Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Most rural African villages enjoy high levels of sunlight, but rolling out solar power generation technology to tap into this renewable energy resource at remote rural sites in Africa pose a number of design challenges. To meet these challenges, a project has been initiated to design, build and test/evaluate a knock down 3 kW peak electrical stand-alone self-tracking dual-axis concentrating solar power system. This study focusses on the mechatronic engineering aspects in the design and development of a dynamic mechatronic platform and digital electronic control system for the stand-alone concentrating solar power system. Design specifications require an accurate automatic positioner and control system for a motorized parabolic solar reflector with an optical solar harnessing capacity of 12 kWt at solar noon. It must be suitable for stand-alone rural power generation. This study presents a conceptual design and engineering prototype of a balanced cantilever tilt-and-swing dual-axis slew drive actuation means as mechatronic solar tracking mobility platform for a ∼12 m2 lightweight parabolic solar concentrator. Digital automation of the concentrated solar platform is implemented using an industrial Siemens S7-1200 programmable logic controller (PLC) with digital remote control interfacing, pulse width modulated direct current driving, and electronic open loop/closed loop solar tracking control. The design and prototype incorporates off-the-shelf components to support local manufacturing at reduced cost and generally meets the goal of delivering a dynamic mechatronic platform for a concentrating solar power system that is easy to transport, assemble and install at remote rural sites in Africa. Real-time experiments, conducted in the summer of South Africa, validated and established the accuracy of the engineering prototype positioning system. It shows that the as-designed and -built continuous solar tracking performs to an optical accuracy of better than 1.0◦ on both the azimuth and elevation tracking axes; and which is also in compliance with the pre-defined design specifications. Structural aspects of the prototype parabolic dish are evaluated and optimized by other researchers while the Stirling and power handling units are under development in parallel projects. Ultimately, these joint research projects aim to produce a locally manufactured knock down do-it-yourself concentrated solar power generation kit, suitable for deployment into Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Landelike gebiede in Afrika geniet hoë vlakke van sonskyn, maar die ontwerp van betroubare sonkrag tegnologie vir die benutting van hierdie hernubare energie hulpbron by afgeleë gebiede in Afrika bied verskeie uitdagings. Om hierdie uitdagings te oorkom, is ’n projek van stapel gestuur om ’n afbreekbare 3 kW piek elektriese alleenstaande selfaangedrewe dubbel-as son-konsentreeder te ontwerp, bou en te toets. Hierdie studies fokus op die megatroniese ingenieurs-aspekte in die ontwerp en ontwikkeling van ’n dinamiese megatroniese platform en ’n digitale elektroniese beheerstelsel vir die alleenstaande gekonsentreerde sonkrag stelsel. Ontwerp spesifikasies vereis ’n akkurate outomatiese posisionering en beheer stelsel vir ’n motor aangedrewe paraboliese son reflekteerder met ’n optiesekollekteer- kapasiteit van 12 kWt by maksimum sonhoogte, en veral geskik wees vir afgeleë sonkrag opwekking. Hierdie studie lewer ’n konsepsuele ontwerp en ingenieurs-prototipe van ’n gebalanseerde dubbelas swaai-en-kantel swenkrat aandrywingsmeganisme as megatroniese sonvolg platform vir ’n ∼12 m2 liggewig paraboliese son konsentreerder. Digitale outomatisering van die son konsentreerder platform is geimplementeer op ’n industriële Siemens S7-1200 programmeerbare logiese beheerder (PLB) met ’n digitale afstandbeheer koppelvlak, puls-wydte-gemoduleerde gelykstroom aandrywing en elektroniese ooplus en geslote-lus sonvolg beheer. Die ontwerp en prototipe maak gebruik van beskikbare komponente om lae-koste plaaslike vervaardiging te ondersteun en slaag in die algemeen in die doel om ’n dinamiese megatroniese platform vir ’n gekonsentreerde sonkrag stelsel te lewer wat maklik vervoer, gebou en opgerig kan word op afgeleë persele in Afrika. Intydse eksperimente is gedurende die somer uitgevoer om die akkuraatheid van die prototipe posisionering sisteem te evalueer. Dit toon dat die sisteem die son deurlopend volg met ’n akkuraatheid beter as 1.0◦ op beide die azimut en elevasie sonvolg asse, wat voldoen aan die ontwerp spesifikasies. Strukturele aspekte van die prototipe paraboliese skottel word deur ander navorsers geëvalueer en verbeter terwyl die Stirling-eenheid en elektriese sisteme in parallelle projekte ontwikkel word. Die uiteindelike doel met hierdie groepnavorsing is om ’n plaaslik vervaardigde doen-dit-self sonkrag eenheid te ontwikkel wat in Afrika ontplooi kan word.

