass vacuum tubes was performed. Its efficiency curve and its performance parameters were determined under steady state conditions. Some differences between the obtained values and manufacturer data were detected, probably due to the difference between the test conditions. The efficiency curve obtained for the tubular solar collector was compared to the curves of two flat plane collectors. This comparison indicated that the tested collector is more efficient under situations in which the difference between the temperature of the water inside the collector and the ambient temperature are higher.

Sistemas de aquecimento de água que utilizam a conversão de energia solar em energia térmica, além de serem um meio fácil e limpo de geração de energia, trazem benefícios econômicos ao país e principalmente a quem os utiliza. O elemento principal destes sistemas, o coletor solar, é objeto de estudo neste trabalho. Coletores planos são amplamente utilizados e possuem uma tecnologia consolidada, porém, um tipo de coletor composto por tubos de vidro, com isolamento a vácuo e superfície absorvedora seletiva vem se tornando uma opção cada vez mais viável economicamente. Com benefícios evidentes em climas de frio mais intenso, estes coletores devem ter seus parâmetros de desempenho térmico determinados segundo procedimentos normativos, para que possam ser dimensionados de forma correta os sistemas de aquecimento que os utilizarem. Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de uma bancada de ensaios construída no Laboratório de Energia Solar da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, que tem o intuito de possibilitar o ensaio deste tipo de coletor. Esta bancada contou com uma instrumentação cuidadosamente calibrada e com um dispositivo, desenvolvido neste trabalho, capaz de realizar medidas da diferença de temperatura da água entre as seções de entrada e saída do coletor com uma incerteza inferior a 0,05 °C. Foram realizados ensaios individuais de dois tubos a vácuo de superfícies absorvedoras distintas desacoplados do coletor. Um ensaio determinou seu coeficiente de transferência de calor e outro avaliou as propriedades ópticas de cada tubo. A metodologia experimental utilizada se mostrou válida e possível de determinar alguns parâmetros para utilização em simulações. Um melhor desempenho do tubo com superfície seletiva de (Al-N/SS/Cu) em relação ao que utiliza (Al-N/Al) ficou evidente nestes ensaios. Foi realizado na bancada desenvolvida o ensaio de um coletor de tubos de vidro a vácuo que utiliza o principio de transferência direta. Sua curva de eficiência e seus parâmetros de desempenho foram determinados sob condições de regime permanente. Houve pequena diferença entre os valores obtidos e os fornecidos pelo fabricante, o que deve ter ocorrido, em parte, devido à diferença das condições de realização dos ensaios. A curva de desempenho obtida neste trabalho para o coletor de tubos de vidro a vácuo foi comparada às curvas de dois coletores planos. Nesta comparação ficou evidente que o coletor ensaiado é mais eficiente em situações onde a diferença entre a temperatura da água no interior do coletor e temperatura ambiente são maiores. / The use of solar systems for heating water brings economic benefits to the country and especially to the users. Furthermore, it is an easy and clean form of energy generation. The solar collector, the main element of such systems, is the object of the present study. Flat plane collectors are widely used and have a consolidated technology. However, the market share of tubular evacuated glass collectors is rapidly increasing. These collectors are constituted by elements consisting in two concentrical tubes with vacuum in between. Instead of using a black painted sheet of metal as the absorbing element, the internal glass tube is coated with a selective surface. The vacuum provides a high level insulation, with evident benefits in severe cold climates. In order to allow a correct sizing of systems employing such collectors, their thermal performance parameters must be determined according to standard procedures. This work show the description of a test system, built at Laboratório de Energia Solar of Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul, which enable the testing of this type of collector. This test system features a carefully calibrated instrumentation and a device, developed in this work, for measuring the water temperature difference between the collector inlet and outlet with an accuracy of 0.05 °C. A test for estimating the thermal losses and the optical properties of two evacuated tubes with different selective surfaces (Al-N/SS/Cu e Al-N/Al) was also performed. The better performance of the tube with the selective surface deposited on a copper layer was. The experimental methodology was proven to be valid and useful for determining some parameters used in simulations. A test based on the current Brazilian standard with a solar collector with twenty water-in-glass vacuum tubes was performed. Its efficiency curve and its performance parameters were determined under steady state conditions. Some differences between the obtained values and manufacturer data were detected, probably due to the difference between the test conditions. The efficiency curve obtained for the tubular solar collector was compared to the curves of two flat plane collectors. This comparison indicated that the tested collector is more efficient under situations in which the difference between the temperature of the water inside the collector and the ambient temperature are higher.

Finding cleaner and sustainable energy resources is one of the most important concerns for the development of humanity. Solar energy is taking an essential role in this matter as the production cost of solar collectors is decreasing and more solar installations are being set up every year throughout the world. One way of reducing the cost of solar panels is by using concentrators that are cheaper than the costly photovoltaic cells and can increase their output. Solarus AB designed a Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) hybrid collector that uses this principle and which is a variation of the Maximum Reflector Collector (MaReCo) design and is a Compound Parabolic Collector (CPC). This thesis has two main objectives. The first one is to design variations of the actual Solarus’ design and some alternative MaReCo designs and pure parabola designs. These designs include new solar cell cuts which are based on 4 busbar solar cells. In this way a future in-depth analysis may be carried out by comparing different receiver designs and collector boxes. The second goal is to investigate the current electrical and thermal performance of the collectors from Solarus AB which are installed in the Hus 45 of HiG. The appropriate data of the installation has been obtained using simulations and specific software, and it has been analysed with Microsoft Excel®. Concerning the new designs of the receivers and boxes, everything has been prepared for the future construction of the prototypes. All the measurements and their adjustments have been taken into account to define the size of the components and the process of building has been set up. Moreover, some future work has been planned in order to move forward the project. Regarding the analysis of the HiG installation, both electrical and thermal performance have resulted to be significantly lower compared with their estimated simulation, being their real output around 60 % of the estimated one. In the thermal part, the losses in the pipeline result to be more than a third part of the produced heat. In the electrical part, the production varies a lot between different collectors due to some of them do not work properly, consequence of poor condition of the solar panels (broken cells, dirt, shading, etc.).

<p>U radu je izvr&scaron;ena detaljna analiza uticajnih faktora na energetsku efikasnost prijemnika sunčeve energije u dinamičkim uslovima rada. Identifikovani su parametri koji utiču na povećanje efikasnosti reprezentativnih tipova prijemnika koji se nalaze u komercijalnoj primeni. Promenom geometrijskih parametara konstrukcije i radnih parametara utvrđen je njihov uticaj na energetsku efikasnost a zatim je kreiran model za ocenu povećanja efikasnosti prijemnika sunčeve energije u dinamičkim uslovima rada.</p>