The urgency for firms to acknowledge and correct for their carbon footprint is increasing in scale and importance. A key to long run firm survival lies in whether companies take their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) seriously. At the same time, a combination of supportive policies, innovation and increased market competition has enabled a remarkable increase in the share of renewable energy. Adopting renewable energy solutions can be a CSR tool for a firm. One way in which a firm can do this is by installing solar power systems. The aim with this thesis is to gain a deeper understanding of what motivates firms to install solar power as a part of their CSR. Particularly, we investigate whether the decision to install solar power stems from the three main driving forces to engage in CSR presented by Benabou and Tirole (2009). Taking off in a frame of reference of economic theory and empirical research on CSR, we performed semi-structured interviews with nine Swedish firms with the aim to investigate what the main driving forces behind their decision to install solar panels where. Our hypothesis is drawn from a Benabou and Tirole (2009) paper structured around three main reasons to why firms engage in CSR: Doing well by doing good, Insider-initiated philanthropy and Delegated Philanthropy. Besides from our aim, we also wish to specifically gain an understanding on whether the implementation of the EU Directive on non-financial reporting in Sweden in 2017 was a motivator for our responding firms to install solar power as way of providing substance into their sustainability reports. Built on the existing theory that delegated philanthropy such as laws and regulations are a driving force for companies to engage in CSR, our hypothesis is that the implementation of the EU Directive had a positive effect on companies when deciding whether to install solar power. Our findings show that the driving forces behind the decision to install solar panels are of three types and that environmental reasons together with profitability dominates as the most important motivators, while demand from stakeholders stands out as a less important motivator out of the three. The EU Directive had no direct effect on the decision to install solar power for our respondents. This empirical study provides a contribution to the existing literature in two ways. Firstly, it adds to the current, literature on firms’ motives to engage in CSR. Our results support the theory that is presented in Benabou and Tirole (2009). Secondly, the study adds to the literature in the way that we specifically study why companies have chosen to install solar power systems. While there is extensive literature by scholars on the determinants and effects of CSR, there has been limited numbers of papers written about the investment in and installation of solar power by companies. / Kravet på företags ansvar för sina utsläpp och sin miljöpåverkan ökar i takt med samhällets medvetenhet om hur mänsklig aktivitet leder till klimatförändringar. Företag tar i allt större utsträckning ansvar för aspekter utanför deras affärsområde, ett samhällsansvar som går under benämningen Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Konsumenter, investerare och samarbetspartners inkluderar i allt större utsträckning hållbarhetsaspekter i sina val av företag, vilket gör CSR viktigt för ett företags överlevnad på marknaden. Samtidigt har en kombination av statliga styrmedel, innovationer och ökad konkurrens möjliggjort en ökning i andelen förnybar energi. Att ställa om till förnybar energi kan vara ett CSR-verktyg för företag. Ett sätt företag kan göra det på är genom att installera solcellssystem. Med denna uppsats syftar vi att undersöka vad drivkrafterna varit bakom företags beslut att installera solcellssystem som en del av deras CSR-arbete. Vi tar avstamp i ekonomisk teori om företagens roll på marknaden och hur vinstmaximering går i linje med ökat krav på samhällsansvar. Vi insamlar data genom semistrukturella intervjuer med nio svenska företag som har, eller är i processen att installera, solcellssystem på ett eller flera av sina tak. Vår huvudsakliga hypotes är baserad på Benabou och Tiroles (2009) teori om att drivkrafterna bakom CSR-engagemang härstammar från att öka lönsamheten, från intern filantropi eller från extern filantropi. Vår datainsamling visar att drivkrafterna bakom beslutet att skaffa solceller kan kategoriseras enligt Benabou och Tiroles (2009) tre CSR-motiv. Intern filantropi står ut som dominerande anledning hos våra respondenter, samtidigt som lönsamheten hos alla respondenter i varierande grad har varit en avgörande faktor. Vidare visade vårt resultat på att EU-direktivet om ickefinansiell rapportering inte påverkat respondenternas beslut att installera solcellssystem. Detta för att företagen antingen inte omfattas av direktivet, att installationen skedde innan direktivet trädde i kraft eller att de redan innan direktivet trädde i kraft ägnade sig åt ett omfattande hållbarhetsarbete. Med denna uppsats bidrar vi till befintlig litteratur på två sätt. För det första, till den omfattande mängd litteratur kring motiv bakom CSR. För det andra, bidrar vi med en inriktning på installation av solcellssystem specifikt, där litteraturen till dags dato är begränsad.

Future solar sail and solar power satellite missions require deployment of large and lightweight flexible structures in space. One option is to spin the assembly and use the centrifugal force for deployment, stiffening and stabilization. Some of the main advantages with spin deployment are that the significant forces are in the plane of rotation, a relatively simple control can be used and the tension in the membrane or web can be adjusted by the spin rate to meet the mission requirements. However, a successful deployment requires careful development of new control schemes. The deployment rate can be controlled by a torque, applied either to a satellite in the center or by thrusters in the corners, or by deployment rate control, obtained by tether, spool braking or folding properties. Analytical models with only three degrees of freedom were here used to model the deployment of webs and membranes for various folding patterns and control schemes, with focus on space webs folded in star-like arms coiled around a center hub. The model was used to investigate control requirements and folding patterns and to obtain optimal control laws for centrifugal deployment. New control laws were derived from the optimal control results and previously presented control strategies. Analytical and finite element simulations indicate that the here developed control laws yield less oscillations, and most likely more robustness, than existing controls. Rotation-free (RF) shell elements can be used to model inflation or centrifugal deployment of flexible memebrane structures by the finite element method. RF elements approximate the rotational degrees of freedom from the out-of-plane displacements of a patch of elements, and thus avoid common singularity problems for very thin shells. The performance of RF shell elements on unstructured grids is investigated in the last article of this thesis, and it is shown that a combination of existing RF elements performs well even for unstructured grids. / QC 20100729

In concentrated solar power (CSP) stations, large arrays of mirrors which are capable of changing its orientation are used to reflect the incident solar energy to a stationary receiver kept at a distance. Such mirrors are often called as heliostats. The receiver contains a heat absorbing medium like molten salt. By absorbing the thermal energy reflected from thousands of heliostats, the temperature would reach around 6000C and the heat can be used in thermal power plants to generate steam and thus run a turbine to produce electricity. One of the biggest advantages of CSP over conventional energy harvesting from Sun is that it can generate electricity during night for long hours of time from the thermal energy stored during daytime. This eliminates the usage of batteries or any other energy storing methods. The conversion efficiency is also high in CSP due to the high temperature achieved. With prior knowledge of the station coordinates, viz., the latitude and longitude, the day of the year and time, the direction or the path of sun can be fully determined. Typically, the sun's motion is tracked by the azimuth-elevation (Az-El) or the target-aligned configuration heliostats. In both these approaches, the mirror needs to be moved about two axes independently using two actuators in series with the mirror effectively mounted at a single point at the centre. This arrangement causes the mirror to deform in presence of gusty winds in a solar field which results in loss of pointing accuracy. Typically a beam error of less than 2-3 mrad is desirable in a large solar field and this value also includes other sources of loss of pointing accuracy like gravity and wind loading. In order to prevent this, a rigid support frame is required for each of the heliostats. In this work, two three degree-of-freedom parallel manipulators, viz., the 3-UPU wrist and 3-RPS, have been proposed to track the sun in central receiver systems. The main reasons for choosing a parallel manipulator as heliostat are its desirable characteristics like large load carrying capacity, high accuracy in positioning the mirror and easy to obtain the inverse kinematics and convenient for real time control. The proposed parallel manipulators support the load of the mirror, structure and wind loading at three points resulting in less deflection and thus a much larger mirror can be moved with the required tracking accuracy and without increasing the weight of the support structure. The algorithm for sun tracking is developed, extensive simulation study with respect to actuations required, variation of joint angles, spillage loss and leg intersection has been carried out. Using FEA, it is shown that for same sized mirror, wind loading of 22 m/s and maximum deflection requirement (2 mrad), the weight of the support structure is between 15% and 60% less with the parallel manipulators when compared to azimuth-elevation or the target-aligned configurations. A comprehensive study on stroke minimization of prismatic joints is carried out. It is found that a stroke of 700 mm is required for a 2 m x 2 m heliostat at Bangalore when the farthest heliostat is at a distance of 300 m from the tower. Although, there is an extra motor required to track the sun, the 3-RPS manipulator is better than the conventional methods if the mirror area per actuator criteria is taken into consideration. Prototypes of the Az-El and 3-RPS heliostats were made with a mirror size of 1 m x 1 m. A PID controller implemented using MATLAB-Simulink and a low cost, custom made motor driver circuit is used to control the motion of the 3-RPS heliostat. The algorithm developed is tested on the prototype by tracking a point marked on the wall of the lab space and is found to have a tracking error of only 7.1 mrad. Finally, the actual sun tracking is carried out on the roof of a building reflecting the sun-light to a wall situated 6.72 m above and a distance of 15.87 m from the heliostats. The images are captured at various instances of time from 11:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. on October 15th and November 10th, 2016, tracking errors are quantified and it is demonstrated that the proposed 3-RPS parallel manipulator can indeed work as a heliostat in concentrated solar power plants.